Expanded Polystyrene Beads Coated with Intumescent Flame Retardant Material to Achieve Fire Safety Standards

The compatibility and coating ratio between flame retardant materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is a major impediment to achieving satisfactory flame retardant performance. In this study, we prepared a water-based intumescent flame retardant system and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-coated expandable polystyrene microspheres by a simple coating approach. We investigated the compatibility, coating ratio, and fire performance of EPS- and MDI-coated EPS foam using a water-based intumescent flame retardant system. The microscopic study revealed that the water-based intumescent flame retardant materials were successfully incorporated with and without MDI-coated EPS microspheres. The cone calorimeter tests (CCTs) of the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials exhibited better flame retardant performance with a lower total heat release (THR) 7.3 MJ/m2, peak heat release rate (PHRR) 57.6 kW/m2, fire growth rate (FIGRA) 2027.067 W/m2.s, and total smoke production (TSP) 0.133 m2. Our results demonstrated that the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials achieved flame retarding properties as per fire safety standards.

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Preparation of Mn2+ Doped Piperazine Phosphate as a Char-Forming Agent for Improving the Fire Safety of Polypropylene/Ammonium Polyphosphate Composites

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14247589 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (24) ◽

pp. 7589

Author(s):

Fuqiang Dong ◽

Zhonglin Luo ◽

Biaobing Wang

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Fire Safety ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Carbon Layer ◽

Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽

Manganese Acetate ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

High Degree

A piperazine phosphate doped with Mn2+ (HP-Mn), as a new char-forming agent for intumescent flame retardant systems (IFR), was designed and synthesized using 1-hydroxy ethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid, piperazine, and manganese acetate tetrahydrate as raw materials. The effect of HP-Mn and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on the fire safety and thermal stability of polypropylene (PP) was investigated. The results showed that the combined incorporation of 25 wt.% APP/HP-Mn at a ratio of 1:1 endowed the flame retardant PP (PP6) composite with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 30.7% and UL-94 V-0 rating. In comparison with the pure PP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR), the total heat release (THR), and the smoke production rate (PSPR) of the PP6 were reduced by 74%, 30%, and 70%, respectively. SEM and Raman analysis of the char residues demonstrated that the Mn2+ displayed a catalytic cross-linking charring ability to form a continuous and compact carbon layer with a high degree of graphitization, which can effectively improve the flame retardancy of PP/APP composites. A possible flame-retardant mechanism was proposed to reveal the synergistic effect between APP and HP-Mn.

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Synthesis and characterization of flame-retardant-wrapped carbon nanotubes and its flame retardancy in epoxy nanocomposites

Polymers and Polymer Composites ◽

10.1177/09673911211024582 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 096739112110245

Author(s):

Jiangbo Wang

Keyword(s):

Carbon Nanotubes ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Total Heat Release ◽

Pristine Cnts ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Ep Matrix ◽

Better Than

A novel phosphorus-silicon containing flame-retardant DOPO-V-PA was used to wrap carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The results of FTIR, XPS, TEM and TGA measurements exhibited that DOPO-V-PA has been successfully grafted onto the surfaces of CNTs, and the CNTs-DOPO-V-PA was obtained. The CNTs-DOPO-V-PA was subsequently incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) for improving the flame retardancy and dispersion. Compared with pure EP, the addition of 2 wt% CNTs-DOPO-V-PA into the EP matrix could achieve better flame retardancy of EP nanocomposites, such as a 30.5% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and 8.1% reduction in total heat release (THR). Furthermore, DMTA results clearly indicated that the dispersion for CNTs-DOPO-V-PA in EP matrix was better than pristine CNTs.

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Role of Copper Oxide on Epoxy Coatings with New Intumescent Polymer-Based Fire Retardant

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules25245978 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (24) ◽

pp. 5978

Author(s):

Riyazuddin ◽

Samrin Bano ◽

Fohad Mabood Husain ◽

Jamal Akhter Siddique ◽

Khadijah H. Alharbi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Copper Oxide ◽

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Elevated Temperatures ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Sem Images ◽

Major Drawback

Epoxy resins (EP) have been used as a thermos-setting material in the field of coating, casting, bonding agent, and laminating. However, a major drawback associated with its use is the lack of good flaming properties, and it is responsible for heavy smoke along with hazardous gases considerably limiting its uses in various fields. In this study, N-ethanolamine triazine-piperizine, a melamine polymer (ETPMP), was established as a new charring-foaming agent and was successfully synthesized with ethanolamine, piperizine, cyanuric chloride, and melamine as precursor molecules via the nucleophilic substitution reaction method. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis were applied to approve the synthesis of ETPMP and confirmation of its structure and characterization. The epoxy coating of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was equipped by introducing ETPMP, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and copper oxide (CuO) in multiple composition ratios. CuO was loaded at various amounts into the IFR-coating system as a synergistic agent. The synergistic action of CuO on IFR coatings was scientifically examined by using different analytical tests such as vertical burning test (UL-94V), limited oxygen index (LOI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that small changes in the amount of CuO expressively amplified the LOI results and enhanced the V-0 ratings in the UL-94V test. The TGA data clearly demonstrate that the inclusion of CuO can transform the thermal deprivation behavior of coatings with a growing char slag proportion with elevated temperatures. Information from cone calorimeter data affirmed that CuO can decrease the burning factors by total heat release (THR) together with peak heat release rate (PHRR). The SEM images indicated that CuO can enrich the power and compression of the intumescent char that restricts the movement of heat and oxygen. Our results demonstrate a positive influence of CuO on the epoxy-headed intumescent flame retardant coatings.

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Superior fire safety performances of chelates copper( II ) salicylaldehyde complexes with intumescent flame retardant TPU

Polymers for Advanced Technologies ◽

10.1002/pat.5016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 31 (11) ◽

pp. 2884-2895

Author(s):

Xilei Chen ◽

Xinyuan Zhang ◽

Shaoping Kuang ◽

Chuanmei Jiao ◽

Shaoxiang Li

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Fire Safety ◽

Intumescent Flame Retardant

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Combustion properties and pyrolysis kinetics of flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers

Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0892705715598361 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 255-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Xilei Chen ◽

Lili Huo ◽

Jianbo Liu ◽

Chuanmei Jiao ◽

Shaoxiang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Pyrolysis Kinetics ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Polyurethane Elastomers ◽

Conversion Rates ◽

Combustion Properties ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Fwo Method ◽

Kinetics Of

Flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) have been prepared using trichloroethyl phosphate (TCEP) as flame retardant. The combustion performances and thermal decomposition properties of PUEs were studied using cone calorimetry test and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Kissinger method and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) method were adopted to discuss the pyrolysis kinetics of PUEs. The experimental results showed that TCEP has good flame-retardant effect for PUE. With the increase of TCEP, the peak heat release rate and total heat release values decrease. A good diagram of linear regression can be obtained from both Kissinger and FWO methods. The activation energy values of flam- retardant PUE can be calculated from FWO method at different conversion rates.

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Synergistic Effects of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphates VSB-1 on Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.863 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 881-883 ◽

pp. 863-866

Author(s):

Chao Peng ◽

Shi Bin Nie ◽

Lei Liu ◽

Qi Lin He ◽

Yuan Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽

Total Heat Release ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Polypropylene Composites ◽

Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽

Nickel Phosphates

Nanoporous nickel phosphates (VSB-1) was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Then VSB-1 was added to the ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol system in polypropylene (PP) matrix.The synergistic effect of VSB-1 with intumescent flame retardants (IFR) was studied by cone calorimetry test. The results of cone calorimetry show that heat release rate peak (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of intumescent flame retardant PP with 2wt% VSB-1 decrease remarkably compared with that of without VSB-1. The pHRR and THR decrease respectively from 1140 to 286.0 kW/m2, and from 96.0 to 63.2 MJ/m2.

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Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect of Barium Phytate and Intumescent Flame Retardant for Epoxy Resin

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13172900 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 2900

Author(s):

Linyuan Wang ◽

Yue Wei ◽

Hongbo Deng ◽

Ruiqi Lyu ◽

Jiajie Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardant ◽

Epoxy Resin ◽

Flame Retardancy ◽

Barium Carbonate ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Application Range ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Synergistic Flame Retardant

Recently, widespread concern has been aroused on environmentally friendly materials. In this article, barium phytate (Pa-Ba) was prepared by the reaction of phytic acid with barium carbonate in deionized water, which was used to blend with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) as a flame retardant and was added to epoxy resin (EP). Afterward, the chemical structure and thermal stability of Pa-Ba were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. On this basis, the flammability and flame retardancy of EP composites were researched. It is shown that EP/14IFR/2Ba composite has the highest limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30.7%. Moreover, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/14IFR/2Ba decreases by 69.13% compared with pure EP. SEM and Raman spectra reveal the carbonization quality of EP/14IFR/2Ba is better than that of other composites. The results prove that Pa-Ba can cooperate with IFR to improve the flame retardancy of EP, reducing the addition amount of IFR in EP, thus expanding the application range of EP. In conclusion, adding Pa-Ba to IFR is a more environmentally friendly and efficient method compared with others.

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A Novel Self-Assembled Graphene-Based Flame Retardant: Synthesis and Flame Retardant Performance in PLA

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13234216 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 4216

Author(s):

Peixin Yang ◽

Hanguang Wu ◽

Feifei Yang ◽

Jie Yang ◽

Rui Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Total Heat Release ◽

Flame Resistance ◽

Nucleation Agent ◽

Char Layer ◽

Self Assembling ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Positive Effect

In this study, a novel flame retardant (PMrG) was developed by self-assembling melamine and phytic acid (PA) onto rGO, and then applying it to the improvement of the flame resistance of PLA. PMrG simultaneously decreases the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of the composite during combustion, and enhances the LOI value and the time to ignition (TTI), thus significantly improving the flame retardancy of the composite. The flame retardant mechanism of the PMrG is also investigated. On one hand, the dehydration of PA and the decomposition of melamine in PMrG generate non-flammable volatiles, such as H2O and NH3, which dilute the oxygen concentration around the combustion front of the composite. On the other hand, the rGO, melamine, and PA components in PMrG create a synergistic effect in promoting the formation of a compact char layer during the combustion, which plays a barrier role and effectively suppresses the release of heat and smoke. In addition, the PMrGs in PLA exert a positive effect on the crystallization of the PLA matrix, thus playing the role of nucleation agent.

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Influence of Magnesium Aluminate Nanoparticles on Epoxy-Based Intumescent Flame Retardation Coating System

Coatings ◽

10.3390/coatings10100968 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 968

Author(s):

Hatem Abuhimd ◽

Tentu Nageswara Rao ◽

Jung-il Song ◽

Prashanthi Yarasani ◽

Faheem Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Release ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Magnesium Aluminate ◽

Coating System ◽

Limiting Oxygen Index ◽

Foaming Agents ◽

Peak Heat Release Rate ◽

Flame Retardation ◽

Coating Formulation ◽

Intumescent Flame Retardation

Ethylenediamine modified ammonium polyphosphate (EDA-MAPP) and charring-foaming agents (CFA) were prepared using a simple chemical method and further used to make intumescent flame retardant coatings based on epoxy resin. The content of MAPP and CFA was fixed at a ratio of 2:1. Nanoparticles of magnesium aluminate (MgAl2O4 NPs) have been introduced into the flame retardant coating formulation in various quantities to evaluate the promotional action of MgAl2O4 NPs with a flame retardant coating system. The promotional action of MgAl2O4 NPs on the flame retardant coating formulation was studied using a vertical burning test (UL-94V), limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR). The UL-94V results indicated that the addition of MgAl2O4 effectively increased flame retardancy and met the V-0 rating at each concentration. The TGA results revealed that the incorporation of MgAl2O4 NPs at each concentration effectively increased the thermal stability of the flame retardant coating system. Cone-calorimeter experiments show that MgAl2O4 NPs effectively decreased peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR). The FTIR results indicated that MgAl2O4 NPs can react with MAPP and generate a dense char layer that prevents the transfer of oxygen and heat.

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