Odor and Constituent Odorants of HDPE–Lignin Blends of Different Lignin Origin

The still-rising global demand for plastics warrants the substitution of non-renewable mineral oil-based resources with natural products as a decisive step towards sustainability. Lignin is one of the most abundant natural polymers and represents an ideal but hitherto highly underutilized raw material to replace petroleum-based resources. In particular, the use of lignin composites, especially polyolefin–lignin blends, is currently on the rise. In addition to specific mechanical property requirements, a challenge of implementing these alternative polymers is their heavy odor load. This is especially relevant for lignin, which exhibits an intrinsic odor that limits its use as an ingredient in blends intended for high quality applications. The present study addressed this issue by undertaking a systematic evaluation of the odor properties and constituent odorants of commercially available lignins and related high-density polyethylene (HDPE) blends. The potent odors of the investigated samples could be attributed to the presence of 71 individual odorous constituents that originated primarily from the structurally complex lignin. The majority of them was assignable to six main substance classes: carboxylic acids, aldehydes, phenols, furan compounds, alkylated 2-cyclopenten-1-ones, and sulfur compounds. The odors were strongly related to both the lignin raw materials and the different processes of their extraction, while the production of the blends had a lower but also significant influence. Especially the investigated soda lignin with hay- and honey-like odors was highly different in its odorant composition compared to lignins resulting from the sulfurous kraft process predominantly characterized by smoky and burnt odors. These observations highlight the importance of sufficient purification of the lignin raw material and the need for odor abatement procedures during the compounding process. The molecular elucidation of the odorants causing the strong odor represents an important procedure to develop odor reduction strategies.

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Fabrication and Characterization of Hydrogels Based on Gelatinised Collagen with Potential Application in Tissue Engineering

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12051146 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1146 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Victor Perez-Puyana ◽

Mercedes Jiménez-Rosado ◽

Alberto Romero ◽

Antonio Guerrero

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Type I Collagen ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Gelation Time ◽

Raw Material ◽

Type I ◽

Processing Conditions ◽

Natural Polymers ◽

Optimal Processing ◽

Physical And Chemical

Regenerative medicine is increasingly focused on the development of biomaterials that facilitate cell adhesion and proliferation through the use of natural polymers, which have better biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this way, the use of hydrogels has been considered as a potential option for tissue engineering due to their physical and chemical characteristics. However, few studies associate the raw materials properties and processing conditions with the final characteristics of hydrogels, which could condition their use as scaffolds for tissue engineering. In this context, the main objective of this work was the evaluation of type I collagen as raw material for the elaboration of hydrogels. In addition, gelation time, pH and temperature were evaluated as the most influential variables in the hydrogel processing method by rheological (time, strain and frequency sweep tests) and microstructural (Cryo-SEM) measurements. The results indicate that it is possible to obtain collagen hydrogels with adequate rheological and microstructural characteristics by selecting optimal processing conditions. However, further studies are necessary to assess their suitability for cell accommodation and growth.

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A Late Middle Palaeolithic assemblage containing Levallois and bifacial objects from Saône-et-Loire, France: GH 3 at Grotte de la Verpillière II à Germolles

Journal of Lithic Studies ◽

10.2218/jls.v3i2.1408 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jens Axel Frick

Keyword(s):

Central Europe ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Radiometric Dating ◽

Middle Palaeolithic ◽

Rock Shelter ◽

Reduction Strategies ◽

Show Evidence ◽

Material Economy ◽

High Level

The site of Grotte de la Verpillière II, a rock shelter and corresponding cave tunnel, is situated in a cliff face of an Oxfordian massive, around 10 km West of Chalon-sur-Saône in Eastern France. The excavation at this site has recovered Middle Palaeolithic assemblages in three stratified sedimentological units. The richest of these assemblages derives from Geological Horizon (GH) 3 and is discussed here. It is preliminarily attributed to a Late Middle Palaeolithic context of OIS 3 to 4 using radiometric-dating techniques.The assemblage combines Levallois reduction, bifacial objects and diverse ‘opportunistic’ reduction strategies. The Levallois reduction shows a high level of raw-material economy in the use of raw pieces and blanks whose morphology is close to the shape of desired configured cores. Other reduction strategies show a wider range of approaches to blank production. Bifacial objects include but are not limited to Keilmesser with tranchet blows. The condition of objects from GH 3 range from unused raw pieces, tested raw pieces, configured and exhausted cores, correction and central flakes, as well as some heated objects, frost shards, and debris. The majority of raw materials derive from sources nearby, but were clearly transported to the site. Only some pieces show evidence for transport of up to 100 km from source to site. The presence of specific reduction strategies on bifacial objects and the existence of tranchet-blow modification provide support for the attribution of the assemblage to the Keilmessergruppen assemblages from Central Europe.

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Offset printing results analysis of different based inks in cardboard packaging production

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology ◽

10.2478/pjct-2021-0022 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 88-93

Author(s):

Osman Şimşeker

Keyword(s):

Optical Imaging ◽

Vegetable Oil ◽

Elemental Analysis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Mineral Oil ◽

Raw Material ◽

Soy Oil ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Offset Printing ◽

Surface Gloss

Abstract The main raw material of paper and cardboard used in packaging is cellulose. Cardboard packages made of cardboard, which can be produced in much different quality and weight, are obtained in numerous shapes and appearances 1, 2 . Paper and cardboard packaging are among the most economical packaging types. Using less raw materials, more durable but thin, light, economical cardboard is produced 2, 3 . In this study, under equal printing conditions, test prints were made on cardboard substrates (for cardboard packaging) with mineral oil based, vegetable oil (soy oil) based and UV cured inks used for the printing of the same images. After these prints, the properties of mineral oil, vegetable oil and UV ink; the effect on the print results was measured from different ways (Chroma*, Print density, unprinted surface Gloss 75°, Print Gloss 60°). At the same time, the visual differences between the print results were determined by the optical imaging (SEM) method and were examined by the elemental analysis method.

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The Impact of Textile Waste on the Features of High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Composites

Urban Science ◽

10.3390/urbansci5030059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 59

Author(s):

Ville Lahtela ◽

Anil Kumar ◽

Timo Kärki

Keyword(s):

High Density Polyethylene ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Raw Materials ◽

High Density ◽

Urban Life ◽

Raw Material ◽

Textile Waste ◽

Future Challenges ◽

Quality Of Urban Life ◽

The Impact

An increased amount of textile waste will be available in the future, and its utilization requires attention from various perspectives. The re-utilization of textile waste in a second material cycle is an option for dealing with a global problem that puts stress on the urban environment. In this study, almost 30 kg of clothing were recycled as a raw material in the structure of a composite, whose structural properties were analyzed. The studied materials were made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE), anhydride modified polyethylene, lubricant, and either polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or rayon fibers from recycled clothes. The recycled clothes were identified by a near-infrared (NIR) analyzer, followed by treatment of size reduction and materials compounding by agglomeration and compression molding technologies. The material properties were characterized by thickness swelling, water absorption, impact, and tensile testing. The recycled clothes fibers, acting as a filler component in the structure of the composite, could maintain the properties of the material at the same level as the reference material. PET fibers being used as a component resulted in a significant improvement in impact strength. The study showed that recycled clothes can be re-utilized as a substitute for raw materials, and can be part of a solution for future challenges involving textile waste, following the principles of the circular economy. Textile recycling create opportunities to improve the quality of urban life.

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State and prospects of processing tin-containing raw materials in Kazakhstan

Kompleksnoe ispolʹzovanie mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu ◽

10.31643/2021/6445.16 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 317 (2) ◽

pp. 37-45

Author(s):

R.V. Sapinov ◽

◽

N.A. Kulenova ◽

M.A. Sadenova ◽

P.S. Varbanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Tech ◽

Material Base ◽

High Tech Industry ◽

Mineral Raw Materials ◽

Current State ◽

Global Demand ◽

Efficient Extraction ◽

The Republic

The article discusses the current state-of-the-art in the tin industry and the prospects of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The evaluation is performed in terms of the development of domestic tin production for the growing global demand and the development of the domestic high-tech industry. The study includes the main domestic sources of the raw material base of the tin, which includes mineral raw materials, anthropogenic and secondary waste. Since the most important for the contemporary tin industry are mineral raw materials, the possibility of complex processing of ore from the Syrymbet deposit was studied. Based on the results of the studies performed, it was found that the mineral tin-containing raw materials of the Syrymbet deposit, in addition to cassiterite, also contain acid-soluble tin-containing minerals (stannin, etc.). At the stage of gravity concentration, the most efficient extraction performance of tin into concentrate was found for the gravity separator – amounting to 34.2%. At the leaching stage, the most efficient extraction of tin (1,543 μg/L) showed an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid with a concentration of 100 g/L, at a temperature of 45 °C.

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The Influence of Apple, Carrot and Red Beet Pomace Content on the Properties of Pellet from Barley Straw

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14020405 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 405

Author(s):

Jerzy Chojnacki ◽

Agnieszka Zdanowicz ◽

Juraj Ondruška ◽

Ľubomír Šooš ◽

Małgorzata Smuga-Kogut

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Dry Mass ◽

Raw Material ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Natural Polymers ◽

Red Beet ◽

Materials Used ◽

Primary Materials

Influence of wastes generated during juice production: apple, carrot and red beet, added to barley straw, on density of pellet mass, pellet hardness, ash content and calorific value was assessed. Dry mass content of additives in the substrate to pellet production was: 0, 10, 20 and 30% of the mixture weight. The relative humidity of the raw material was: 17.0, 19.5 and 22%. Higher percentages of additives and higher moisture content in the raw materials increased the hardness and density of the pellet. The contents of natural polymers such as lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose were determined in primary materials used to prepare substrate and in pellet. Changes in the determination of these substances was observed as a result of the granulation process.

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RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC MASSES: IMPROVEMENT BY COMPLEX MATERIAL ACTIVATION

The Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal ◽

10.26518/2071-7296-2019-3-334-351 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 334-351

Author(s):

A. S. Mavlyanov ◽

E. K. Sardarbekova

Keyword(s):

Rheological Properties ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Sensitivity Coefficient ◽

Raw Material ◽

Clay Material ◽

Fibrous Materials ◽

Chemical Production ◽

Production Wastes ◽

Pass Through ◽

The Masses

Introduction. The objective of the research is to study the effect of the complex activation of the alumina raw material on the rheological properties of the ceramic mass. In addition, the authors investigate solutions for the application of optimal coagulation structures based on loams and ash together with plastic certificates.Materials and methods. The authors used the local forest like reserves of clay loams at the BashKarasu, ash fields of the Bishkek Central Heating Centre (BTEC) and plasticizer (sodium naphthenate obtained from alkaline chemical production wastes) as fibrous materials. Moreover, the authors defined technological properties of raw materials within standard laboratory methodology in accordance with current GOSTs.Results. The researchers tested plastic durability on variously prepared masses for the choice of optimal structures. The paper demonstrated the plastic durability of complexly activated compounds comparing with non-activated and mechanically activated compounds. The sensitivity coefficient increased the amount of clay loams by mechanically and complexly activated, which predetermined the possibility of intensifying the process of drying samples based on complexly activated masses.Discussion and conclusions. However, mechanical activation of clay material reduces the period of relaxation and increases the elasticity coefficient of ceramic masses by 1.8–3.4 times, meanwhile decreases elasticity, viscosity and the conventional power during molding, which generally worsens the molding properties of the masses. Сomplex activation of ash-clay material decreases the period of relaxation and provides an increase in elasticity, plasticity of ceramic masses by 46–47%, reduction in viscosity by 1.5–2 times, conventional power on molding by 37–122% in comparison with MA clay loams. Ceramic masses based on spacecraft alumina raw materials belong to the SMT with improved rheological properties; products based on them pass through the mouthpiece for 5–7 seconds.

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ANALYSIS FOR POTENCY AND PRODUCTION OF GRANULE ORGANIC FERTILIZER BASED ON MANURE

Jurnal Rekayasa Lingkungan ◽

10.29122/jrl.v7i2.1951 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Firman L. Sahwan

Keyword(s):

Organic Material ◽

Organic Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cow Manure ◽

Production Potential ◽

Natural Organic Material ◽

Very High

Organic materials that are generally used as raw material for organic fertilizer granules (POG) is a natural organic material that has been degrade, smooth and dry. One of the main raw materials are always used with a very high percentage of usage, is manure. Manure potential in Indonesia is very high, amounting to 113.6 million tons per year, or 64.7 million tons per year to the island of Java. From this amount, it will be generated numbers POG production potential of 17.5 million tons per year (total Indonesia) or 9.9 million tons per year for the island of Java. While the realistic POG production predictions figures made from raw manure is 2.5 million tons annually, a figure that has been unable to meet the number requirement of POG greater than 4 million tons per year. Therefore, in producing POG, it should be to maximize the using of the potential of other organic materials so that the use of manure can be saved. With the use of a small amount of manure (maximum 30% for cow manure), it would be useful also to avoid the production of POG with high Fe content.keywods: organic material, manure, granule organic fertilizer

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Nutritional Value Research of Spelt Pasta with Vegetable Additives

Food Industry ◽

10.29141/2500-1922-2020-5-2-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 61-70

Author(s):

Oliya Fazullina ◽

Stanislav Smirnov

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Nutritional Value ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Health Indicators ◽

Dietary Treatment ◽

Raw Material ◽

Whole Wheat ◽

Healthy Nutrition ◽

Physiologically Active Substances ◽

Simple Carbohydrates

Health indicators of the population depend significantly on the food quality and nutritional value. Simple carbohydrates excess of and lack of protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and other physiologically active substances increase the risk of socially significant disease progress. The development and production of mass-consumed products with high nutritional and biological value, including affordable non-traditional raw materials use, are promising areas of the food industry development aimed at improving the nutritional status of the population. The article presents the research results on the developed Noodle products recipes from non-traditional raw materials that meet modern healthy nutrition requirements, intended for dietary treatment and dietary prevention of people with overweight / obesity. The research aimed at expanding the range of macaroni products with these characteristics. As the main raw material, a man selected whole-wheat flour – new spelt flour, and as additional raw materials – buckwheat flour, broccoli and celery powders. The researchers found that the introduction of macaroni products from buckwheat spelt, broccoli and celery powders into the recipe had a multidirectional effect, reducing or increasing various indicators of its nutritional value. The changes range did not affect the overall characteristics. The satisfaction degree of the average daily need for food substances and energy when consuming a portion of 100 g for each sample of developed Noodle products allows them to be classified as functional products that are protein and dietary fiber sources, according to the requirements of the TR CU 022/2011.

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UNIDO, Industrial Processing of Natural Resources. New York: United Nations. 1981. viii + 78pp.US $ 5.00. [United Nations Publication Sales No. E. 81. 11 . B.1]

The Pakistan Development Review ◽

10.30541/v21i4pp.329-333 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 329-333

Author(s):

Rashid Aziz

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

United Nations ◽

Industrial Development ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Raw Material ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Depth Study ◽

Manufactured Exports ◽

Year 2000

The book under review is a concise but fairly in-depth study of the prospects for export diversification from the Less Developed Countries (henceforth labeled as LDCs) particularly to Developed Countries (henceforth labeled as OCs). Given the multiple problems faced by the LOCs in exporting to the OCs - protectionist policies with regards to manufactured exports, volatility of prices obtained for raw material exports, etc. - the study analyses the potential for following an intermediate route. The important issues in the export of semi -processed and wholly processed raw materials are discussed. 111ese issues range from the problems and potentials for the location of processing facilities in the LOCs to the formulation of appropriate policies to encourage an export of processed goods rather than raw materials. Such policies will be useful both in solving the balance of-payments problems of the LDCs and in attaining the goal of the Lima Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and Co-operation, that called for 2S percent of world industrial production to be located in the LOCs by the year 2000.

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