Carbonaceous Adsorbents Derived from Agricultural Sources for the Removal of Pramipexole Pharmaceutical Model Compound from Synthetic Aqueous Solutions

The aim of the present study was to synthesize various samples of activated carbon (AC) from different agricultural sources as precursors, like orange peels, tea stalks, and kiwi peels, as well as sucrose. The synthesis of AC was achieved with chemical activation using H3PO4 and KOH. The produced AC samples were tested as adsorbents for the removal of a pharmaceutical model compound, pramipexole dihydrochloride (PRM), from synthetic aqueous synthetic solutions. The produced-from-sucrose AC presented the higher yield of synthesis (~58%). The physicochemical features of the materials were analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, and SEM imaging. More specifically, the AC sample derived from sucrose (SG-AC) had the highest specific surface area (1977 m2/g) with the total pores volume, mesopores volume, and external surface area being 1.382 cm3/g, 0.819 cm3/g, and 751 m2/g, respectively. The effect of the initial pH and PRM concentration were studied, while the equilibrium results (isotherms) were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum adsorption capacities were found to be 213, 190, 155, and 115 mg/g for AC samples produced from sucrose, kiwi peels, orange peels, and tea stalks, respectively.

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Highly Effective Activated Carbons from Turkish–Kozlu Bituminous Coal by Physical and KOH Activation and Sorption Studies with Organic Vapors

International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijcre-2018-0071 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (5) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Fatma Oguz Erdogan ◽

Turkan Kopac

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Ethyl Alcohol ◽

Isopropyl Alcohol ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Koh Activation ◽

Organic Vapors ◽

Porous Texture ◽

Adsorption Capacities ◽

Alcohol Adsorption

Abstract Activated carbons were produced from coal by activations applying physical and chemical (with KOH) treatments for adsorption of selected organic vapors. Physical activations were carried out at 400–900°C under N2/CO2 flow. The effects of different variables such as carbonization temperature and flow rate on the final porous texture were investigated. Chemical activation gave more effective results in terms of both porosity development and adsorption capacity. Pore characterization of carbon samples was evaluated with the observation of N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K. The adsorption of isopropyl alcohol, acetone and ethyl alcohol on the coal derived activated carbons were determined by a volumetric technique at room temperature. The highest surface area was obtained as 1904 m2/g by KOH treatment at 800°C. The adsorption isotherm data of the selected organic vapors on carbon samples were compared with the BET, Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Dubinin-Astakhov, Harkins-Jura, Henderson, Halsey and Smith adsorption models. Adsorption capacities of organic vapors for carbon samples were related with the development of surface area. Among the four chemically activated carbons produced K1_K_600, K1_K_700 and K1_K_800 showed better isopropyl alcohol and acetone adsorption than the commercial activated carbon. K1_K_700 and K1_K_800 samples showed better ethyl alcohol adsorption. Isopropyl alcohol, acetone and ethyl alcohol adsorption capacities of the obtained sample that had the maximum surface area were determined as 39.7, 44 and 43.5 %, respectively. Results indicate that activated carbons prepared with KOH at 600–800°C could be effectively used for the adsorption of organic vapors.

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The use of insoluble matter of Moroccan oil shale for removal of dyes from aqueous solution

10.31221/osf.io/x4v9p ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chem Int

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Oil Shale ◽

Heating Temperature ◽

Blue Dye ◽

Adsorption Capacities ◽

Experimental Parameters ◽

Initial Ph ◽

New Material ◽

Activating Agent ◽

Moderate Cost

The study aims to use an adsorbent natural based of Moroccan oil shale of Timahdit area (Y layer) in a physical-chemical adsorption process for treating industrial discharges colorful. The used adsorbent is the insoluble party of the sub-critical extraction of decarbonized oil shale of Timahdit. The tests performed on the methylene blue (MB), showed a strong elimination in the first 10 minutes. The influences of various experimental parameters were studied: mass ratio of adsorbent, time and temperature of thermal treatment, contact time, pH of MB and heating temperature of solution on the parameters of material were studied. The experimental results have shown that the adsorption of methylene blue dye by the adsorbent is more than 90% at initial pH a range 6-7 at room temperature for 30 minutes. The process is simple and the adsorbent produced is a new material with interesting adsorption capacities of moderate cost which does not require an activating agent and can be used as industrial adsorbent for the decontamination of effluents containing organic pollutants.

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Factors influencing the adsorption and photocatalysis of direct red 80 in the presence of a TiO2: Equilibrium and kinetics modeling

Journal of Chemical Research ◽

10.1177/1747519821989969 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 174751982198996

Author(s):

Moussa Abbas

Keyword(s):

Elimination Rate ◽

Threshold Value ◽

Heterogeneous Photocatalysis ◽

Order Kinetic ◽

Batch Mode ◽

Adsorption Capacities ◽

Initial Ph ◽

Equilibrium And Kinetics ◽

Order Kinetic Model ◽

Charge Point

Among the different photocatalysts, TiO2 ( Eg = 3.1 eV, zero charge point (pHpzc = 6.3), and surface = 55 m2/g) is currently the most efficient and the most studied semiconductor due to its strong photocatalytic activity, non-toxicity, and chemical stability. The elimination of DR-80 on TiO2 is studied by adsorption in batch mode and by application of heterogeneous photocatalysis onto TiO2 under UV irradiation. The effects of contact time (0–60 min), initial pH (3–11), dose of the adsorbent (0.5–3 g L−1), and DR-80 concentration (40–60 mg L−1) on the adsorption of DR-80 by TiO2 are studied for optimization of these parameters. The kinetic parameters, rate constants, and equilibrium adsorption capacities are calculated and discussed for each applied theoretical model. The adsorption of DR-80 is well described by the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The fitting of the adsorption isotherms shows that the models of Langmuir and Temkin offering a better fit and an adsorption 64.102 mg/g at 25 °C of DR-80 are eliminated. The results showed that the photocatalytic efficiency strongly depends on the pH while the initial rate of photodegradation is proportional to the catalyst dose, and becomes almost constant above a threshold value. It was found that the photodegradation is favored at low DR-80 concentrations in accordance with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model with the constants Kad = 6.5274 L/mg and KL–H = 0.17818 mg L−1 min. However, the adsorption is improved for high DR-80 concentrations. It is found that the degradation depends on both the temperature and the pH with a high elimination rate at high temperature. The photocatalyst TiO2 has a better activity for the degradation of DR-80, compared to some commercial catalysts that have been described in the literature.

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Valorization of Waste Tires by Pyrolysis and Activation Processes

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11146342 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (14) ◽

pp. 6342

Author(s):

Reyna Berenice González-González ◽

Nadia Ruiz-Gómez ◽

Gloria Gea ◽

Matias Vazquez-Pinon ◽

Sergio O. Martinez-Chapa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Pore Size ◽

Surface Area ◽

Liquid Fraction ◽

Average Pore Size ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Partial Substitution ◽

Physical Activation ◽

Waste Tires ◽

Energy Storage Applications

The problems related to the increase in the generation of discarded tires demonstrate the need for profitable, efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable processes for their waste management. In particular, the valorization of pyrolytic solids for energy storage applications is of interest. In this study, four processes were performed: (1) pyrolysis; (2) chemical activation and pyrolysis; (3) pyrolysis and physical activation; and (4) chemical activation, pyrolysis, and physical activation. The process consisting of chemical activation, pyrolysis, and physical activation yielded 52% solid material with the highest electrical conductivity (2.43 Ω–1 cm–1) and a surface area of 339 m2/g with an average pore size of 3.6 nm. In addition, it was found that pore size had a greater effect on the conductivity than surface area. Liquid and gas fraction compositions were modified by the presence of chemical activation: aromatization reactions were favored, and limonene was not observed in the liquid fraction, while an increase on the CH4 concentration caused an increment in the heating value of the gas fraction. It was demonstrated that chemical and physical activation enhance the properties of the pyrolytic solid product derived from waste tires that make it suitable for the partial substitution of materials for electric energy storage applications.

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Increase the Microporosity and CO2 Adsorption of a Commercial Activated Carbon

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.749.17 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 749 ◽

pp. 17-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joanna Sreńscek Nazzal ◽

Karolina Glonek ◽

Jacek Młodzik ◽

Urszula Narkiewicz ◽

Antoni W. Morawski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Activated Carbon ◽

Specific Surface ◽

Surface Area ◽

Specific Surface Area ◽

Carbon Materials ◽

Micropore Volume ◽

Microporous Carbon ◽

Microporous Carbons ◽

Adsorption Capacities

Microporous carbons prepared from commercial activated carbon WG12 by KOH and/or ZnCl2 treatment were examined as adsorbents for CO2 capture. The micropore volume and specific surface area of the resulting carbons varied from 0.52 cm3/g (1374 m2/g) to 0.70 cm3/g (1800 m2/g), respectively. The obtained microporous carbon materials showed high CO2 adsorption capacities at 40 bar pressure reaching 16.4 mmol/g.

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Adsorption Characteristics of Phosphate Ions by Pristine, CaCl2 and FeCl3-Activated Biochars Originated from Tangerine Peels

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations8030032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 32 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Changgil Son ◽

Wonyeol An ◽

Geonhee Lee ◽

Inho Jeong ◽

Yong-Gu Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adsorption Kinetics ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Isotherm Models ◽

Order Model ◽

Phosphate Ions ◽

Adsorption Capacities ◽

Adsorption Isotherm Models ◽

Endothermic Reactions ◽

Pseudo Second Order ◽

Adsorption Kinetics And Isotherm

This study has evaluated the removal efficiencies of phosphate ions (PO43−) using pristine (TB) and chemical-activated tangerine peel biochars. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm presented that the enhanced physicochemical properties of TB surface through the chemical activation with CaCl2 (CTB) and FeCl3 (FTB) were helpful in the adsorption capacities of PO43− (equilibrium adsorption capacity: FTB (1.655 mg g−1) > CTB (0.354 mg g−1) > TB (0.104 mg g−1)). The adsorption kinetics results revealed that PO43− removal by TB, CTB, and FTB was well fitted with the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.999) than the pseudo-first-order model (R2 ≥ 0.929). The adsorption isotherm models showed that the Freundlich equation was suitable for PO43− removal by TB (R2 = 0.975) and CTB (R2 = 0.955). In contrast, the Langmuir equation was proper for PO43− removal by FTB (R2 = 0.987). The PO43− removal efficiency of CTB and FTB decreased with the ionic strength increased due to the compression of the electrical double layer on the CTB and FTB surfaces. Besides, the PO43− adsorptions by TB, CTB, and FTB were spontaneous endothermic reactions. These findings demonstrated FTB was the most promising method for removing PO43− in waters.

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The Effects of Methane Storage Capacity Using Upgraded Activated Carbon by KOH

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app8091596 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1596 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jung Park ◽

Gi Lee ◽

Sang Hwang ◽

Ji Kim ◽

Bum Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Storage Capacity ◽

Activated Carbons ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

High Surface ◽

Heat Of Adsorption ◽

Low Grade ◽

Surface Areas ◽

Ch4 Adsorption ◽

Ch4 Storage

In this study, a feasible experiment on adsorbed natural gas (ANG) was performed using activated carbons (ACs) with high surface areas. Upgraded ACs were prepared using chemical activation with potassium hydroxide, and were then applied as adsorbents for methane (CH4) storage. This study had three principal objectives: (i) upgrade ACs with high surface areas; (ii) evaluate the factors regulating CH4 adsorption capacity; and (iii) assess discharge conditions for the delivery of CH4. The results showed that upgraded ACs with surface areas of 3052 m2/g had the highest CH4 storage capacity (0.32 g-CH4/g-ACs at 3.5 MPa), which was over two times higher than the surface area and storage capacity of low-grade ACs (surface area = 1152 m2/g, 0.10 g-CH4/g-ACs). Among the factors such as surface area, packing density, and heat of adsorption in the ANG system, the heat of adsorption played an important role in controlling CH4 adsorption. The released heat also affected the CH4 storage and enhanced available applications. During the discharge of gas from the ANG system, the residual amount of CH4 increased as the temperature decreased. The amount of delivered gas was confirmed using different evacuation flow rates at 0.4 MPa, and the highest efficiency of delivery was 98% at 0.1 L/min. The results of this research strongly suggested that the heat of adsorption should be controlled by both recharging and discharging processes to prevent rapid temperature change in the adsorbent bed.

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Effective Removal of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solutions Using Magnetic Nanocomposite: Synthesis, Characterization, and Equilibrium Study

Adsorption Science & Technology ◽

10.1155/2021/2359110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Ali Q. Alorabi

Keyword(s):

Surface Area ◽

Malachite Green ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Aqueous Media ◽

Kinetic Studies ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Magnetic Nanocomposite ◽

Bet Surface Area ◽

Isotherm Models ◽

Order Kinetic

In this work, magnetized activated Juniperus procera leaves (Fe3O4@AJPL) were successfully prepared via chemical activation of JPL and in situ coprecipitation with Fe3O4. A Fe3O4@AJPL nanocomposite was successfully applied for the elimination of malachite green (MG) dye from aqueous media. The prepared Fe3O4@AJPL adsorbent was characterized by SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and BET surface area analyses. The BET surface area and pore size of the Fe3O4@AJPL nanocomposite were found to be 38.44 m2/g and 10.6 nm, respectively. The XRD and FTIR results indicated the formation of a Fe3O4@AJPL nanocomposite. Different parameters, such as pH of the solution (3–8), adsorbent dosage (10–100 mg), temperature (25–45°C), contact time (5-240 min), and initial MG concentrations (20–350 mg/L), for the elimination of the MG dye using Fe3O4@AJPL were optimized and found to be 7, 50 mg, 45°C, 120 min, and 150 mg/L, respectively. The nonlinear isotherm and kinetic studies exhibited a better fitting to second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models, with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 318.3 mg/g at 45°C, which was highly superior to the previously reported magnetic nanocomposite adsorbents. EDX analyses confirmed the presence of nitrogen on the Fe3O4@AJPL surface after MG adsorption. The calculated thermodynamic factors indicated endothermic and spontaneous processes. The desorption of MG dye from Fe3O4@AJPL was performed using a solution of 90% ethanol. Finally, it could be concluded that the designed Fe3O4@AJPL magnetic nanocomposite will be a cost-effective and promising adsorbent for the elimination of MG from aqueous media.

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Enhancement of the Congo Red Adsorption Capacity of Biochars by Surface Modification with MgCl2 Pretreatment

Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers ◽

10.4491/ksee.2020.42.10.472 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (10) ◽

pp. 472-481

Author(s):

Hee So Oh ◽

Jae-Soo Chang

Keyword(s):

Surface Modification ◽

Adsorption Isotherm ◽

Adsorption Capacity ◽

Congo Red ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Pine Sawdust ◽

Adsorption Capacities ◽

Initial Ph ◽

Surface Modified

Objectives : The physicochemical characteristics of Mg-biochar composites derived from kelp and pine after pretreatment with MgCl2 were analyzed, and their adsorption capacities for an anionic dye, Congo red (CR), were evaluated.Methods : After pretreating 60 g of kelp and pine sawdust in 1 L of 0.1 M MgCl2･6H2O, the raw materials were pyrolyzed at 500℃ to produce Mg-biochar composites (kelp based KB-Mg and pine based PB-Mg). The fundamental physicochemical characteristics of the Mg-biochar composites were examined, and their adsorption capacities for CR were investigated using different initial pH values, adsorption kinetic models, and adsorption isotherm models.Results and discussion : The Mg-biochar composites showed the development of uniform deposits of Mg minerals primarily as MgO crystal on the surface by the surface modification with MgCl2. When the pristine biochars were surface-modified with MgCl2, their adsorption capacities for CR were significantly increased over the entire pH range tested. The CR adsorption process by all biochars was best described with the pseudo-first order kinetics model, and the adsorption isotherm characteristics were better described with the Langmuir isotherm model for all biochars. The Langmuir maximum adsorption capacities for KB-Mg and PB-Mg were 423.0 mg/g and 394.7 mg/g, respectively. It is suggested that the main mechanism for CR adsorption on the Mg-biochars is electrostatic attraction between CR and the biochars.Conclusions : The results showed that surface modification with MgCl2 could greatly enhance the CR adsorption capacity of biochars, and the results demonstrated the great potential of KB-Mg and PB-Mg for CR removal.

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CHARACTERIZATION AND ACTIVATION OF NATURAL ZEOLIT FROM PONOROGO

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.21891 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 91-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eddy Heraldy ◽

Hisyam SW ◽

Sulistiyono Sulistiyono

Keyword(s):

Porous Material ◽

Surface Area ◽

Natural Zeolite ◽

Chemical Activation ◽

Mineral Acid ◽

Surface Area Ratio ◽

Metal Composition ◽

Acidic Sites

Characterization and activation of Natural Zeolite from Ponorogo (ZAP) have been done to improve the quality of zeolite as porous material. Analysis of mineral composition is done using X-Ray Difraction (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FTIR) Spectroscopy and metal analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Characterization of the activated zeolite covered about number of acidic sites, surface area, ratio Si/Al and metal composition (Na, Ca, K and Fe). Activated processes is done using various mineral acid, i.e HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 and HPO4 with each concentration at 1 M and 3 3 hours dipping. The result showed that ZAP has composition Ca-klinoptilolit (43.09 %), gismondin (17.57 %), modernit (4.21 %) and quartz (10.37 %). The most efectif of the acid to activate is HCl and is proved to absorp of Zn in waste water. The effect of chemical activation is increasing the ratio of Si/Al, increasing the surface area and reducing some metal composition. Keywords: natural zeolite, chemical activation, porous material

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