scholarly journals The Effect of Maximal Interval Training Sets on Metabolic Markers in Adolescent Competitive Swimmers

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Athanasios Kabasakalis ◽  
Stefanos Nikolaidis ◽  
George Tsalis ◽  
Vassilis Mougios
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Maximal Interval ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Maximal Intensity ◽  
Competitive Swimmers ◽  
Training Sets

AIM: Although high-intensity interval sets are routinely used in the training regimen of competitive swimmers, information about the acute metabolic effects of such sets is lacking. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of swimming training sets of maximal intensity and different volumes on blood metabolic markers in adolescent swimmers. MATERIAL & METHOD: Twenty-four adolescent competitive swimmers (12 female and 12 male) completed two training sets of 8 × 50 m and 8 × 25 m. Both sets were performed in freestyle, at maximal intensity and at a work-to-rest ratio of 1:1. They were spaced one week apart and were performed in a random and counterbalanced order. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and one hour after both sets for the determination of glucose and uric acid (at all three time-points, spectrophotometrically), as well as irisin, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol (in pre- and immediately post-exercise samples, through enzyme immunoassays), in plasma. Three-way analysis of variance (set × time × gender) was used for the statistical analysis. The level of statistical significance was set at α = 0.05. RESULTS: Glucose was higher immediately post-exercise compared to pre- and 1 h post-exercise (p = 0.001). Uric acid was higher immediately and 1 h post-exercise (p < 0.001). Irisin exhibited a time × gender interaction (p = 0.005) due to the fact that exercise caused an increase in females and a decrease in males. Insulin, glucagon, and cortisol increased with exercise (p < 0.001). No gender effect was found for any of the markers except for uric acid, of which males had higher concentrations than females (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Maximal interval swimming sets induced remarkable increases in plasma glucose, uric acid, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol, suggesting a satisfactory metabolic effectiveness of such types of exercise training. Despite the difference in volume, the two training sets did not induce different metabolic responses in adolescent competitive swimmers. This is also true of blood lactate response, which has been presented previously.

scholarly journals The Effect of Interval Training Sets of Maximal Intensity on Metabolic Markers in Master Swimmers

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Athanasios Kabasakalis ◽  
Stefanos Nikolaidis ◽  
George Tsalis ◽  
Vassilis Mougios
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Metabolic Markers ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Maximal Intensity ◽  
Gender Interaction ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Training Sets

Aim: Regular swimming training is gaining popularity among adults for health and competition. The acute effects of high-intensity interval swimming are largely unknown in such populations. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of swimming training sets of maximal intensity and different volumes on blood metabolic markers in master swimmers. Material & Method: Twenty-one master swimmers (11 females and 10 males), aged 40.5 (7.4) years, completed two freestyle swimming sets of 4 × 50 m and 4 × 25 m at maximal intensity and a work-to-rest ratio of 1:1 on different days, in random and counterbalanced order. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and one hour after exercise for determination of glucose and uric acid (at all three time-points, spectrophotometrically), as well as irisin, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol (pre- and immediately post-exercise, through enzyme immunoassays), in plasma. Data were analyzed through three-way analysis of variance (set × time × gender). Statistical significance was declared when p < 0.05. Results: Glucose was higher immediately post-exercise compared to pre- and 1 h post-exercise (p < 0.001). Uric acid increased 1 h post-exercise (p < 0.001) and exhibited a time × gender interaction (p = 0.029) due to a larger increase in males. Irisin showed a time × gender interaction (p = 0.028), as exercise caused an increase in females and a decrease in males. Insulin increased with exercise (p < 0.001) and was higher in females (p = 0.016). Set × time interactions found in glucose, uric acid, and insulin denoted larger increases with the 4 × 50 set (p < 0.05). Glucagon increased with exercise (p = 0.014). Cortisol increased with exercise in males and more with the 4 × 50 set, as set × time and time × gender interactions and a main effect of time were found (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Interval swimming training sets of maximal intensity induced increases in plasma glucose, uric acid, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol in master swimmers. The larger set volume induced larger increases, which may have implications for the magnitude of the desired adaptations to training.

Response of Blood Biomarkers to Sprint Interval Swimming

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1442-1447
Author(s):  
Athanasios Kabasakalis ◽  
Stefanos Nikolaidis ◽  
George Tsalis ◽  
Vassilis Mougios
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Biochemical Markers ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the effects of 2 sprint interval training (SIT) sets of different distances on biochemical markers indicative of metabolism, stress, and antioxidant capacity in competitive swimmers and, to investigate the potential influence of gender on these markers. Methods: Twenty-four adolescent, well-trained swimmers (12 men and 12 women) participated in the study. In a random and counterbalanced order, the swimmers completed 2 SIT sets (8 × 50 m and 8 × 25 m) in freestyle with maximal intensity on different days. Work-to-rest ratio was 1:1 in both sets. Blood samples were drawn preexercise, immediately postexercise, and 1 hour postexercise to evaluate the effects of the SIT sets on a number of biochemical parameters. Results: Swimming speed was higher at 8 × 25 m. The 2 SIT sets induced significant increases in lactate, glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and uric acid (P ≤ .001). No differences in these parameters were found between sets, except for irisin (higher in 8 × 50 m; P = .02). Male swimmers were faster and had higher lactate and uric acid concentrations, as well as lower reduced glutathione concentration, than female swimmers (P < .01). Conclusions: The 2 swimming SIT sets induced increases in most of the biochemical markers studied. The 2-fold difference between sets in distance did not differentiate the effects of sprint interval exercise on most biochemical parameters. Thus, low-volume SIT sets seem to be effective stimuli for competitive swimmers.

scholarly journals Analyzing thermoregulation processes in early school-age girls and boys through thermography

2019 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Dębiec-Bąk ◽  
Tomasz Kuligowski ◽  
Anna Skrzek
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Early School ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Early School Age ◽  
General Physical

Abstract The research assessed thermoregulation processes in early school-age children. Thermal maps of the subjects’ bodies were compared before and after general physical exercise and after post-exercise restitution to establish differences between the sexes. The research involved 40 students aged 7, including 20 boys. The subjects participated in interval training which maintained the pulse at 60–80% HRmax. Measurements of body surface temperatures were taken in 12 fields with ThermoVision FLIR SYSTEM T335 camera before exercise, immediately after exercise and after 15 min of restitution. Statistical analysis was based on the Shapiro–Wilk test to verify the normality of variables, multivariate analysis of variance, Student’s t test for independent samples and Duncan’s post hoc test. The level of statistical significance was established at p < 0.05. Analysis of the results showed a difference in the distribution of surface body temperatures in boys and girls depending on the studied area. The highest values were recorded in the trunk area, and the lowest in the lower-limb area. Statistical analysis demonstrated that in both groups there was a statistically significant decrease in post-exercise temperatures. The results revealed greater efficiency of thermoregulation processes during restitution in girls, because the values obtained in all measurement fields in Test 3 were higher than the pre-exercise values. In Tests 2 and 3, differences between the sexes were reported mainly in the upper-limb area.

scholarly journals Histamine H1 and H2 receptors are essential transducers of the integrative exercise training response in humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (16) ◽  
pp. eabf2856
Author(s):  
Thibaux Van der Stede ◽  
Laura Blancquaert ◽  
Flore Stassen ◽  
Inge Everaert ◽  
Ruud Van Thienen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Muscle Perfusion ◽  
Interval Exercise ◽  
Training Response ◽  
Exercise Muscle

Exercise training is a powerful strategy to prevent and combat cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, although the integrative nature of the training-induced adaptations is not completely understood. We show that chronic blockade of histamine H1/H2 receptors led to marked impairments of microvascular and mitochondrial adaptations to interval training in humans. Consequently, functional adaptations in exercise capacity, whole-body glycemic control, and vascular function were blunted. Furthermore, the sustained elevation of muscle perfusion after acute interval exercise was severely reduced when H1/H2 receptors were pharmaceutically blocked. Our work suggests that histamine H1/H2 receptors are important transducers of the integrative exercise training response in humans, potentially related to regulation of optimal post-exercise muscle perfusion. These findings add to our understanding of how skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system adapt to exercise training, knowledge that will help us further unravel and develop the exercise-is-medicine concept.

Metabolic effects of oral fructose in the liver of fasted rats

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (4) ◽  
pp. E505-E512 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Niewoehner ◽  
D. P. Gilboe ◽  
G. A. Nuttall ◽  
F. Q. Nuttall
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Portal Vein ◽  
Hepatic Vein ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Serum Triglycerides ◽  
Fasted Rats

Twenty-four-hour-fasted rats were given fructose (4 g/kg) by gavage. Fructose absorption and the portal vein, aorta, and hepatic vein plasma fructose, glucose, lactate, and insulin concentrations as well as liver fructose and fructose 1-P, glucose, glucose 6-P, UDPglucose, lactate, pyruvate, ATP, ADP, AMP, inorganic phosphate (Pi), cAMP, and Mg2+, and glycogen synthase I and phosphorylase alpha were measured at 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 120 min after gavage. Liver and muscle glycogen and serum uric acid and triglycerides also were measured. Fifty-nine percent of the fructose was absorbed in 2 h. There were modest increases in plasma and hepatic fructose, glucose, and lactate and in plasma insulin. Concentrations in the portal vein, aorta, and hepatic vein plasma indicate rapid removal of fructose and lactate by the liver and a modest increase in production of glucose. The source of the increase in plasma lactate is uncertain. Hepatic glucose 6-P increased twofold; UDPglucose rose transiently and then decreased below the control level. Fructose 1-P increased linearly to a concentration of 3.3 mumol/g wet wt by 120 min. There was no change in ATP, ADP, AMP, cAMP, Pi, or Mg2+. Serum triglycerides and uric acid were unchanged. Glycogen synthase was activated by 20 min without a change in phosphorylase alpha. This occurred with a fructose dose that did not significantly increase either the liver glucose or fructose concentrations. Liver glycogen increased linearly after 20 min, and glycogen storage was equal in liver (38.4%) and muscle (36.5%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardio-respiratory and biochemical responses of military training event at Jungle environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Angad Yadav ◽  
Tirthankar Chatterjee ◽  
Debojyoti Bhattacharyya ◽  
Somnath Singh ◽  
Madhusudan Pal
Keyword(s):  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Training Event ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Exercise Induced

Background: In military environment, soldiers regularly practice or undergo different types of extreme training activities. However, globally the literatures available on the physiological and biochemical demand of different extreme military training activities are very scanty and less reported. Aims and Objective: The present study was undertaken to quantify the cardio-respiratory and biochemical responses of military training event in jungle environment. Materials and Methods: Mathew’s Mad Mile (MMM) activity is a type of specialized run of 1.5 mile in jungle environment. This training activity was conducted on rugged jungle terrain comprised of undulated uphill, downhill, muddy surface. Twenty-five SHAPE-1 healthy soldiers were volunteered into training event. Cardiorespiratory data was recorded continuously throughout the event and venous blood sample was drawn before and immediately after completion of the event. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. Results: There was no significant difference observed in heart rate and breathing rate while core body temperature was significantly (p = 0.02) higher in slow finisher as compared to fast finisher. In fast finisher, post exercise level of BDNF, BNP, SDH, cortisol and UCP1 increased significantly (p<0.05), whereas, BHB (p<0.01) decreased significantly in comparison to pre-exercise. In slow finishers, post exercise level of cortisol, KYNA and UCP1 increased significantly (p<0.05), whereas, BDNF, BNP and SDH decreased significantly (p<0.05), in comparison to pre-exercise. Conclusion: The outcome of this study indicated that the slow finishers were more susceptible to risk of injury due to higher exercise induced thermogenesis and mental stress in comparison to fast finisher.

scholarly journals Reproducibility of 24-h post-exercise changes in energy intake in overweight and obese women using current methodology

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gemma L. Brown ◽  
Michael E. Lean ◽  
Catherine R. Hankey
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Fat Intake ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Post Exercise

Direct observation(s) of energy intake (EI) via buffet meals served in the laboratory are often carried out within short-term exercise intervention studies. The reproducibility of values obtained has not been assessed either under resting control conditions or post-exercise, in overweight and obese females. A total of fourteen sedentary, pre-menopausal females (BMI 30·0 (sd5·1) kg/m2) completed four trials; two exercise and two control. Each trial lasted 24 h spanning over 2 d; conducted from afternoon on day 1 and morning on day 2. An exercise session to expend 1·65 MJ was completed on day 1 of exercise trials, and three buffet meals were served during each trial. Reproducibility of post-exercise changes in energy and macronutrient intakes was assessed at each individual buffet meal by intraclass correlation coefficient (ri). Only therivalues for post-exercise changes in energy (ri0·44 (95 % CI − 0·03, 0·77),P = 0·03) and fat intake (ri0·51 (95 % CI 0·04, 0·81),P = 0·02) at the lunch buffet meal achieved statistical significance; however, theserivalues were weak and had large associated 95 % CI, which indicates a large degree of variability associated with these measurements. Energy and macronutrient intakes at the breakfast and evening buffet meals were not reproducible. This study concludes that the frequently used laboratory-based buffet meal method of assessing EI does not produce reliable, reproducible post-exercise changes in EI in overweight and obese women.

scholarly journals Effects of High vs. Low Glycemic Index of Post-Exercise Meals on Sleep and Exercise Performance: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Counterbalanced Polysomnographic Study

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelos Vlahoyiannis ◽  
George Aphamis ◽  
Eleni Andreou ◽  
George Samoutis ◽  
Giorgos Sakkas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Glycemic Index ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Visual Reaction Time ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Visual Reaction

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of the glycemic index of post-exercise meals on sleep quality and quantity, and assess whether those changes could affect the next day’s exercise performance. Following a baseline/familiarization phase, 10 recreationally trained male volunteers (23.2 ± 1.8 years) underwent two double-blinded, randomized, counterbalanced crossover trials. In both trials, participants performed sprint interval training (SIT) in the evening. Post-exercise, participants consumed a meal with a high (HGI) or low (LGI) glycemic index. Sleep parameters were assessed by a full night polysomnography (PSG). The following morning, exercise performance was evaluated by the countermovement jump (CMJ) test, a visual reaction time (VRT) test and a 5-km cycling time trial (TT). Total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency were greater in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial (p < 0.05), while sleep onset latency was shortened by four-fold (p < 0.05) and VRT decreased by 8.9% (p < 0.05) in the HGI trial compared to the LGI trial. The performance in both 5-km TT and CMJ did not differ between trials. A moderate to strong correlation was found between the difference in TST and the VRT between the two trials (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this is the first study to show that a high glycemic index meal, following a single spring interval training session, can improve both sleep duration and sleep efficiency, while reducing in parallel sleep onset latency. Those improvements in sleep did not affect jumping ability and aerobic endurance performance. In contrast, the visual reaction time performance increased proportionally to sleep improvements.

Abstract P418: Trans Fats Consumption Linked to Higher BMI

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice A Golomb ◽  
Hayley J Koslik
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Trans Fats ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that factors beyond calorie balance may affect fat deposition (consider environmental obesogens like bisphenol A). Trans fats are prooxidant, proinflammatory, have shown adverse metabolic effects and increased fat deposition in animals. Goal: To assess the relation of dietary trans fatty acid ( dTFA ) consumption to BMI in humans. Method: Subjects were 1018 adult men and women clinical trial screenees (age 20-85, without known diabetes, CVD, with screening LDL 115-190mg/dL). Height and weight were measured at screening and BMI calculated. The Fred Hutchinson Food Frequency Questionnaire provided data on dTFA (gm/d) and calories. Surveys elicited activity, and chocolate consumption (times/week, previously linked favorably in this sample to BMI). Mood (adversely linked to dTFA in this sample and in literature) was assessed by the CES-D (depression scale). Regression assessed the relation of BMI (outcome) to dTFA, unadjusted and in models adjusted for age and sex, calories and activity, chocolate consumption, and mood. Results: Higher dTFA was linked with higher BMI across adjustment models, with strong statistical significance. The coefficient was strengthened, not attenuated, when calories and activity were considered. Each additional gram/day of dTFAs was associated with around 0.4 points greater BMI. Discussion: These findings extend adverse metabolic associations of dTFA, and comport with evidence suggesting that composition of calories, as well as their number, has relevance to BMI.

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