scholarly journals Impact of Brushing and Infill Maintenance on Field Safety of Third Generation Synthetic Turf

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Kyley Dickson ◽  
John Sorochan ◽  
William Strunk ◽  
Taylor Williams
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Split Plot ◽  
Athletic Field ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Synthetic Turf

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of brushing and infill maintenance of third generation (3G) synthetic turf on field safety. A split-plot randomized complete block design was used with six different fiber pile heights, infill depths, and shock pad combinations subjected to 120 games in the summer of 2017 at the Center for Athletic Field Safety (CAFS) in Knoxville, TN, USA. Traffic was applied with a CAFS traffic simulator. Half of the plots received maintenance every 20 games with a rotating power broom and infill applied to those below manufacturer’s recommendations. All 3G synthetic turf systems required maintenance to the same degree, and maintenance was necessary to keep surface hardness of 3G synthetic turf systems consistent and acceptable. Overall, field safety and consistency increased in this study due to maintenance, thus suggesting brushing and infill maintenance plays a vital role in maintaining high performance on 3G synthetic fields.

Impact of third generation synthetic turf athletic field age on surface hardness and infill depth spatial variability

2021 ◽  
pp. 175433712110029
Author(s):  
Kyley H Dickson ◽  
Chase M Straw ◽  
Adam W Thoms ◽  
Troy D Carson ◽  
John C Sorochan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Athletic Fields ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Synthetic Turf

The use of synthetic turf (ST) has become a popular option for many athletic fields. Little is known about how surface hardness and infill depth spatial variability changes over time on third generation (3G) ST athletic fields. A research study was conducted to investigate the impact of field age on surface hardness and infill depth spatial variability from 12 3G ST athletic fields in Tennessee and Georgia (USA) between March 5, 2014 and April 8, 2014. The 3G ST athletic fields tested varied in fiber type including monofilament, slit film, and a combination of monofilament with slit film fibers. All 3G ST athletic fields were directly over gravel with no shockpad present. Surface hardness and infill depth were collected in the same location on all fields. Surface hardness was collected with the Toro Mobile Tester (400–450 samples/field) and infill depth was collected manually with a three-prong infill depth gauge (200–225 samples/field). As field age increased, surface hardness and spatial variability of the surface hardness increased significantly. Surface hardness and infill depth also had a significant negative relationship with one another. The increase in mean surface hardness and variability is partially attributed to infill depth loss and compaction of the remaining infill. Infill depth did not have a significant relationship with age, unless plots were outside the manufacturer’s recommendation for infill depth. Considering the nearly 3000 samples collected in this study, maintaining a minimum infill depth between 30 and 35 mm kept 90% of surface hardness data points below the National Football League limit of 100 Gmax. Results from this study highlight how 3G ST athletic fields can change with age, which may indicate the need for targeted infill applications and decompaction to improve field uniformity over time.

scholarly journals Effect of farrowing pen size on pre-weaning performance of piglets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine D Vande Pol ◽  
Austin L Laudwig ◽  
Aaron M Gaines ◽  
Beau A Peterson ◽  
Caleb M Shull ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cross Fostering ◽  
Size At Birth

Abstract Litter sizes in commercial pig production have increased substantially over recent years; however, farrowing pen sizes have generally not changed over the same time period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of farrowing pen size on piglet pre-weaning growth and mortality. Differences in pen size were created by varying the width of pens of the same length, increasing the creep area available to the piglets. The study used a total of 1,786 litters in a randomized complete block design to compare two Farrowing Pen Size treatments (FPS): Standard (pen width 1.52 m) and Increased (pen width 1.68 m). Litter sizes were equalized across treatments (12.9 ± 1.95 piglets) at 24 h after birth using cross-fostering. Litter weights were collected at birth and weaning (21.3 ± 2.08 d); pre-weaning mortality was recorded. The experimental unit was the litter; models included FPS and replicate. Farrowing Pen Size had no effect (P > 0.05) on litter size at birth (12.8 and 13.0 for the Standard and Increased FPS, respectively), after cross-fostering (12.9 for both treatments), or at weaning (11.2 and 11.3, respectively). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of FPS on total litter or average piglet weight at birth, after cross-fostering, and at weaning. These results suggest no benefit in piglet performance from increasing the width of farrowing pens. As litter sizes continue to increase in commercial production, further research is warranted to re-evaluate the impact of farrowing pen size on pre-weaning mortality.

scholarly journals Growth assessment of juvenile oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) intercropped with fruit vegetables in a rainforest zone of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
Ayodele Samuel OLUWATOBI ◽  
Kehinde Stephen OLORUNMAIYE ◽  
Olabisi Fatimo ADEKOLA
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Elaeis Guineensis ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Ondo State ◽  
Oil Palms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Growth Assessment

<p>Improper intercropping of <em>Elaeis guineensis</em> with other crops has impaired the growth and development of the oil palm due to competition for environmental resources. The study was conducted to investigate the impact of intercropping on the growth of juvenile oil palm for 2 years. The research commenced during the rainy season of 2016 at an established juvenile oil palm plantation in Ala, Akure-North Local Government of Ondo State. Four fruit vegetables were intercropped separately within the alley of the plantation at 1, 2 or 3 m away from the oil palms in a randomized complete block design. Growth parameters of the juvenile oils were assessed. Results revealed that at 16 weeks after intercropping (WAI), the intercropped oil palm recorded better growth performance with higher canopy spread, number of frond, number of leaflets and trunk height (218.20, 37.00, 87.48 and 38.17 cm) respectively, than the sole oil palms (214.67, 32.83, 72.89 and 31.67 cm) respectively. There were no significant difference in all the growth parameters examined except canopy height (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). Juvenile oil palm cultivated in rainforest agroecological zone of Nigeria can be intercropped with fruit vegetables without any deleterious effect when intercropped at minimum of 1 m away from the oil palms.</p>

Applications of nanomaterials in corrosion protection coatings and inhibitors

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A. Farag
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Coating ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Surface Hardness ◽  
Metal Corrosion ◽  
Corrosive Solution ◽  
Corrosion Resistant Coatings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Control Corrosion ◽  
Weak Resistance

AbstractVarious methodologies are practically used to control corrosion. Coatings are the most widely used to protect metals against corrosion. However, due to the weak resistance of polymer coating against the penetration of corrosive solution to the metal/coating interface, the long-term corrosion resistance of the polymer coating is reduced gradually. Recently, nanoparticles have been added to coatings to improve their chemical, mechanical and optical properties. Nanocoatings either have constituents in the nanoscale or are made out of layers that are under 100 nm. Nanocoatings are used effectively to lessen the impact of a corrosive environment due to its various preferences, such as surface hardness, adhesive quality, long haul and, additionally, high-temperature corrosion opposition, and to improve its tribological properties, and so forth. Moreover, nanocoatings can be utilized in more slender and smoother thickness, which permits adaptability in equipment design and lower upkeep and working expenses. This review covers applications related to the management of metal corrosion, including the use of nanomaterials to produce high-performance corrosion inhibitors and corrosion-resistant coatings.

Integrated use of phosphorus and organic matter improve fodder yield of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) under irrigated and dryland conditions of Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
AMANULLAH . ◽  
ASIF IQBAL ◽  
ASAD ALI ◽  
MAZHAR IQBAL ◽  
IKRAMULLAH . ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Farmyard Manure ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Vigna Aconitifolia ◽  
Moth Bean ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Fodder Yield ◽  
The Impact

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of phosphorus (30, 45 and 60 kg P ha-1) and organic matter (canola straw, berseem straw and farmyard manure) on growth and fodder yield of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia Jacq.) under irrigated and dryland conditions. The experiment was conducted under two field conditions viz. (i) with irrigation and (ii) without irrigation (dryland). The experiment under each field condition was laid out in a randomized complete block design having three replications. The results revealed that P and organic matter treated plots (rest) under both irrigated and dryland conditions had better growth and produced higher fresh and dry fodder yields over control (no P and no organic matter applied). Moth bean planted under irrigated condition (no moisture stress) had improved growth, and produced higher fresh and dry fodder yields over dryland condition. Increasing the rate of P increased growth, fresh and dry fodder yields (60 kg P ha-1 > 45 kg P ha-1 > 30 kg P ha-1). Increase in growth, fresh and dry yields was obtained with the application of farmyard manure over plant residues incorporation. We concluded from this study that application of P at the highest rate of 60 kg P ha-1 along with farmyard manure (5 t ha-1) as source of OM improve growth and fodder yield of moth bean under irrigated and dryland conditions under semiarid climates.

scholarly journals Effect of Adding Wings to the Shallow Tines on the Performance of Subsoiler Plow in the Soil Disturbed Area, Soil Pulverization Index & Equivalent Energy of Pulverization

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-206
Author(s):  
Murtadha A. A. Alfaris ◽  
Salim Almaliki ◽  
Sadiq J. Muhsin
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Factorial Experiment ◽  
Disturbed Area ◽  
Mean Weight Diameter ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The Impact

The experiment was performed using locally manufactured subsoiler plow provided with wings on the outside of shallow tines feet to study the impact of adding the wings and depth of tillage on the disturbance area of soil, soil pulverization index (mean weight diameter, MWD) and the equivalent energy of soil pulverization (Eq EP) in clay soil. This experiment was done in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replications having a factorial experiment. Three tillage depths (40, 50, and 60cm) with and without wings on the feet of shallow tines were used. The results showed that the impact of adding wings and tillage depths had a significant effect on the disturbance area, soil pulverization index and the equivalent energy of soil pulverization (p < 0.05). The treatment of adding wings on shallow tines (S+shw) has pre-eminence in studied factors. The disturbed area increased by 11.11, 14.29 and 9.80%, the MWD decreased by 27.33, 32.31 and 19.38% and the Eq EP increased by 43.19, 53.03 and 25.13% when the depth of tillage increased from 40, 50 and 60cm respectively.

scholarly journals Carbon-nitrogen ratio in soils with fertilizer applications and nutrient absorption in banana (Musa spp.) cv. Williams

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-260
Author(s):  
Wilson Antonio Pérez ◽  
Jaime Torres-Bazurto
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Sixth Generation ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
Carbon Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Ratio ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Absolute Control ◽  
Total Soil Nitrogen

This research took place in Uraba, Antioquia, in the CENIBANANO-AUGURA experimental field, where a research program on nutrition and fertilization in bananas is carried out. This crop requires high amounts of nitrogen for production, so it is indispensable to evaluate the impact of these applications on the carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) in soil. Published literature is scarce for this problem. This research evaluated the C/N ratio in areas with fertilizer applications and nutrient uptake, along with the interaction with production in a banana crop of the AAA group giant Cavendish subgroup, Williams clone, sixth generation in two production cycles. A randomized complete block design was used with five treatments that consisted of differential doses of nitrogen (161, 321.8, and 483 kg ha-1), and an omission and absolute control distributed in four replicates. The treatments with nitrogen doses generated statistical differences for the interactions between the two study zones for the percentages of carbon and total soil nitrogen and C/N ratios; the highest values were found in the fertilization zone during the first production cycle (2.47% C, 0.33% N, and 7.7 C/N ratio). The treatment with 483 kg ha-1 of N obtained the greatest increases in the values for these variables that are attributed to the highest dose of nitrogen and the residual acidity of urea that was able to release non-free carbon from the soil. For this reason, the correlation analysis for the C/N ratio and production was significant for the study areas (absorption and fertilization), inferring that higher C/N ratio values tend to increase production.

scholarly journals AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF IMPROVED MAIZE (Zea mays) CULTIVARS IN SOUTHERN CHAD

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 789-798
Author(s):  
Gapili Naoura ◽  
◽  
Nadjiam Djirabaye ◽  
Hortense Noëlle Apala Mafouasson ◽  
Mamahat Alhabib Hassane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Days To Flowering ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Genotype Environment Interaction ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Ear Height ◽  
New Cultivars

This study was carried out to identify high-performing maize cultivars adapted to the environmental conditions of Southern Chad. Twelve new cultivars associated with two local cultivars often used by farmers in Southern Chad were evaluated in three different environments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (p<0.001) between cultivars for the measured traits except for plant height (p=0.157) and ear height (p=0.624). Genotype × environment interaction was also reported significant among cultivars only for days to flowering and number of kernels per row, but yield did not show any statistical difference, although assessed cultivars differed in their relative main performance across the three sites. Potential grain yield showed a negative correlation with days to flowering, ear height, and days to silking. The study revealed different yield performances for the assessed cultivars across different environments. The cultivar 2013 TZEE WPOP DT STR was the highest yield producing cultivars at the combined sites. The cultivars IWD C2 SYN, TZEE WPOP DT C5 STR C5, 2011 TZE YDT STR SYN, and DTE STR YSYN POP C4 showed high-performance cultivars across the different environments and can be therefore recommended for release as new cultivars to farmers of Southern Chad.

scholarly journals Performance of soybean grown in succession to black oat and wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvadi Antonio Balbinot Junior ◽  
Julio Cezar Franchini dos Santos ◽  
Henrique Debiasi ◽  
Antônio Eduardo Coelho ◽  
Moryb Jorge Lima da Costa Sapucay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
The Impact

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of isolated or combined roots and straw of black oat and wheat, as previous crops in autumn/winter, on the performance of soybean in succession. The experiment was carried out in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 crop seasons in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates. The following seven treatments were applied in the autumn/winter of 2017 and 2018, before soybean planting: fallow; straw of black oat or wheat, distributed on plots kept under fallow during autumn/winter, without roots; plots only with roots of black oat or wheat, without straw; and plots with straw and roots of black oat or wheat. Soybean crop performance was estimated using the following variables: plant density, leaf area index, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index, shoot dry matter, grain yield, and yield components. In comparison with fallow, the cultivation of black oat or wheat, as previous crops during the autumn/winter, increases soybean grain yield. The impact of the roots of black oat or wheat on soybean yield is similar to that of straw. Soybean agronomic performance is improved in the combined presence of roots and straw of black oat or wheat.

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