Relationship between Leg Strength and Balance and Lean Body Mass. Benefits for Active Aging

Physical activity (PA) can bring incalculable benefits to people throughout the aging process. The objective of this study was to determine the relationships between the leg and arm strength, body composition and balance of elderly people. Twenty-one people (9 men and 12 women) over 60 years of age voluntarily participated in this study. Bioimpedance tests were carried out to obtain body mass data, manual dynamometer tests and the lower limbs test were conducted to obtain strength values, and the stork balance stand test was conducted to assess static balance. As a result, medium-high correlation coefficients were obtained between the aforementioned dependent variables. The highest value corresponded to the relationship between the results of the dominant hand strength test (right hand in all participants) and the lean body mass (LBM) of the participant (R2 = 75%, p < 0.001). The results indicated that strength capacity, recorded by dynamometry, and balance ability have a direct relationship with the body composition of the subject, especially with their lean body mass. These data suggest that a greater lean body mass can provide greater strength and balance in the elderly, so it would improve or have greater duration the functionality and independence of the person, thereby justifying direct benefits in people and indirect benefits in public administrations that finance these social issues.

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Mediterranean Diet Adherence, Body Composition and Performance in Beach Handball Players: A Cross Sectional Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18062837 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 2837

Author(s):

Alejandro Martínez-Rodríguez ◽

María Martínez-Olcina ◽

María Hernández-García ◽

Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias ◽

Javier Sánchez-Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Mediterranean Diet ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Eating Habits ◽

Individual Performance ◽

Dominant Hand ◽

Diet Adherence ◽

Mediterranean Diet Adherence ◽

And Performance

Background: Beach handball (BH) is a sport in which sporting performance is influenced, together with team interaction, by individual performance in terms of strength. Body composition is one of the main factors for sports performance and eating habits can condition this variable. The Mediterranean diet (MD) can significantly reduce the risk of mortality or cardiovascular disease. In addition, the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment carries out different campaigns to promote it among young athletes, establishing it as a suitable diet for sports. Objectives: The main aims of the study are to assess body composition, physical activity and adherence to the MD of beach handball players. It also aims to evaluate age group differences in male and female players, as well as studying the possible relationship between MD, body composition and performance variables. Methods: A total of 59 Spanish BH players were recruited in the national championship of BH in the province of Alicante. Thirty-eight male (14 junior; 17.0 ± 0.1 years and 24 seniors; 25.5 ± 4.7 years) and twenty-one female (7 junior; 16.1 ± 1.46 years and 14 seniors; 23.2 ± 2.0 years) BH players participated in this study. The questionnaire to evaluate eating habits was Mediterranean diet adherence (KIDMED). Body composition was measured with electrical bioimpedance. Strength was evaluated by means of a maximum isometric handgrip test of the dominant hand with handgrip and height of jump by counter-jump on contact platform. In the statistical analysis, descriptions and correlations between the study variables were made. Results: In females, when the adherence to the MD is lower, the weight is higher, the lean body mass is lower and worse results are observed in performance tests. As for males, there are differences in weight and lean body mass according to category. Conclusions: Adequate eating habits are related to the weight of beach handball athletes. In addition, specifically with junior players, it has been observed that adherence to the MD correlates with weight.

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Men and women do not have the same relation between body composition and postural sway

Journal of Morphological Sciences ◽

10.4322/jms.092715 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 32 (02) ◽

pp. 093-097 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

A. Alonso ◽

L. Mochizuki ◽

N. Luna ◽

A. Canonica ◽

R. Souza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Postural Sway ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽

The Body ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Quiet Standing ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Men And Women

Abstract Introduction: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of body composition on the postural sway during quiet standing. Our hypothesis is that men and women do not have the same relation between body composition and postural sway during quiet standing. Materials and Methods: Participated in the study 50 men and 50 women; age range: 20-40 years old. The main outcome measures were: Body composition (bone densitometry), percentage of fat (% fat) tissue (g), fat (g), lean mass (g), bone mineral content (g) and bone mineral density (g/cm2); Anthropometry: body mass (kg), height (cm), length of the trunk-head (cm), length of lower limbs (cm). The following indices were calculated: body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and Postural balance test - center ofpressure displacement. Results: The correlation analysis showed low correlations between postural sway and anthropometric variables. The multiple linear regression model showed that the body composition and the anthropometry were able to explain only men's postural sway. Conclusion: The postural sway is sex type dependent. Men and women have different relations between body composition and postural sway. Only male's body composition affected the body sway.

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Muscle Strength, Body Composition, and Performance of an Elite Shot-Putter

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.7.4.394 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 394-396 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Gerasimos Terzis ◽

Thomas Kyriazis ◽

Giorgos Karampatsos ◽

Giorgos Georgiadis

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Strength ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Bench Press ◽

Scientific Data ◽

The Body ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Repetition Maximum ◽

Shot Put

Purpose:Although muscle mass and strength are thought to be closely related to throwing performance, there are few scientific data about these parameters in elite shot-putters. The purpose of this case report was to present longitudinal data for muscle strength and body composition in relation to performance of an elite male shot-putter.Methods:A male national champion with the best rotational shot-put performance of 20.36 m (in 2010) was followed from 2003 to 2011 (current age: 29 y). Data regarding body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry), as well as 1-repetition-maximum muscle strength (bench press, squat, snatch) and rotational shot-put performance, were collected every February for the last 9 y, 4 wk before the national indoor championship event.Results:The athlete’s personal-best performances in squat, bench press, and snatch were 175 kg, 210 kg, and 112.5 kg, respectively. His peak total lean body mass was 92.4 kg, bone mineral density 1.55 g/cm2, and lowest body fat 12.9%. His shot-put performance over these 9 years was significantly correlated with 1-repetition-maximum squat strength (r = .93, P < .01), bench press (r = .87, P < .01), and snatch (r = .92, P < .01). In contrast, shot-put performance was not significantly correlated with any of the body-composition parameters.Conclusions:The results of this case study suggest that elite rotational shot-put performance may not be directly correlated with lean body mass. Instead, it seems that it is closely related with measures of muscle strength.

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The changes in proportion and body composition of a woman practicing group fitness training for three months.

HIGHER SCHOOL’S PULSE ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.0926 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Agata Mroczek ◽

Magdalena Chawałek

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Body Composition ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

The Body ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Training Cycle ◽

Group Fitness ◽

Fitness Training

Background: Physical activity is an excellent form of prevention of modern diseases. The most popular form of physical activity chosen by women is group fitness activities. Women are most likely to focus on exercises for the lower parts of the body (thighs, buttocks, abdomen). In recent years, dance classes (e.g. Zumba) or exercises on mini trampolines have become very popular. Regular fitness training contributes to positive changes in the proportions and body composition. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess the proportions and body composition of a woman via a 3-month group fitness training program. Case report: The study involved a woman aged 26, participating in fitness classes three times a week for a period of three months. The woman participated in the following training cycle: twice a week (Monday and Wednesday) in the Jumping Frog interval training on a trampoline; twice a week (Monday and Friday) in ZUMBA® classes; and once a week (Wednesday) in ABT classes (abdomen, buttocks, thighs). Her height and weight, waist and hips circumference, and the thickness of three skinfolds (subscapular, triceps, abdominal) were measured. Body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were calculated and body composition analysis (% of body fat, lean body mass) was performed. Two measurements were made: the first at the beginning of the training cycle, the second on completion. After three months of training, there were a decrease in body weight (2.2 kg), BMI (0.77 kg/m2), waist circumference (4 cm), hip circumference (2 cm), WHR (0.03), subscapular, abdominal and triceps skinfold (1 mm, 3 mm, 3 mm), body fat (2.6%) and perimeters, and an increase in lean body mass (1 kg). Conclusions: This study shows a positive effect of fitness training on body proportions and body composition.

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Analysis of the Relationship between Body Composition and the Level of Functional Readiness of Football Players

Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu ◽

10.26693/jmbs05.05.313 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 313-318

Author(s):

N. Vdovenko ◽

◽

E. Maydaniuk ◽

M. Imas ◽

S. Sharafytdinova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Body Fat ◽

Gas Analysis ◽

The Body ◽

Specific Power ◽

Football Players ◽

Sports Activity ◽

Percentage Of Body Fat

The compositional content of the body of athletes is one of the factors that can affect the effectiveness of sports activity, being an important component of the training process of football players. In turn, the composition of the body depends on the orientation, intensity and volume of training loads. Physical activity and exercise are known to lead to a decrease in body fat and an increase in lean body mass. The purpose of the study was to determine the significance of body composition for functional readiness of football players. Material and methods. The research involved 81 football players (Ukrainian Premier League), aged 20-30 years. During the research, the following methods were used: chronometry, ergometry, spirometry, gas analysis, heart rate monitoring, anthropometry and impedance measurement, biochemical research methods, and mathematical statistics methods. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, we established the influence of the body composition, in particular the percentage of body fat, on the level of functional readiness of football players. The probable correlations between the values of the level of functional readiness and indicators of the composition of the body were revealed. We found probable correlation between lean body mass and absolute power (r = 0.90; p ≤ 0.05), lean mass and VO2max (r = 0.44; p ≤ 0.05). A probable correlation between the percentage of fat and specific power (r = - 0.45; p ≤ 0.05), the percentage of fat and speed (r = - 0.50; p ≤ .05) was also revealed. An increase in body fat mass can negatively affect the specific power, speed and aerobic capabilities of athletes; it manifests itself in a decrease in the VO2max, speed and power of football players with an increase in body weight due to the fat component. Conclusion. The highest values of maximum power and VO2max were achieved by football players with adipose tissue content in the range from 9.0 to 16.0%. An increase in the level of functional readiness of football players is possible by optimizing the compositional composition of the body of athletes, namely, the percentage of body fat

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Actual Nutrition and Dietary Supplementation in Lithuanian Elite Athletes

Medicina ◽

10.3390/medicina56050247 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (5) ◽

pp. 247

Author(s):

Marius Baranauskas ◽

Valerija Jablonskienė ◽

Jonas Algis Abaravičius ◽

Rimantas Stukas

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Body Composition ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Elite Athletes ◽

Dietary Supplementation ◽

The Body ◽

Survey Method ◽

Physical Strain ◽

The Impact

Background and objectives: Health is partly determined by the state of one’s nutrition; it stimulates the body’s functional and metabolic adaptations to physical strain and helps one prevent sports injuries and get in shape in terms of body composition. This study aims to investigate the actual nutrition and dietary supplements taken by elite Lithuanian athletes and to identify the relationship between the dietary intake, dietary supplementation and body composition of elite athletes. Materials and Methods: The research subjects were 76.7% of Lithuanian elite athletes (N = 247). The actual diet was investigated using the 24 h recall dietary survey method. Dietary supplementation was studied applying the questionnaire method. Measurements of body composition were performed using the BIA (bioelectrical impedance analysis) tetra-polar electrodes and measuring resistivity with 8–12 tangent electrodes at different frequencies of signal: 5, 50 and 250 kHz. Results: Results indicate that among the athletes, 62% use too few carbohydrates and 77% use too much fat. Although the 3.5% increase in lean body mass (95% CI: −0.107, 7.070) helps gain an increased protein intake with food (p = 0.057), 38% of athletes consume too little protein with food. The athletes mostly use carbohydrates (86%), vitamins (81%), protein supplements (70%), and multivitamins (62%). We did not determine the impact (p > 0.05) of individual or complex supplement use on the lean body mass (%) or fat mass (%) values of athletes. Conclusions: Athletes consume insufficient carbohydrates, vitamin D, calcium, polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and too much fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and they use proteins irrationally. Sport nutritionists should also focus on the risk of malnutrition for female athletes. Nutritional supplements partially offset macronutrient and micronutrient deficiency. Nevertheless, the effect of food supplements on the body composition of athletes is too small compared to the normal diet. Athletes ought to prioritize the formation of eating habits and only then use supplements.

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Body Composition Outcomes of a Qigong Intervention Among Community-Dwelling Aging Adults

Western Journal of Nursing Research ◽

10.1177/0193945916654907 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 38 (12) ◽

pp. 1574-1594 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mei-Ying Chang ◽

Hsiao-Yu Chen

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Mass Percentage ◽

Aging Adults ◽

Experimental Group

Aging causes various changes in body composition, which are critical implications for health and physical functioning in aging adults. The aim of this study was to explore the body composition outcomes of a qigong intervention among community-dwelling aging adults. This was a quasi-experimental study in which 90 participants were recruited. Forty-eight participants (experimental group) attended a 30-min qigong program 3 times per week for 12 weeks, whereas 42 participants (control group) continued performing their usual daily activities. The experimental group achieved a greater reduction in the fat mass percentage at the posttest, and exhibited increased fat-free mass, lean body mass percentage, and lean body mass to fat mass ratio compared with the controls. No difference between the two groups in body mass index, fat mass, and lean body mass was observed. These results indicated that the qigong intervention showed beneficial outcomes of body composition among community-dwelling aging adults.

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The Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference as Predictors of Body Composition in Post CSCI Wheelchair Rugby Players (Preliminary Investigations)

Journal of Human Kinetics ◽

10.2478/hukin-2014-0105 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 191-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Anna Zwierzchowska ◽

Marta Głowacz ◽

Agnieszka Batko-Szwaczka ◽

Joanna Dudziňska-Griszek ◽

Aleksandra Mostowik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

The Body ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Obesity Risk ◽

Wheelchair Rugby ◽

Low Sensitivity ◽

Rugby Players

Abstract The enforced sedentary lifestyle and muscle paresis below the level of injury are associated with adipose tissue accumulation in the trunk. The value of anthropometric indicators of obesity in patients with spinal cord injuries has also been called into question. We hypothesized that the Body Mass Index recommended by the WHO to diagnose obesity in general population has too low sensitivity in case of wheelchair rugby players. The study group comprised 14 wheelchair rugby players, aged 32.6 ± 5.1 years, who had sustained CSCI (paralysis of lower limbs and upper extremities). The research tool was the Tanita Viscan visceral and trunk fat analyzer AB140 using the abdominal bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate the visceral fat level (Vfat) and trunk fat percentage (Tfat). The AB140 analyzer also allowed the measurement of body composition of those individuals who could not assume an upright position. Our analyses revealed high and very high correlation coefficients between Vfat and WC (r=0.9), WHtR (r=0.7) and Tfat (r=0.9) whereas the correlation between Vfat and the BMI was weak, especially in the subgroup with Vfat < 13.5% ( r=0.2). The subgroup with Vfat>13.5 exhibited a moderate-level relationship between the BMI and visceral fat increase. It was concluded that the BMI had a low sensitivity for predicting obesity risk in wheelchair rugby players after CSCI. The sensitivity of WC measurement was higher and thus, it may be stated that it constitutes an objective tool for predicting obesity risk in post-CSCI wheelchair rugby players.

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Changes of weight and body composition after gastrectomy in the elderly gastric cancer patients.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2016.34.4_suppl.89 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (4_suppl) ◽

pp. 89-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kenki Segami ◽

Toru Aoyama ◽

Yukio Maezawa ◽

Kazuki Kano ◽

Tsutomu Sato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gastric Cancer ◽

Body Composition ◽

Body Weight ◽

Adjuvant Chemotherapy ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Lean Body Mass ◽

Body Mass ◽

The Elderly ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Gastric Cancer Patients

89 Background: Body weight, especially lean body mass, significantly reduces after gastrectomy for gastric cancer due to surgical invasion, reduced food intake, or decreased mobility, which could decrease quality of life and toxicity / compliance of adjuvant chemotherapy. These risks might be high especially in the elderly gastric cancer patients. However, it remains unclear whether changes of weight and body composition are different between the elderly and the non-elderly. Methods: This retrospective study examined patients who underwent curative surgery for gastric cancer between June 2010 and March 2014. Body weight and composition were evaluated by a bioelectrical impedance analyzer within 1 week before surgery (first measurement), at 1 week after surgery (second measurement), at 1 month after surgery (third measurement), and at 3 months after surgery (forth measurement). Patients were classified to the elderly (> 75 years) and the non-elderly ( < 75 years). Results: Four-hundred forty three patients (100 for the elderly and 343 for the non-elderly) were entered in the present study. Patients backgrounds, surgical factors, clinicopathological factors, surgical complications and adjuvant chemotherapy were not significantly different between the two groups. %Body weight loss until 1week, 1month, 3 months after surgery, defined as the proportion of the difference between 1st measurement and each measurement after surgery against 1st measurement, was 3.3%, 6.6%, and 9.7%, respectively in the elderly and 3.7%, 5.4%, and 8.2%, respectively in the non-elderly with significant difference (p = 0.05, 0.01, and 0.01, respectively). %Lean body mass loss until 1 week, 1 month, 3 months after surgery was 3.2%, 5.6%, and 6.1%, respectively in the elderly and 3.2%, 4.5%, and 4.2%, respectively in the non-elderly with p value of 0.36, 0.08, and 0.01, respectively. %Fat loss was not significantly different between the two groups at any time. Conclusions: Decreases in body weight and lean body mass after gastrectomy were more serious in the elderly patients as compared with the non-elderly. Surgical indication for the elderly must be carefully determined considering the risk and the benefit.

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High 1RM Tests Reproducibility and Validity Are Not Dependent on Training Experience, Muscle Group Tested or Strength Level in Older Women

10.20944/preprints201811.0464.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Matheus Barbalho ◽

Paulo Gentil ◽

Rodolfo Raiol ◽

Fabrício Boscolo Del Vecchio ◽

Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Elderly Women ◽

High Reliability ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

The Elderly ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Strength Level ◽

Upper Limbs ◽

Training Experience

Background: The maximal one-repetition test (1-RM) is widely used in scientific research; however, there are conflict results regarding its reproducibility in elderly population. The present study aimed to analyze the reproducibility the test both before and after a 12 week training period by using the bench press and leg press 45° 1-RM tests in the elderly taking into consideration the training experience and strength level of the women. Methods: Elderly women (n = 376; age, 68.5 ± 14.1 years; height, 162.7 ± 5.5 cm; body mass, 71.2 ± 16.0 kg) who underwent ≥3 months of resistance training performed an initial week of familiarization and a second week of testing and retest, with a 48–72 hour interval. Results: The results showed maximal and relative load strength of 39.3 kg and 0.59 kg/body mass for lower limbs and 20.9 kg and 0.31 kg/body mass for upper limbs. The Kappa indices were 0.93 and 0.95, and the intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.99 and 0.99 for the lower and upper limbs, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, the present study confirms that the 1-RM test has high reliability and reproducibility in the elderly, for both upper and lower limbs.

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