scholarly journals Alkaline Fractionation and Subsequent Production of Nano-Structured Silica and Cellulose Nano-Fibrils for the Comprehensive Utilization of Rice Husk

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1951
Author(s):  
Hyun Jin Jung ◽  
Hyun Kwak ◽  
Jinyoung Chun ◽  
Kyeong Keun Oh
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Fractionation Process ◽  
Recovery Yield ◽  
Statistical Analysis Method ◽  
Structured Silica

The parameters of the alkaline fractionation process were investigated and optimized using a statistical analysis method to simultaneously remove hemicellulose and ash from rice husk (RH) concomitantly. After the alkaline fractionation process, the residual solid contained high cellulose, and the recovery yield of hemicellulose was enhanced in the fractionated liquid hydrolyzate. The hemicellulosic sugar recovery yield (71.6%), de-ashing yield (>99%), and lignin removal (>80%) were obtained at the reaction conditions of 150 °C of temperature, 40 min of reaction time, and 6% (w/v) of NaOH concentration. Subsequently, nano-structured silica was synthesized using black liquor obtained as a by-product of this fractionation process. For the production of nano-structured silica, it was observed that the pH of a black liquor and the heat treatment temperature significantly influenced the textural properties of silica product. In addition, the two-stage bleaching of solid residue followed by colloid milling for the production of high value-added CNF with was attempted. As a result, in addition to 119 g of fermentable sugar, 143 g of high-purity (>98%) silica with a surface area of 328 m2g−1 and 273.1 g of high-functional CNF with cellulose content of 80.1% were simultaneously obtained from 1000 g of RH.

Biorefinery implementation for recovery debottlenecking at existing pulp mills- Part II: Techno-economic evaluation

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 17-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
HAKIM GHEZZAZ ◽  
LUC PELLETIER ◽  
PAUL R. STUART
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Precipitation Process

The evaluation and process risk assessment of (a) lignin precipitation from black liquor, and (b) the near-neutral hemicellulose pre-extraction for recovery boiler debottlenecking in an existing pulp mill is presented in Part I of this paper, which was published in the July 2012 issue of TAPPI Journal. In Part II, the economic assessment of the two biorefinery process options is presented and interpreted. A mill process model was developed using WinGEMS software and used for calculating the mass and energy balances. Investment costs, operating costs, and profitability of the two biorefinery options have been calculated using standard cost estimation methods. The results show that the two biorefinery options are profitable for the case study mill and effective at process debottlenecking. The after-tax internal rate of return (IRR) of the lignin precipitation process option was estimated to be 95%, while that of the hemicellulose pre-extraction process option was 28%. Sensitivity analysis showed that the after tax-IRR of the lignin precipitation process remains higher than that of the hemicellulose pre-extraction process option, for all changes in the selected sensitivity parameters. If we consider the after-tax IRR, as well as capital cost, as selection criteria, the results show that for the case study mill, the lignin precipitation process is more promising than the near-neutral hemicellulose pre-extraction process. However, the comparison between the two biorefinery options should include long-term evaluation criteria. The potential of high value-added products that could be produced from lignin in the case of the lignin precipitation process, or from ethanol and acetic acid in the case of the hemicellulose pre-extraction process, should also be considered in the selection of the most promising process option.

scholarly journals Recycling Waste Cotton Cloths for the Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Sustainable Approach

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
Siti Hajar Mohamed ◽  
Md. Sohrab Hossain ◽  
Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim ◽  
Mardiana Idayu Ahmad ◽  
Fatehah Mohd Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Alkaline Pulping ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose

There is an interest in the sustainable utilization of waste cotton cloths because of their enormous volume of generation and high cellulose content. Waste cotton cloths generated are disposed of in a landfill, which causes environmental pollution and leads to the waste of useful resources. In the present study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from waste cotton cloths collected from a landfill. The waste cotton cloths collected from the landfill were sterilized and cleaned using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) technology. The cellulose was extracted from scCO2-treated waste cotton cloths using alkaline pulping and bleaching processes. Subsequently, the CNCs were isolated using the H2SO4 hydrolysis of cellulose. The isolated CNCs were analyzed to determine the morphological, chemical, thermal, and physical properties with various analytical methods, including attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the isolated CNCs had a needle-like structure with a length and diameter of 10–30 and 2–6 nm, respectively, and an aspect ratio of 5–15, respectively. Additionally, the isolated CNCs had a high crystallinity index with a good thermal stability. The findings of the present study revealed the potential of recycling waste cotton cloths to produce a value-added product.

scholarly journals Investigating Lignin-Derived Monomers and Oligomers in Low-Molecular-Weight Fractions Separated from Depolymerized Black Liquor Retentate by Membrane Filtration

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2887
Author(s):  
Kena Li ◽  
Jens Prothmann ◽  
Margareta Sandahl ◽  
Sara Blomberg ◽  
Charlotta Turner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Complex Mixture ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Complexity

Base-catalyzed depolymerization of black liquor retentate (BLR) from the kraft pulping process, followed by ultrafiltration, has been suggested as a means of obtaining low-molecular-weight (LMW) compounds. The chemical complexity of BLR, which consists of a mixture of softwood and hardwood lignin that has undergone several kinds of treatment, leads to a complex mixture of LMW compounds, making the separation of components for the formation of value-added chemicals more difficult. Identifying the phenolic compounds in the LMW fractions obtained under different depolymerization conditions is essential for the upgrading process. In this study, a state-of-the-art nontargeted analysis method using ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC/HRMSn) combined with a Kendrick mass defect-based classification model was applied to analyze the monomers and oligomers in the LMW fractions separated from BLR samples depolymerized at 170–210 °C. The most common phenolic compound types were dimers, followed by monomers. A second round of depolymerization yielded low amounts of monomers and dimers, while a high number of trimers were formed, thought to be the result of repolymerization.

scholarly journals Maximizing Anhydrosugar Production from Fast Pyrolysis of Eucalyptus Using Sulfuric Acid as an Ash Catalyst Inhibitor

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongyan Zhang ◽  
Yuyang Fan ◽  
Anqing Zheng ◽  
Zengli Zhao ◽  
Fengyun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Pyrolysis Gas ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Theoretical Yield ◽  
Pure Cellulose

Anhydrosugars, such as levoglucosan (LG), are high value-added chemicals which are mainly derived from fast pyrolysis of pure cellulose. However, fast pyrolysis of raw lignocellulosic biomass usually produces a very low amount of levoglucosan, since alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEM) present in the ash can serve as the catalysts to inhibit the formation of levoglucosan through accelerating the pyranose ring-opening reactions. In this study, eucalyptus was impregnated with H2SO4 solutions with varying concentrations (0.25–1.25%). The characteristics of ash derived from raw and H2SO4-impregnated eucalyptus were characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The pyrolysis behaviors of raw and H2SO4-impregnated eucalyptus were performed on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). TG analysis demonstrated that the H2SO4-impregnated eucalyptus produced less char than raw eucalyptus. Py-GC/MS analysis showed that even small amounts of H2SO4 can obviously improve the production of anhydrosugars and phenols and suppressed the formation of carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones from fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus. The rank order of levoglucosan yield from raw and impregnated eucalyptus was raw < 1.25% H2SO4 < 1% H2SO4 < 0.75% H2SO4 < 0.25% H2SO4 < 0.5% H2SO4. The maximum yield of levoglucosan (21.3%) was obtained by fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus impregnated with 0.5% H2SO4, which was close to its theoretical yield based on the cellulose content. The results could be ascribed to that H2SO4 can react with AAEM (e.g., Na, K, Ca, and Mg) and lignin to form lignosulfonate, thus acting as an inhibitor to suppress the catalytic effects of AAEM during fast pyrolysis of eucalyptus.

scholarly journals Recent Updates on the Conversion of Pineapple Waste (Ananas comosus) to Value-Added Products, Future Perspectives and Challenges

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2221
Author(s):  
Adila Fazliyana Aili Hamzah ◽  
Muhammad Hazwan Hamzah ◽  
Hasfalina Che Man ◽  
Nur Syakina Jamali ◽  
Shamsul Izhar Siajam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Pineapple Waste ◽  
Protease Enzyme

Pineapple waste accounts for a significant part of waste accumulated in landfill which will further contribute to the release of greenhouse gases. With the rising pineapple demands worldwide, the abundance of pineapple waste and its disposal techniques are a major concern. Exploiting the pineapple waste into valuable products could be the most sustainable way of managing these residues due to their useful properties and compositions. In this review, we concentrated on producing useful products from on-farm pineapple waste and processing waste. Bioenergy is the most suitable option for green energy to encounter the increasing demand for renewable energy and promotes sustainable development for agricultural waste. The presence of protease enzyme in pineapple waste makes it a suitable raw material for bromelain production. The high cellulose content present in pineapple waste has a potential for the production of cellulose nanocrystals, biodegradable packaging and bio-adsorbent, and can potentially be applied in the polymer, food and textile industries. Other than that, it is also a suitable substrate for the production of wine, vinegar and organic acid due to its high sugar content, especially from the peel wastes. The potentials of bioenergy production through biofuels (bioethanol, biobutanol and biodiesel) and biogas (biomethane and biohydrogen) were also assessed. The commercial use of pineapples is also highlighted. Despite the opportunities, future perspectives and challenges concerning pineapple waste utilisation to value-added goods were also addressed. Pineapple waste conversions have shown to reduce waste generation, and the products derived from the conversion would support the waste-to-wealth concept.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of Rice Husk Biochar and Kenaf Biochar for Value-Added Biochar Replacement for Potential Materials Adsorption

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Anwar Saeed ◽  
Noorfidza Harun ◽  
Suriati Sufian ◽  
Haruna Afolabi ◽  
Ebrahim Al-Qadami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Rice Husk Biochar

Rice Husk-Derived Mesoporous Silica Nanostructure for Supercapacitors Application: A Possible Approach for Recycling Bio-Waste into a Value-Added Product

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Araichimani ◽  
K.M. Prabu ◽  
G. Suresh Kumar ◽  
Gopalu Karunakaran ◽  
S. Surendhiran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Mesoporous Structure ◽  
Rice Husks ◽  
A Value ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
Thermal Combustion

Abstract We synthesized mesoporous SiO2 nanomatrix using rice husks as a precursor through a facile thermal combustion process. XRD, FTIR, EDX, and TEM analyses were used to validate the produced mesoporous SiO2 nanomatrix. Electrochemical measurements were used to determine the specific capacitance of mesoporous SiO2 nanomatrix, and the results showed that the specific capacitances are 216, 204, 182, 163, 152, 142, 135, 133, 124.4, 124 F/g at current densities of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 A/g. The benefit of impurities, as well as the large surface area and mesoporous structure of rice husk derived SiO2 nanostructures, allow Faradaic redox reactions at the electrode surface and the resulting supercapacitive behavior. This research might lead to a low-cost technique of producing supercapacitor electrodes using rice husk-derived SiO2 as a precursor.

scholarly journals Synthesis and characterization of rice husk biochar via hydrothermal carbonization for wastewater treatment and biofuel production

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazia Hossain ◽  
Sabzoi Nizamuddin ◽  
Gregory Griffin ◽  
Periasamy Selvakannan ◽  
Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Suspension Stability ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
Rice Husk Biochar

Abstract The recent implication of circular economy in Australia spurred the demand for waste material utilization for value-added product generations on a commercial scale. Therefore, this experimental study emphasized on agricultural waste biomass, rice husk (RH) as potential feedstock to produce valuable products. Rice husk biochar (RB) was obtained at temperature: 180 °C, pressure: 70 bar, reaction time: 20 min with water via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC), and the obtained biochar yield was 57.9%. Enhancement of zeta potential value from − 30.1 to − 10.6 mV in RB presented the higher suspension stability, and improvement of surface area and porosity in RB demonstrated the wastewater adsorption capacity. Along with that, an increase of crystallinity in RB, 60.5%, also indicates the enhancement of the catalytic performance of the material significantly more favorable to improve the adsorption efficiency of transitional compounds. In contrast, an increase of the atomic O/C ratio in RB, 0.51 delineated high breakdown of the cellulosic component, which is favorable for biofuel purpose. 13.98% SiO2 reduction in RB confirmed ash content minimization and better quality of fuel properties. Therefore, the rice husk biochar through HTC can be considered a suitable material for further application to treat wastewater and generate bioenergy.

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