scholarly journals Chilling and Heat Accumulation of Fruit and Nut Trees and Flower Bud Vulnerability to Early Spring Low Temperatures in New Mexico: Meteorological Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2524
Author(s):  
Koffi Djaman ◽  
Komlan Koudahe ◽  
Murali Darapuneni ◽  
Suat Irmak
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Heat Accumulation ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Hourly Temperature ◽  
Study Sites

Fruit and nut trees production is an important activity across the southwest United States and this production is greatly impacted by the local climate. Temperature is the main environmental factor influencing the growth and the productivity of the fruit and nut trees as it affects the trees’ physiology and the vulnerability of flower bud, flowers, and young fruit and nut to the low temperatures or spring frost. The objective of the present study is to estimate the chilling and heat accumulation of fruit and nut trees across New Mexico. Three study sites as Fabian Garcia, Los Lunas, and Farmington were considered and climate variables were collected at hourly time step. The Utah model and the Dynamic model were used to estimate the accumulated chilling while the Forcing model was used for the heat accumulation. The possible fruit and nut trees endodormancy and ecodormancy periods were also determined at the study sites. The results obtained chilling hours of 715 ± 86.60 h at Fabian Garcia, 729.53 ± 41.71 h at Los Lunas, and 828.95 ± 83.73 h at Farmington using the Utah model. The accumulated chill portions during trees’ endodormancy was 3.12 ± 3.05 CP at Fabian Garcia, 42.23 ± 5.08 CP at Los Lunas, and 56.14 ± 1.84 CP at Farmington. The accumulated heat was 8735.52 ± 1650.91 GDH at Fabian Garcia, 7695.43 ± 212.90 GDH at Los Lunas, and 5984.69 ± 2353.20 GDH at Farmington. The fruit and nut trees are at no risk of bud flowers vulnerability at Fabian Garcia while they are under high risk of bud flowers and or young fruit and nut vulnerability to low temperatures early spring as hourly temperature can still drop below 0 °C in April at the end of ecodormancy and flower blooming and young fruits and nuts development stage at Los Lunas and Farmington. Severe weather, especially frost conditions during winter and early spring, can be a significant threat to sustainable nut and fruit production in the northern New Mexico while high chilling requirement fruit and nut trees might not meet chill requirements in the southern New Mexico.

scholarly journals A Methodological Approach to Determine Flower Bud Vulnerability to Low Temperatures for Deciduous Crops in Early Spring Using Degree Days

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-657
Author(s):  
Andrés Javier Peña Quiñones ◽  
Melba Ruth Salazar Gutierrez ◽  
Gerrit Hoogenboom
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
High Level

A common problem for decision makers in selecting frost control options is uncertainty about the level of injury that can be caused by low temperatures. During the past few years, the concept of lethal temperature (LT) at which 10% of the bud population dies (LT10) has been used as an index for evaluating the vulnerability of flower buds to low temperature conditions. This concept has shown to be a useful tool for frost control decision-making. However, the current methods used to obtain LT values assume no spatial or temporal variability, which results in a high level of uncertainty. The goal of this study was to develop an approach that decreases the uncertainty based on the known effects of temperature on bud vulnerability. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to determine flower bud vulnerability to low temperature as a function of temperature. The results from this study showed that thermal time expressed in degree days could explain changes in floral bud development and vulnerability to frost injury. According to our findings, LT10 is a fully acceptable index for determining flower bud vulnerability to low temperatures in orchard crops. Based on this information, we found that among the five apple and cherry cultivars analyzed, ‘Gala’ is the least vulnerable to low temperature because it starts at the beginning of spring with a high level of hardiness and increases its vulnerability at a low rate. The approach described in this article may enhance decision-making certainty associated with the timing and methods to increase air temperature in orchards during low-temperature events to avoid frost damage.

Pollen development in relation to phenological stages of inflorescence expansion in Amelanchier alnifolia (saskatoon), with a comparison with buds forced out of dormancy

1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-268
Author(s):  
Michael J Sumner ◽  
William R Remphrey ◽  
Richard Martin
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Amelanchier Alnifolia ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Internal Development ◽  
Flower Bud Development

A relationship was developed between phenological stages of inflorescence expansion and the internal development of pollen within the anther of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. flowers. The major microscopic events associated with microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis were correlated with seven stages of external inflorescence development in both natural buds and those forced from dormancy in different concentrations of gibberellin at various times of the year. In fall and early spring, it was found that gibberellin at a concentration of 2.5 mg/L forced buds to produce inflorescences that most resembled those from natural field populations. However, it was not possible to force flower buds to develop all the way to anthesis. Flower bud development stopped when the pollen was at the binucleate stage. Despite this limitation, the ability to force buds increases the time frame for the study of many aspects of the reproductive biology of A. alnifolia.Key words: microsporogenesis, microgametogenesis, gibberellin, GA, flowering.

scholarly journals On the Iceberg Severity off Newfoundland and its Prediction

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (32) ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
Irving I. Schell
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Relative Strength ◽  
General Area ◽  
Period 1880 ◽  
Westerly Winds ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAn analysis of the iceberg count off Newfoundland for the period 1880–1925 shows that stronger than usual north-westerly winds off the Labrador and Newfoundland coasts and relatively low temperatures over Newfoundland during the months from December to March lead to greater than average berg counts off Newfoundland in the following months, mainly April to June. Conversely, lighter than usual north-westerly winds and relatively high temperatures lead to lower than average berg counts in the following months. The relative strength of winds can be measured by the pressure difference between Belle Isle and Ivigtut. The relationship investigated provides a basis for predicting the berg count each year at the end of March. A comparison of the computed values of the berg count with the actual values on scale 0 to 10 for the following period 1927–61 shows marked agreement.It is further indicated that a more detailed representation of the winds, temperatures and other elements during the winter and early spring in that general area would lead to a closer relationship with the berg count and a broader basis for its prediction.

scholarly journals Dead Prunus Flower-bud Primordia Retain Deep-supercooling Properties

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 831-832
Author(s):  
Sorkel A. Kadir ◽  
Ed L. Proebsting
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Flower Primordia ◽  
Deep Supercooling

Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to measure deep supercooling in flower buds of Prunus dulcis Mill., P. armeniaca L., P. davidiana (Carr.) Franch, P. persica (L.) Batsch, three sweet cherry (P. avium L.) selections, and `Bing' cherries (P. avium L.) during Winter 1990-91 and 1991-92. Low temperatures in Dec. 1990 killed many flower buds. After the freeze, dead flower primordia continued to produce low-temperature exotherms (LTEs) at temperatures near those of living primordia for >2 weeks. In Feb. 1992, cherry buds that had been killed by cooling to -33C again produced LTEs when refrozen the next day. As buds swelled, the median LTE (LTE50) of dead buds increased relative to that of living buds, and the number of dead buds that produced LTEs decreased. LTE artifacts from dead flower priimordia must be recognized when DTA is used to estimate LTE50 of field-collected samples.

scholarly journals Morphological characteristics and transcriptome analysis at different anther development stages of the male sterile mutant MS7–2 in Wucai (Brassica campestris L.)

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Wang ◽  
Yitao Yang ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
Shaoxing Wang ◽  
Lingyun Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Metabolism ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Pollen Abortion ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Sterile Mutant

Abstract Background The discovery of male sterile materials is of great significance for the development of plant fertility research. Wucai (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis Tsen) is a variety of non-heading Chinese cabbage. There are few studies on the male sterility of wucai, and the mechanism of male sterility is not clear. In this study, the male sterile mutant MS7–2 and the wild-type fertile plant MF7–2 were studied. Results Phenotypic characteristics and cytological analysis showed that MS7–2 abortion occurred at the tetrad period. The content of related sugars in the flower buds of MS7–2 was significantly lower than that of MF7–2, and a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was accumulated. Through transcriptome sequencing of MS7–2 and MF7–2 flower buds at three different developmental stages (a–c), 2865, 3847, and 4981 differentially expressed genes were identified in MS7–2 at the flower bud development stage, stage c, and stage e, respectively, compared with MF7–2. Many of these genes were enriched in carbohydrate metabolism, phenylpropanoid metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation, and most of them were down-regulated in MS7–2. The down-regulation of genes involved in carbohydrate and secondary metabolite synthesis as well as the accumulation of ROS in MS7–2 led to pollen abortion in MS7–2. Conclusions This study helps elucidate the mechanism of anther abortion in wucai, providing a basis for further research on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of male sterility and the screening and cloning of key genes in wucai.

scholarly journals Production and Postharvest Characteristics of Rosa hybrida L. `Meijikatar' Grown in Pots under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Clark ◽  
John W. Kelly ◽  
Nihal C. Rajapakse
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll Concentration ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Rosa Hybrida ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Enrichment ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis

The effects of carbon dioxide enrichment on growth, photosynthesis, and postharvest characteristics of `Meijikatar' potted roses were determined. Plants were grown in 350, 700, or 1050 μl CO2/liter until they reached 50% flower bud coloration and then were placed into dark storage for 5 days at 4 or 16C. Plants grown in 700 or 1050 μl CO2/liter reached the harvest stage earlier and were taller at harvest than plants produced in 350 μl CO2/liter, but there were no differences in the number of flowers and flower buds per plant among CO2 treatments. Plants grown in early spring were taller and had more flowers and flower buds than plants grown in late winter. Shoot and root growth of plants grown in 700 or 1050 μl CO2/liter were higher than in plants produced in 350 μl CO2/liter, with plants grown in early spring showing greater increases than plants grown in late winter. Immediately after storage, plants grown in 350 μl CO2/liter and stored at 4C had the fewest etiolated shoots, while plants grown in 1050 μl CO2/liter and stored at 16C had the most. Five days after removal from storage, chlorophyll concentration of upper and lower leaves had been reduced by ≈50% from the day of harvest. Carbon dioxide enrichment had no effect on postharvest leaf chlorosis, but plants grown in early spring and stored at 16C had the most leaf chlorosis while plants grown in late winter and stored at 4C had the least leaf chlorosis.

scholarly journals Quantification, analysis and modelling of soil erosion on steep slopes using LiDAR and UAV photographs

2015 ◽  
Vol 367 ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Neugirg ◽  
A. Kaiser ◽  
J. Schmidt ◽  
M. Becht ◽  
F. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Terrestrial Lidar ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Bavarian Alps ◽  
Hill Slope ◽  
Quantification Analysis ◽  
Geomorphological Processes ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
The Hill

Abstract. Steep hill slopes in the Bavarian Alps and at an artificial waste dump on the Island of Elba are subject to soil erosion through geomorphological processes. Long-term high-resolution terrestrial LiDAR data are available and have been analysed for both areas. The analysis indicated different erosion patterns on the slopes that could be the result of different geomorphological processes. Additionally, both study sites show a good agreement between the annual erosion rates and the size of the hydrological catchment as a proxy for the sediment contributing area. The results presented in this study represent the first analysis of hill slope erosion measured with LiDAR and UAV systems. The hill slope erosion will be subject to measurements using a higher temporal resolution during future years in order to identify different erosion processes throughout the annual time step.

scholarly journals Influence of Blossom and Fruit Thinning on Peach Flower Bud Tolerance to an Early Spring Freeze

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross E. Byers ◽  
R.P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Crop Density

Peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) BatSch.] blossom-thinned by hand were overthinned due to poor fruit set of the remaining flowers; however, their yield was equivalent to trees hand-thinned 38 or 68 days after full bloom (AFB). Blossom-thinned trees had three times the number of flower buds per unit length of shoot and had more than two times the percentage of live buds after a March freeze that had occurred at early bud swell the following spring. Blossom-thinned trees were more vigorous; their pruning weight increased 45%. For blossom-thinned trees, the number of flowers per square centimeter limb cross-sectional area (CSA) was two times that of hand-thinned trees and four times that of the control trees for the next season. Fruit set of blossom-thinned trees was increased four times. Flower buds on the bottom half of shoots on blossom-thinned trees were more cold tolerant than when hand-thinned 68 days AFB. Fruit set per square centimeter limb CSA was 400% greater the following year on blossom-thinned trees compared to controls. Removing strong upright shoots on scaffold limbs and at renewal points early in their development decreased dormant pruning time and weight and increased red pigmentation of fruit at the second picking. The number of flower buds per unit shoot length and percent live buds after the spring freeze were negatively related to crop density the previous season for trees that had been hand-thinned to varying crop densities at 48 days AFB. According to these results, blossom thinning and fruit thinning to moderate crop densities can influence the cold tolerance of peach flower buds in late winter.

scholarly journals Low Temperature Is Critical for Jujube Grafting Success in Frost-prone Northern New Mexico

2022 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31
Author(s):  
Shengrui Yao
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Mexico ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climate Factors ◽  
Small Plant ◽  
Grafting Technique ◽  
Ziziphus Jujuba

The increased popularity of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) combined with the difficulty of grafting have limited supplies of grafted trees in the United States. From 2011 to 2020, grafting was practiced for cultivar amplification after importation and cultivar trials in frost-prone northern New Mexico. Grafting success was related to not only grafting techniques but also climate factors. Bark grafting, whip/tongue grafting, and cleft grafting were commonly used in nurseries. Low temperatures had a critical role in jujube grafting success in marginal regions and were more important than the grafting technique. If frost occurs before or near the leafing time, then grafting should be delayed until the rootstocks are determined to be healthy and alive. If frost occurs after grafting, then grafting failure and/or thin and small plant percentages increased. If only branchlets appear after grafting, then pinching branchlets could stimulate new shoot growth.

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