scholarly journals Nosocomial Transmission of Emerging Viruses via Aerosol-Generating Medical Procedures

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth D. Judson ◽  
Vincent J. Munster
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Nosocomial Transmission ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Infection Control Guidelines

Recent nosocomial transmission events of emerging and re-emerging viruses, including Ebola virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Nipah virus, and Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever orthonairovirus, have highlighted the risk of nosocomial transmission of emerging viruses in health-care settings. In particular, concerns and precautions have increased regarding the use of aerosol-generating medical procedures when treating patients with such viral infections. In spite of increasing associations between aerosol-generating medical procedures and the nosocomial transmission of viruses, we still have a poor understanding of the risks of specific procedures and viruses. In order to identify which aerosol-generating medical procedures and emerging viruses pose a high risk to health-care workers, we explore the mechanisms of aerosol-generating medical procedures, as well as the transmission pathways and characteristics of highly pathogenic viruses associated with nosocomial transmission. We then propose how research, both in clinical and experimental settings, could advance current infection control guidelines.

scholarly journals 491. Aerosol-Generating Medical Procedures: Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Emerging Viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S312-S312
Author(s):  
Seth D Judson ◽  
Vincent J Munster
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Nosocomial Transmission ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Hospital Acquired

Abstract Background During the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many questions arose regarding risks for hospital-acquired or nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Aerosol generating medical procedures (AGMPs), techniques that can generate infectious, virus-laden aerosols, could potentially amplify transmission among healthcare workers (HCWs). Thus, it was widely recommended that HCWs use airborne precautions when performing AGMPs. However, in clinical settings it is often unclear what procedures constitute AGMPs and how the risk varies by procedure or pathogen. We set out to further define AGMPs and assess the risk for nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other high-risk viruses via AGMPs. Methods We identified potential AGMPs and emerging viruses that were high-risk for nosocomial transmission through reviewing experimental and clinical data. Potential AGMPs were those associated with previous virus transmission or mechanically capable of transmission. High-risk viruses were defined as those that cause severe disease in humans for which limited therapies or interventions exist, are infectious via aerosols in humans or non-human primates (NHPs), found in the respiratory tract of infected humans or NHPs, and had previous evidence of nosocomial transmission. Results We identified multiple potential AGMPs, which could be divided into those that generate aerosols or induce a patient to form aerosols, as well as eight families of high-risk viruses. All of the viruses were emerging zoonotic RNA viruses. In the family Coronaviridae, we identified potential evidence for SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 transmission via AGMPs. SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 were also found to be similarly stable when aerosolized. Conclusion Multiple emerging zoonotic viruses pose a high risk for nosocomial transmission through a variety of AGMPs. Given the similar stability of SARS-CoV-2 with SARS-CoV-1 when aerosolized and prior nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-1 via AGMPs, we suspect that certain AGMPs pose an increased risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Additional experimental studies and on-site clinical sampling during AGMPs are necessary to further risk stratify AGMPs. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Cellular Infection and Therapeutic Opportunities: Lessons Learned from Ebola Virus

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Jordana Muñoz-Basagoiti ◽  
Daniel Perez-Zsolt ◽  
Jorge Carrillo ◽  
Julià Blanco ◽  
Bonaventura Clotet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Cellular Machinery

Viruses rely on the cellular machinery to replicate and propagate within newly infected individuals. Thus, viral entry into the host cell sets up the stage for productive infection and disease progression. Different viruses exploit distinct cellular receptors for viral entry; however, numerous viral internalization mechanisms are shared by very diverse viral families. Such is the case of Ebola virus (EBOV), which belongs to the filoviridae family, and the recently emerged coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. These two highly pathogenic viruses can exploit very similar endocytic routes to productively infect target cells. This convergence has sped up the experimental assessment of clinical therapies against SARS-CoV-2 previously found to be effective for EBOV, and facilitated their expedited clinical testing. Here we review how the viral entry processes and subsequent replication and egress strategies of EBOV and SARS-CoV-2 can overlap, and how our previous knowledge on antivirals, antibodies, and vaccines against EBOV has boosted the search for effective countermeasures against the new coronavirus. As preparedness is key to contain forthcoming pandemics, lessons learned over the years by combating life-threatening viruses should help us to quickly deploy effective tools against novel emerging viruses.

scholarly journals A Current Review of Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnostic Assessment

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian M. Casillas ◽  
Adeline M. Nyamathi ◽  
Anthony Sosa ◽  
Cam L. Wilder ◽  
Heather Sands
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Virus Identification ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Supportive Management

Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is an acute viral syndrome that presents with fever and an ensuing bleeding diathesis that is marked by high mortality in human and nonhuman primates. Fatality rates are between 50% and 100%. Due to its lethal nature, this filovirus is classified as a biological class 4 pathogen. The natural reservoir of the virus is unknown. As a result, little is understood about how Ebola virus is transmitted or how it replicates in its host. Although the primary source of infection is unknown, the epidemiologic mode of transmission is well defined. A variety of tests have proven to be specific and useful for Ebola virus identification. There is no FDA-approved antiviral treatment for EHF. Incubation ranges from 2 to 21 days. Patients who are able to mount an immune response to the virus will begin to recover in 7 to 10 days and start a period of prolonged convalescence. Supportive management of infected patients is the primary method of treatment, with particular attention to maintenance of hydration, circulatory volume, blood pressure, and the provision of supplemental oxygen. Since there is no specific treatment outside of supportive management and palliative care, containment of this potentially lethal virus is paramount. In almost all outbreaks of EHF, the fatality rate among health care workers with documented infections was higher than that of non–health care workers.

scholarly journals Protective Role of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Filovirus Hemorrhagic Fever

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Lyn Warfield ◽  
Gene Garrard Olinger
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Ctl Responses

Infection with many emerging viruses, such as the hemorrhagic fever disease caused by the filoviruses, Marburg (MARV), and Ebola virus (EBOV), leaves the host with a short timeframe in which to mouse a protective immune response. In lethal cases, uncontrolled viral replication and virus-induced immune dysregulation are too severe to overcome, and mortality is generally associated with a lack of notable immune responses. Vaccination studies in animals have demonstrated an association of IgG and neutralizing antibody responses against the protective glycoprotein antigen with survival from lethal challenge. More recently, studies in animal models of filovirus hemorrhagic fever have established that induction of a strong filovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response can facilitate complete viral clearance. In this review, we describe assays used to discover CTL responses after vaccination or live filovirus infection in both animal models and human clinical trials. Unfortunately, little data regarding CTL responses have been collected from infected human survivors, primarily due to the low frequency of disease and the inability to perform these studies in the field. Advancements in assays and technologies may allow these studies to occur during future outbreaks.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019–COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Dhama ◽  
Sharun Khan ◽  
Ruchi Tiwari ◽  
Shubhankar Sircar ◽  
Sudipta Bhat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
New Type ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Virus Zika ◽  
Emerging Viral Diseases

SUMMARY In recent decades, several new diseases have emerged in different geographical areas, with pathogens including Ebola virus, Zika virus, Nipah virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs). Recently, a new type of viral infection emerged in Wuhan City, China, and initial genomic sequencing data of this virus do not match with previously sequenced CoVs, suggesting a novel CoV strain (2019-nCoV), which has now been termed severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic origin) followed by human-to-human transmission, the possibility of other routes should not be ruled out. Compared to diseases caused by previously known human CoVs, COVID-19 shows less severe pathogenesis but higher transmission competence, as is evident from the continuously increasing number of confirmed cases globally. Compared to other emerging viruses, such as Ebola virus, avian H7N9, SARS-CoV, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV-2 has shown relatively low pathogenicity and moderate transmissibility. Codon usage studies suggest that this novel virus has been transferred from an animal source, such as bats. Early diagnosis by real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing has facilitated the identification of the pathogen at an early stage. Since no antiviral drug or vaccine exists to treat or prevent SARS-CoV-2, potential therapeutic strategies that are currently being evaluated predominantly stem from previous experience with treating SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and other emerging viral diseases. In this review, we address epidemiological, diagnostic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects, including perspectives of vaccines and preventive measures that have already been globally recommended to counter this pandemic virus.

scholarly journals The Use of Antimalarial Drugs against Viral Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah D’Alessandro ◽  
Diletta Scaccabarozzi ◽  
Lucia Signorini ◽  
Federica Perego ◽  
Denise P. Ilboudo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Artemisinin Derivatives ◽  
Antiviral Activities

In recent decades, drugs used to treat malaria infection have been shown to be beneficial for many other diseases, including viral infections. In particular, they have received special attention due to the lack of effective antiviral drugs against new emerging viruses (i.e., HIV, dengue virus, chikungunya virus, Ebola virus, etc.) or against classic infections due to drug-resistant viral strains (i.e., human cytomegalovirus). Here, we reviewed the in vitro/in vivo and clinical studies conducted to evaluate the antiviral activities of four classes of antimalarial drugs: Artemisinin derivatives, aryl-aminoalcohols, aminoquinolines, and antimicrobial drugs.

Mushroom: a potent source of natural antiviral drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91
Author(s):  
Jay Kant Raut
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Emerging Viruses ◽  
Mushroom Species ◽  
Simplex Virus

Emerging viral infections such as the zika virus, dengue virus, ebola virus, corona virus are afflicting millions of human populations worldwide. Therefore, the development of new treatments against emerging infectious diseases has become an urgent task. The availability of commercially viable, safe, and effective antiviral drugs still remains a big challenge. Mushrooms are considered as an untapped reservoir of several novel compounds of great value in industry and medicine. Although exploration, and exploitation of the therapeutic importance of fungal metabolites has started early with the discovery of penicillin, mushrooms’s pharmacological potential has much less been investigated. This article briefly reviews the antiviral potentials of mushrooms to combat deadly disease outbreaks caused by emerging and re-emerging viruses. Altogether 69 mushroom species with potent antiviral agents and mode of action against prominent viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, influenza, herpes simplex virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, corona viruses etc. are listed in this study. Further studies are encouraged to discover more novel potent antiviral agents or evaluate already known compounds from those mushrooms with clinical trials.

scholarly journals African hemorrhagic fever: Welcome to Marburg country

CJEM ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 130-131
Author(s):  
Garth Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Tropical Disease ◽  
Space Suit ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fevers ◽  
Care Workers

African hemorrhagic fevers are lethal, incurable viral infections with a notorious propensity to afflict health care workers. Lassa and Ebola are the best-known culprits, and these killers spread fear well beyond their geographic range. Chances are your hospital has a plan to deal with febrile travellers returning from endemic regions of Africa. Such plans involve isolation, space suit technology and desperate calls to public health and tropical disease experts.

scholarly journals Assessment of Post Vaccination Symptoms Following COVID-19 Vaccination in India: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 415-422
Author(s):  
Deshpande Sanjay ◽  
Patil Sachin ◽  
Ninad Nagrale ◽  
Swarupa Chakole
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Lassa Fever ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Human Contact ◽  
Morbid Conditions

Introduction: The recent examples of newly emerged diseases that causes alarming situation globally include H1N1, Congo Hemorrhagic fever, Ebola virus diseases, Nipah Virus Infection, Lassa Fever and newly declared global emergency pandemic SARS nCOVID-19 infection. Since its emergence, it has spread around the globe. It tends to spread by the inhalation of the respiratory aerosols, direct human contact. Materials and Methods: This analytical study was carried out among the healthcare workers and people who received either of Covishield or Covaxin. The online survey questionnaire was prepared and data obtained through the responses to the survey proforma. Results: 86.17% respondents were above 40 years, 69.15% males and 30.85% were females. 89.36% were vaccinated with Covishield and 10.64% by Covaxin. 75.53% respondents experienced post vaccination symptoms; commonest were the local pain at injection site (28.72%), fever (12.76%), Myalgia (12.77%). The symptoms were found more in respondents with any of co-morbid condition. Discussion: Covishield was used more commonly than Covaxin in study samples. The symptoms following vaccination were more common in 40-60 age group and persons with co-morbid conditions.

scholarly journals Protection of Nonhuman Primates against Two Species of Ebola Virus Infection with a Single Complex Adenovirus Vector

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 572-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Pratt ◽  
Danher Wang ◽  
Donald K. Nichols ◽  
Min Luo ◽  
Jan Woraratanadharm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Adenovirus Vector ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Lethal Challenge ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Single Complex ◽  
Zaire Ebolavirus ◽  
Ebola Virus Infection

ABSTRACT Ebola viruses are highly pathogenic viruses that cause outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever in humans and other primates. To meet the need for a vaccine against the several types of Ebola viruses that cause human diseases, we developed a multivalent vaccine candidate (EBO7) that expresses the glycoproteins of Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV) in a single complex adenovirus-based vector (CAdVax). We evaluated our vaccine in nonhuman primates against the parenteral and aerosol routes of lethal challenge. EBO7 vaccine provided protection against both Ebola viruses by either route of infection. Significantly, protection against SEBOV given as an aerosol challenge, which has not previously been shown, could be achieved with a boosting vaccination. These results demonstrate the feasibility of creating a robust, multivalent Ebola virus vaccine that would be effective in the event of a natural virus outbreak or biological threat.

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