scholarly journals Newly Discovered Archival Data Show Coincidence of a Peak of Sexually Transmitted Diseases with the Early Epicenter of Pandemic HIV-1

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1701
Author(s):  
João Dinis Sousa ◽  
Philip J. Havik ◽  
Viktor Müller ◽  
Anne-Mieke Vandamme
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Belgian Congo ◽  
Hiv 1

To which extent STDs facilitated HIV-1 adaptation to humans, sparking the pandemic, is still unknown. We searched colonial medical records from 1906–1958 for Leopoldville, Belgian Congo, which was the initial epicenter of pandemic HIV-1, compiling counts of treated STD cases in both Africans and Europeans. Almost all Europeans were being treated, while for Africans, generalized treatment started only in 1929. Treated STD counts in Europeans thus reflect STD infection rates more accurately compared to counts in Africans. In Africans, the highest recorded STD treatment incidence was in 1929–1935, declining to low levels in the 1950s. In Europeans, the recorded treatment incidences were highest during the period 1910–1920, far exceeding those in Africans. Europeans were overwhelmingly male and had frequent sexual contact with African females. Consequently, high STD incidence among Europeans must have coincided with high prevalence and incidence in the city’s African population. The data strongly suggest the worst STD period was 1910–1920 for both Africans and Europeans, which coincides with the estimated origin of pandemic HIV-1. Given the strong effect of STD coinfections on HIV transmission, these new data support our hypothesis of a causal effect of STDs on the epidemic emergence of HIV-1.

Symptomatic and asymptomatic chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis in Jamaica: the potential for HIV transmission

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Dowe ◽  
M Smikle ◽  
S D King ◽  
M Baum ◽  
R Chout ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Presumptive Treatment ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Gonococcal Urethritis ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Asymptomatic Men

To determine the contribution of Chlamydia trachomatis to non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men attending sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Jamaica we studied men with NGU ( n = 339), and control groups including asymptomatic men who were STD contacts ( n = 61), asymptomatic men who were not STD contacts ( n = 32) and men with gonococcal urethritis (GU) ( n = 61). Urethral specimens were examined for C. trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Serological tests for syphilis (STS) and HIV-1 infection were also performed. C. trachomatis accounted for 63% of cases of NGU but high prevalences were also found in asymptomatic STD contacts (59%), asymptomatic STD non-contacts (78%) and men with GU (48%). The prevalence of C. trachomatis in men with GU differed significantly from that in men with NGU and asymptomatic STD non-contacts ( P < 0.05). C. trachomatis infection in men with NGU was associated with multiple sex partners (71% vs 58%; chi2=4.78; odds ratio (OR)= 1.76; P < 0.05) and previous history of gonococcal infection (83% vs 42%; chi2=59.8; OR=6.8; P < 0.0001). Concomitant infection with HIV-1 occurred in 5.2% of cases of NGU and 50% and 90%, respectively, of the HIV-positive men had chlamydia or reactive STS. As a cost effective strategy in the control of STD and HIV we recommend presumptive treatment for C. trachomatis in men seeking STD treatment in Jamaica.

scholarly journals Low Levels of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA in High-Risk Seronegative Men

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (10) ◽  
pp. 6551-6553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fransje A. Koning ◽  
Teun J. K. van der Vorst ◽  
Hanneke Schuitemaker
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT We detected human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA at very low levels in sequential peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples of five out of six high-risk, seronegative, homosexual men and five out of five individuals 7.8 to 1.6 years prior to seroconversion. These data indicate a high prevalence of low-level HIV-1 DNA in exposed seronegative individuals.

scholarly journals Experiments with mathematical models to simulate hepatitis A population dynamics under different levels of endemicity

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1531-1539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Alves de Guimaraens ◽  
Cláudia Torres Codeço
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Simulation Experiments ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Different Levels

Heterogeneous access to sanitation services is a characteristic of communities in Brazil. This heterogeneity leads to different patterns of hepatitis A endemicity: areas with low infection rates have higher probability of outbreaks, and areas with higher infection rates have high prevalence and low risk of outbreaks. Here we develop a mathematical model to study the effect of variable exposure to infection on the epidemiological dynamics of hepatitis A. Differential equations were used to simulate population dynamics and were numerically solved using the software StellaTM. The model uses parameters from serological surveys in the Greater Metropolitan Rio de Janeiro, in areas with different sanitation conditions. Computer simulation experiments show that the range of infection rates observed in these communities are characteristic of high and low levels of hepatitis A endemicity. We also found that the functional relationship between sanitation and exposure to infection is an important component of the model. The analysis of the public health impact of partial sanitation requires a better understanding of this relationship.

scholarly journals EUROPAP: Promoting the health and wellbeing of sex workers in Europe

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Ward ◽  
R Mak
Keyword(s):  
Sex Workers ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Health And Wellbeing ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Hiv 1

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are an occupational risk for people who sell sex, but most are very keen to keep themselves and their partners safe. Many people believe that sex workers have a high risk of and play an important role in transmission of STIs. Research in Europe over the past two decades has been important in countering this belief (1-3). Studies consistently show a high rate of condom use in commercial sex, and relatively low risks of HIV and other STI for women sex workers (2,3). A survey of 945 women sex workers in nine European cities in 1990-1 found an overall HIV-1 prevalence of 5.3%, associated with sharing injecting equipment, coming from a high prevalence area, and use of incompatible lubricants during sex. Women who did not inject drugs had a prevalence of 1.5% (1). Two cohort studies in Europe have shown a relatively low incidence of HIV infection (0.2 and 0.9 cases per 100 person years respectively in the United Kingdom and Spain) (2,4). Higher risks have been found in more stigmatised sex workers, including men who sell sex, transgenders, and injecting drug users (5,6).

scholarly journals Intestinal Parasites Coinfection Does Not Alter Plasma Cytokines Profile Elicited in Acute Malaria in Subjects from Endemic Area of Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Camilo Sánchez-Arcila ◽  
Daiana de Souza Perce-da-Silva ◽  
Mariana Pinheiro Alves Vasconcelos ◽  
Rodrigo Nunes Rodrigues-da-Silva ◽  
Virginia Araujo Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Protozoan Parasites ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Plasma Cytokines ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Almost All

In Brazil, malaria is prevalent in the Amazon region and these regions coincide with high prevalence of intestinal parasites but few studies explore the interaction between malaria and other parasites. Therefore, the present study evaluates changes in cytokine, chemokine, C-reactive protein, and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in 264 individuals, comparing plasma from infected individuals with concurrent malaria and intestinal parasites to individuals with either malaria infection alone and uninfected. In the studied population 24% of the individuals were infected withPlasmodiumand 18% coinfected with intestinal parasites. Protozoan parasites comprised the bulk of the intestinal parasites infections and subjects infected with intestinal parasites were more likely to have malaria. The use of principal component analysis and cluster analysis associated increased levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and CRP and low levels of IL-17A predominantly with individuals with malaria alone and coinfected individuals. In contrast, low levels of almost all inflammatory mediators were associated predominantly with individuals uninfected while increased levels of IL-17A were associated predominantly with individuals with intestinal parasites only. In conclusion, our data suggest that, in our population, the infection with intestinal parasites (mainly protozoan) does not modify the pattern of cytokine production in individuals infected withP. falciparumandP. vivax.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and the Association With Transient Hyperglycemia in Periurban South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1080-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mmamapudi Kubjane ◽  
Natacha Berkowitz ◽  
Rene Goliath ◽  
Naomi S Levitt ◽  
Robert J Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
South African ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Persistent Hyperglycemia ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases tuberculosis (TB) risk. We assessed the prevalence of hyperglycemia (DM and impaired glucose regulation [IGR]) in persons with TB and the association between hyperglycemia and TB at enrollment and 3 months after TB treatment in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Methods Adults presenting at a Cape Town TB clinic were enrolled. TB cases were defined by South African guidelines, while non-TB participants were those who presented with respiratory symptoms, negative TB tests, and resolution of symptoms 3 months later without TB treatment. HIV status was ascertained through medical records or HIV testing. All participants were screened for DM using glycated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose at TB treatment and after 3 months. The association between TB and DM was assessed. Results Overall DM prevalence was 11.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.1%–15.4%) at enrollment and 9.3% (95% CI, 6.4%–13%) at follow-up; IGR prevalence was 46.9% (95% CI, 42.2%–51.8%) and 21.5% (95% CI, 16.9%–26.3%) at enrollment and follow-up. TB/DM association was significant at enrollment (odds ratio [OR], 2.41 [95% CI, 1.3–4.3]) and follow-up (OR, 3.3 [95% CI, 1.5–7.3]), whereas TB/IGR association was only positive at enrollment (OR, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.6–3.3]). The TB/DM association was significant at enrollment in both new and preexisting DM, but only persisted at follow-up in preexisting DM in patients with HIV-1 infection. Conclusions Our study demonstrated high prevalence of transient hyperglycemia and a significant TB/DM and TB/IGR association at enrollment in newly diagnosed DM, but persistent hyperglycemia and TB/DM association in patients with HIV-1 infection and preexisting DM, despite TB therapy.

Preventing HIV Transmission along the Trans-Africa Highway in Kenya: Using Persuasive Message Theory in Formative Education

1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenzie A. Cameron ◽  
Kim Witte ◽  
Maria Knight Lapinski ◽  
Solomon Nzyuko
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Formative Evaluation ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Extended Parallel Process Model ◽  
Persuasive Message ◽  
Low Levels

Although HIV infection is now seen as pandemic in many parts of Africa, little is known about existing perceptions and knowledge regarding the disease or about the use of preventive measures among groups with the highest infection rates. Further, many call for theoretically-based formative evaluations and interventions, yet few appear to utilize theory to determine perceptions and knowledge and to evaluate existing campaigns. This project reports the results of a theoretically-based formative evaluation conducted with commercial sex workers, truck drivers and their assistants, and young men at three truck stops along the Trans-Africa Highway in Kenya. The theoretical basis for the project was the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM), a health risk message theory. Results indicate that the participants appear to have high levels of knowledge and threat, coupled with apparent low levels of efficacy. According to the theoretical perspective used, these results suggest that participants may be putting themselves at risk for HIV infection.

High Cumulative Incidence of Genital Herpes Amongst HIV-1 Seropositive Heterosexuals in South London

1994 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 415-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel O'Farrell ◽  
Stuart J Tovey
Keyword(s):  
Genital Herpes ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv 1

The cumulative incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in a cohort of 51 (35 female, 16 male) HIV-1 seropositive STD clinic attenders who had acquired HIV-1 infection via heterosexual transmission was investigated through a retrospective review of the case notes. The women were followed up for a mean 11.6 months and the men for 18 months. Thirty-one (88%) of the women and 13 (81%) of the men were of sub-Saharan African origin. Approximately half of the subjects were first diagnosed as HIV-1 positive with CD4 counts <200×106/1 and a quarter with CD4 counts <50×106/1. STDs detected in women were: genital herpes 15 (43%), Candida 12 (34%), bacterial vaginosis 9 (25%), and in men: genital herpes 6 (38%), non-gonococcal urethritis 4 (25%). No cases of gonorrhoea were detected. At the time of first diagnosis of genital herpes at the clinic, the mean CD4 count in women was 275×106/1 and in men 285×106/1. Genital herpes was the AIDS defining diagnosis in 3 of the women. The recognized risk of HIV transmission via genital lesions should be stressed in HIV-1 positive subjects with genital herpes. The incidence of other STD was low—both knowledge of HIV status and safer sex counselling may limit unsafe sexual behaviour and should be evaluated further as a strategy for limiting the spread of HIV-1 infection.

scholarly journals Characteristics of HIV-1 molecular transmission networks and drug resistance among men who have sex with men in Tianjin, China (2014–2018)

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Minna Zheng ◽  
Maohe Yu ◽  
Shaohui Cheng ◽  
Ning Zhou ◽  
Tielin Ning ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Resistance Mutation ◽  
Drug Resistance Mutation ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background In Tianjin, China, there is a relatively high prevalence of HIV in men who have sex with men (MSM). The number of HIV cases in Tianjin is also increasing. We investigated the HIV molecular transmission network, genetic tropisms, and drug resistance mutations in Tianjin. Methods Blood samples were collected from 510 newly diagnosed antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-1-infected subjects among MSM in Tianjin. Partial pol and env genes were sequenced and used for phylogenetic, genetic tropism, and genotypic drug resistance analyses. Molecular clusters were identified with 1.5% genetic distance and 90% bootstrap support. Results Among the 436 HIV-1 pol sequences obtained from the study participants, various genotypes were identified, including CRF01_AE (56.9%), CRF07_BC (27.8%), B (7.3%), CRF55_01B (4.1%), unique recombinant forms (URFs) (3.7%), and CRF59_01B (0.2%). A higher prevalence of X4 viruses was observed in individuals infected with CRF55_01B (56.3%) and CRF01_AE (46.2%) than with other subtypes. Of all 110 sequences in the 36 clusters, 62 (56.4%) were observed in 23 CRF01_AE clusters and 18 (16.4%) in four CRF07_BC clusters. Eight sequences clustered with at least one other shared the same drug resistance mutation (DRM). In different cluster sizes, the distributions of individuals by age, presence of sexually transmitted disease, and presence of DRMs, were significantly different. Conclusion We revealed the characteristics of HIV molecular transmission, tropism, and DRMs of ART-naïve HIV-infected individuals among the MSM population in Tianjin. Identifying infected persons at risk of transmission is necessary for proposing counseling and treating these patients to reduce the risk of HIV transmission.

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