scholarly journals Towards Integrated Management of Dengue in Mumbai

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2436
Author(s):  
Prasad N. Paradkar ◽  
Pallavi R. Sahasrabudhe ◽  
Mrunal Ghag Sawant ◽  
Sandeepan Mukherjee ◽  
Kim R. Blasdell
Keyword(s):  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Dengue Disease ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Dengue Outbreaks

With increasing urbanisation, the dengue disease burden is on the rise in India, especially in large cities such as Mumbai. Current dengue surveillance in Mumbai includes municipal corporation carrying out specific activities to reduce mosquito breeding sites and the use of insecticides to suppress the adult mosquito populations. Clinical cases remain either underreported or misreported due to the restriction to government clinics, missing the large private health care sector. There is a need for an integrated approach to manage dengue outbreaks in Mumbai. There are various novel strategies available for use that can be utilised to improve disease detection, mosquito surveillance, and control of mosquito-borne diseases. These novel technologies are discussed in this manuscript. Given the complex ecosystem of mosquito-borne diseases in Mumbai, integrating data obtained from these technologies would support the ongoing mosquito control measures in Mumbai.

scholarly journals Trend of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) monthly distribution in Sanandaj County of Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahadin Salavati ◽  
AMIR HOSSEIN ZAHIRNIA ◽  
Hassan Nasirian ◽  
SHAHYAD AZARI-HAMIDIAN
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Monthly Distribution ◽  
Mosquito Breeding

Abstract. Salavati B, Zahirnia AH, Nasirian H, Hamidian SA. 2021. Trend of mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) monthly distribution in Sanandaj County of Iran. Biodiversitas 22: 4705-4715. Mosquitoes are the most significant arthropods of medical importance due to their burden of transmitting pathogens and parasites. The present study was designed to investigate the distribution of mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sanandaj County in 2018. Sanandaj County was divided into four areas in rural and urban areas, including north, south, east, and west. Four rural and urban areas were randomly selected from four geographical directions. A sampling of larval and adult mosquitoes was performed using standard methods. The dipping technique was used to collect the mosquito larvae. A sampling of adult mosquitoes was performed during feeding on humans and animal baits and resting in the natural indoors, outdoors, and artificial areas. Light traps were also used to collect adult mosquitoes. The larval and adult specimens were identified using the morphology-based key. In total, nine mosquito species, including Anopheles maculipennis s.l., Anopheles superpictus s.l., Culiseta longiareolata, Culiseta subochrea, Culex hortensis, Culex mimeticus, Culex modestus, Culex pipiens, and Culex theileri were inhabited in Sanandaj County. The larval and adult mosquito species trend remains constant for at least 6 months of a year, from May to October. One-way ANOVA didn't reveal a significant difference between mosquito breeding places' habitats and water types, mosquito localities and life stages, monthly mosquito distribution, and adult mosquito resting places. The frequency trends of larval and adult mosquito species remain constant at least for 6 months of a year. It needs to be ready for timely mosquito control measures.

scholarly journals Asynchronicity of endemic and emerging mosquito-borne disease outbreaks in the Dominican Republic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary E. Petrone ◽  
Rebecca Earnest ◽  
José Lourenço ◽  
Moritz U.G. Kraemer ◽  
Robert Paulino-Ramirez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Emerging Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Dengue Outbreaks ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

ABSTRACTMosquito-borne viruses pose a perpetual public health threat to countries and territories in the Carribean due to the region’s tropical climate and seasonal reception of international tourists. Outbreaks of the emerging viruses chikungunya and Zika in 2014 and 2016, respectively, demonstrated the rapidity with which these viruses can spread between islands. At the same time, the number of reported dengue fever cases, caused by the endemic dengue virus, has steadily climbed over the past decade, and a large dengue outbreak that began sweeping through this region in 2019 continues in 2020. Sustainable disease and mosquito control measures are urgently needed to quell virus transmission in the long term and prevent future outbreaks from occurring. To improve upon current surveillance methods, we analyzed temporal and spatial patterns of chikungunya, Zika, and dengue outbreaks reported in the Dominican Republic between 2012 and 2018. The viruses that caused these outbreaks are transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, which are sensitive to seasonal climatological variability. In this study, we evaluated whether climate and the spatio-temporal dynamics of past dengue outbreaks could inform when and where future emerging disease outbreaks might occur. We found that the temporal and spatial distribution of emerging disease outbreaks did not conform to those of seasonal dengue outbreaks. Rather, the former occurred when climatological conditions were suboptimal for Aedes activity. Provincial dengue attack rates did not correspond to those of emerging diseases. Our study also provides evidence for under-reporting of dengue cases, especially following the 2016 Zika outbreak. We advocate for the implementation of a sustainable and long-term surveillance system to monitor the spread of known mosquito-borne viruses and to identify emerging threats before they cause outbreaks. Specifically, we recommend the use of febrile illness incidence, ca se fatality rates, and serosurveys during inter-outbreak periods to better understand rates of transmission and asymptomatic infection.

scholarly journals Modeling the Effects of Passive Immunity in Birds for the Disease Dynamics of West Nile Virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noelle West ◽  
Vinodh Chellamuthu
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mosquito Population ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
West Nile ◽  
First Order ◽  
Migrating Birds ◽  
Human Infections

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne virus that circulates among birds but also affects humans. Migrating birds carry these viruses from one place to another each year. WNV has spread rapidly across the continental United States resulting in numerous human infections and deaths. Several studies suggest that larval mosquito control measures should be taken as early as possible in a season to control the mosquito population size. Also, adult mosquito control measures are necessary to prevent the transmission of WNV from mosquitoes to birds and humans. To better understand the effective strategy for controlling affected larvae mosquito population, we have developed a mathematical model using a system of first order differential equations to investigate the transmission dynamics of WNV in a mosquito-bird-human community. We also incorporated vertical transmission in mosquitoes and passive immunity in birds to more accurately simulate the spread of the disease.

scholarly journals The effects of exposure to pyriproxyfen and predation on Zika virus infection and transmission in Aedes aegypti

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e0008846
Author(s):  
Abdullah A. Alomar ◽  
Bradley H. Eastmond ◽  
Barry W. Alto
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Adult Mosquito ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Prevention Measures

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen that can cause global public health threats. In the absence of effective antiviral medications, prevention measures rely largely on reducing the number of adult mosquito vectors by targeting juvenile stages. Despite the importance of juvenile mosquito control measures in reducing adult population size, a full understanding of the effects of these measures in determining mosquito phenotypic traits and in mosquito-arbovirus interactions is poorly understood. Pyriproxyfen is a juvenile hormone analog that primarily blocks adult emergence, but does not cause mortality in larvae. This mechanism has the potential to work in combination with other juvenile sources of mortality in nature such as predation to affect mosquito populations. Here, we experimentally evaluated the effects of juvenile exposure to pyriproxyfen and predatory mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus on Aedes aegypti phenotypes including susceptibility to ZIKV infection and transmission. We discovered that combined effects of pyriproxyfen and Tx. rutilus led to higher inhibition of adult emergence in Ae. aegypti than observed in pyriproxyfen or Tx. rutilus treatments alone. Adult body size was larger in treatments containing Tx. rutilus and in treatments mimicking the daily mortality of predation compared to control or pyriproxyfen treatments. Susceptibility to infection with ZIKV in Ae. aegypti was reduced in predator treatment relative to those exposed to pyriproxyfen. Disseminated infection, transmission, and titers of ZIKV in Ae. aegypti were similar in all treatments relative to controls. Our data suggest that the combination of pyriproxyfen and Tx. rutilus can inhibit adult Ae. aegypti emergence but may confer a fitness advantage in survivors and does not inhibit their vector competence for ZIKV relative to controls. Understanding the ultimate consequences of juvenile mosquito control measures on subsequent adults’ ability to transmit pathogens is critical to fully understand their overall impacts.

scholarly journals Mapping Of Mosquito Distribution And Influencing Factors From Salem District, Tamilnadu Using Geographical Information System (Gis)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (09) ◽  
pp. 506-528
Author(s):  
R. Villavan ◽  
◽  
Pari Madhiyazhagan ◽  
Arjunan Naresh kumar ◽  
N. Kanagaraju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Influence Factor ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Breeding Sites

In India, Mosquito borne diseases constitute a major public health problem in the list of communicable diseases. The most important are malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya fever. Some environmental factors greatly influence the vector prevalence. One of the important components of vector-borne disease control programme is to impart awareness about mosquito bite prevention in the general community. Therefore, the urgent need a technology to give awareness to public about present situation of mosquito-borne disease epidemic prevalence in the country. Geographic information system (GIS) is a powerful tool to analyse the distribution of mosquitoes and their relationship to different environmental factors, and can substantially improve our ability to quantify the impacts of demographic, climatic and ecological changes in vector distribution. The influence factor of vector prevalence was collected from particular departments and direct inspection of field survey. The collected data was interpreted using ArcGIS (version 10.0) for thematic map preparation. Result of the study obtained the environmental factors such as human population, percentage of education greatly influence the mosquito breeding sites. The output is laymen friendly model and reaches the public with more interest. This study also stresses the importance of mosquito control measures.

GAMBARAN INDEKS LARVA AEDES AEGYPTI DI BUFFER WILAYAH KERJA BANDARA SEPINGGAN BALIKPAPAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdurrakhman abdurrakhman Abdurrakhman
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Dengue Disease ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Transportation Equipment ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Larvae Density

ABSTRACT : The House index and Container Index in the buffer area of ​​the working area of ​​Balikpapan Sepinggan Airport is still above 1%, so the potential for the spread of dengue disease. Mobilization of people, goods and transportation equipment will increasingly affect the transmission of disease in ports and airports, especially for vector-borne diseases. This study aims to analyze the risk factors associated with larvae density of Aedes aegypti and describe the larvae index in the buffer zone of the Sepinggan Balikpapan Airport This study was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. The sample in this study was 121 houses with a proportionate stratified random sampling, the research location was in the buffer zone of Sepinggan Balikpapan Airport in November 2018. The variables studied were houses with positive larvae containers, breeding sites and PSN behavior and larvasidation. The data was analyzed using the chi square test. There was a relationship between houses with larvae positive Aedes aegypti, behavior of Mosquito Nest Eradication (PSN) and larvasidation with larvae density of Aedes aegypti but not for breeding sites (p = 0.00 and 95% CI = 0.64), and   (p = 0.00 and 95% CI = 0.34). The description of several Aedes aegypti larvae index, namely House Index (HI) = 57.02%, Container Index (CI) = 24.36%, Bruteau Index (BI) = 148.76, and Flick Free Numbers (ABJ) = 42.98 %. Houses with larvae of Aedes aegypti larvae and PSN and larvasidation behavior were associated with larvae density of Aedes aegypti. The index of HI, CI and BI larvae is of high value so there is a risk of DBD transmission

Radar-aided CSO-control-criteria for an ecological approach

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
A. Petruck ◽  
F. Sperling
Keyword(s):  
Critical Time ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Time Control ◽  
Physical Measurements ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Receiving Stream ◽  
Control Criteria

The control strategy of a combined sewer system incorporating three stormwater storage tanks with overflows presented here attempts to consider all aspects of acute CSO effects. These are the hydraulic and the composition components as well as the time factor. The result is an integrated approach, which is not based on the classic emission view (i.e. reduction of volume), but on pollution criteria (i.e. possible harm to the biotic community). The aim is to reduce the exceeding of critical peak values of the CSO components at critical time intervals. Control decisions will be based on continuous measurements in the sewer system and in the receiving stream. Furthermore the measurements are carried out to determine the effects (both hydraulic and chemical) of particular CSO discharges in order to evolve the critical values for the project area. The chemical and physical measurements are accompanied by a biological monitoring programme. Macroinvertebrates are sampled upstream and downstream of outfalls and at a reference site. This allows the evaluation of the control measures on an ecological basis, and thus an assessment of the ecological potential of radar-aided real-time control of the combined sewer systems.

scholarly journals Entomological survey for identification of Aedes larval breeding sites and their distribution in Chattogram, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Sahidur Rahman ◽  
Md. Omar Faruk ◽  
Sumiya Tanjila ◽  
Nur Mohammad Sabbir ◽  
Najmul Haider ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Entomological Survey ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Coconut Shells ◽  
Positive Properties

Abstract Background Studying the characteristics of Aedes mosquito habitats is essential to control the mosquito population. The objective of this study was to identify the breeding sites of Aedes larvae and their distribution in Chattogram, Bangladesh. We conducted an entomological survey in 12 different sub-districts (Thana) under Chattogram City, during the late monsoon (August to November) 2019. The presence of different wet containers along with their characteristics and immature mosquitoes was recorded in field survey data form. Larvae and/or pupae were collected and brought to the laboratory for identification. Results Different indices like house index, container index, and the Breteau index were estimated. The multiple logistic regression analysis was applied to identify habitats that were more likely to be positive for Aedes larvae/pupae. A total of 704 wet containers of 37 different types from 216 properties were examined, where 52 (7.39%) were positive for Aedes larvae or pupae. Tire, plastic buckets, plastic drums, and coconut shells were the most prevalent container types. The plastic group possessed the highest container productivity (50%) whereas the vehicle and machinery group was found as most efficient (1.83) in terms of immature Aedes production. Among the total positive properties, 8% were infested with Aedes aegypti, 2% with Aedes albopictus, and 1% contained both species Ae. aegypti and A. albopictus. The overall house index was 17.35%, the container index was 7%, and the Breteau index was 24.49. Containers in multistoried houses had significantly lower positivity compared to independent houses. Binary logistic regression represented that containers having shade were 6.7 times more likely to be positive than the containers without shade (p< 0.01). Conclusions These findings might assist the authorities to identify the properties, containers, and geographical areas with different degrees of risk for mosquito control interventions to prevent dengue and other Aedes-borne disease transmissions.

scholarly journals Behavior of Traffic Congestion and Public Transport in Eight Large Cities in Latin America during the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 4703
Author(s):  
Renato Andara ◽  
Jesús Ortego-Osa ◽  
Melva Inés Gómez-Caicedo ◽  
Rodrigo Ramírez-Pisco ◽  
Luis Manuel Navas-Gracia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Johns Hopkins Hospital ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Public Data ◽  
The Impact

This comparative study analyzes the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on motorized mobility in eight large cities of five Latin American countries. Public institutions and private organizations have made public data available for a better understanding of the contagion process of the pandemic, its impact, and the effectiveness of the implemented health control measures. In this research, data from the IDB Invest Dashboard were used for traffic congestion as well as data from the Moovit© public transport platform. For the daily cases of COVID-19 contagion, those published by Johns Hopkins Hospital University were used. The analysis period corresponds from 9 March to 30 September 2020, approximately seven months. For each city, a descriptive statistical analysis of the loss and subsequent recovery of motorized mobility was carried out, evaluated in terms of traffic congestion and urban transport through the corresponding regression models. The recovery of traffic congestion occurs earlier and faster than that of urban transport since the latter depends on the control measures imposed in each city. Public transportation does not appear to have been a determining factor in the spread of the pandemic in Latin American cities.

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