scholarly journals COVID-19 Research: Lessons from Non-Human Primate Models

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 886
Author(s):  
Laure Albrecht ◽  
Elodie Bishop ◽  
Basile Jay ◽  
Blaise Lafoux ◽  
Marie Minoves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Human Primate

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It emerged from China in December 2019 and rapidly spread across the globe, causing a pandemic with unprecedented impacts on public health and economy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of curative treatments and vaccines. In humans, COVID-19 pathogenesis shows a wide range of symptoms, from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia. Identifying animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection that reflect the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 is of critical importance. Nonhuman primates (NHPss) correspond to relevant models to assess vaccine and antiviral effectiveness. This review discusses the use of NHPs as models for COVID-19 research, with focus on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, drug discovery and pre-clinical evaluation of vaccine candidates.

Animal Experiments and their Alternatives in Psychiatry

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
Anthony Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Study ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Potential Utility ◽  
Pharmacological Agents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Influential Paper ◽  
Adequate Data ◽  
Human Primate

During the last twenty years, the most enthusiastic advocates of the use of animal models in the study of human psychiatric dysfunction have been Harlow and Suomi. In an influential paper, Induced Depression in Monkeys (1974), they argued that more extensive use of non-human primates “would have great potential utility since many manipulations and measurements presently prohibited in human study by ethical and practical considerations could be readily performed on non-human primate subjects in well-controlled experimental environments.” Harlow & Suomi concluded this paper with the following statement: “The results obtained to date on induced depression in monkeys show that proper and profound depressions can be produced relatively easily by a variety of techniques. These induced depressions either bear a close resemblance to human depression or have such similarity as to suggest that closely correlated human and animal depressive patterns may be achieved with refined techniques. The results to date also provide adequate data for the conduct of meaningful researches on the effects of pharmacological agents which either enhance, inhibit or preclude the experimental production of depression. Further, the existence of firm and fast monkey depression syndromes offers vast opportunities for testing a wide range of therapeutic techniques, either behavioural or biochemical.”

scholarly journals COVID-19 Basics and Vaccine Development with a Canadian Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Liu ◽  
Xiongbiao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Preclinical Evaluation ◽  
Canadian Perspective ◽  
Basic Biology

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a rapidly evolving situation. New discoveries about COVID-19 and its causative virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), continue to deepen the understanding of this novel disease. As there is currently no COVID-19 specific treatment, isolation is the most effective method to prevent transmission. Moreover, development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine will be instrumental in reinstating pre-COVID-19 conditions. As of July 31, 2020, there are at least 139 vaccine candidates from around the globe are in preclinical evaluation, with another 26 undergoing clinical evaluation. This paper aims to review the basics of COVID-19, including epidemiology, basic biology of SARS-CoV-2, and transmission. We also review COVID-19 vaccine development, including animal models, platforms under development, and vaccine development in Canada.

scholarly journals TRINITY OF SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONAVIRUS-2: ORIGIN, GENOTYPE, PHENOTYPE, AND IMMUNE RESPONSE IN CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-2019

2021 ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
MURUGAN NANDAGOPAL ◽  
ARULMOZHI BALAKRISHNAN ◽  
CHIRAYU PADHIAR
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Innate Immune System ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Classification Structure

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or a novel coronavirus (2019-CoV) has prompted global health concerns. A pandemic resulted from the disease’s transmission through many routes. In this pandemic, the interaction between coronavirus and the host immune system, particularly the innate immune system, is becoming more prominent. Against viruses and pathogens, innate immunity serves as a first line of defense. Our understanding of pathogenesis will benefit from a better grasp of the mechanisms of immune evasion techniques. The origin, classification, structure, and method of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 were summarized in this paper. We have discussed the importance of important communications. In this review, we have discussed the function of important components of the innate immune system in COVID-19 infection, as well as how the virus evades innate immunity through multiple tactics and contributes to a wide range of clinical symptoms and outcomes.

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Induces Cytokine Storm and Inflammation During Coronavirus Disease 19: Perspectives and Possible Therapeutic Approaches

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Mannino ◽  
Alessandra Bitto ◽  
Natasha Irrera
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches

The new coronavirus outbreak was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and has turned out to be a global health emergency, affecting millions of people worldwide. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, can manifest with flu-like symptoms and can be complicated by severe pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however a large percentage of infected individuals do not have symptoms but contribute to the spread of the disease. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection has become a global public health emergency since no available treatment seems effective and it is hard to manage the several complications caused by an intense release of cytokines. This paper reviews the current options on drugs used to reduce the deadly effects of the cytokine storm.

Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A Narrative Review Based on Current Status

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Mehta ◽  
Meenakshi Dhanawat
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract:: A novel virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), appeared and expanded globally by the end of year in 2019 from Wuhan, China, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome. During its initial stage, the disease was called the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). It was named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 February 2020. The WHO declared worldwide the SARS-CoV-2 virus a pandemic on March 2020. On 30 January 2020 the first case of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) was reported in India. Now in current situation the virus is floating in almost every part of the province and rest of the globe. -: On the basis of novel published evidences, we efficiently summarized the reported work with reference to COVID-19 epidemiology, pathogen, clinical symptoms, treatment and prevention. Using several worldwide electronic scientific databases such as Pubmed, Medline, Embase, Science direct, Scopus, etc were utilized for extensive investigation of relevant literature. -: This review is written in the hope of encouraging the people successfully with the key learning points from the underway efforts to perceive and manage SARS-CoV-2, suggesting sailent points for expanding future research.

Occupational and Environmental Health

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Environmental Sciences ◽  
Wide Range

This thoroughly updated seventh edition is a comprehensive, clearly written, and practical textbook that includes information on both occupational health and environmental health, providing the necessary foundation for recognizing and preventing work-related and environmentally induced diseases and injuries. National and international experts share their knowledge and practical experience in addressing a wide range of issues and evolving challenges in their fields. A multidisciplinary approach makes this an ideal textbook for students and practitioners in public health, occupational and environmental medicine, occupational health nursing, epidemiology, toxicology, occupational and environmental hygiene, safety, ergonomics, environmental sciences, and other fields. Comprehensive coverage provides a clear understanding of occupational and environmental health and its relationships to public health, environmental sciences, and government policy. Practical case studies demonstrate how to apply the basic principles of occupational and environmental health to real-world challenges. Numerous tables, graphs, and photographs reinforce key concepts. Annotated Further Reading sections at the end of chapters provide avenues for obtaining further infomation. This new edition of the book is thoroughly updated and also contains new chapters on climate change, children’s environmental health, liver disorders, kidney disorders, and a global perspective on occupational health and safety.

An Overview of Ethics and Environmental Health

2019 ◽  
pp. 697-703
Author(s):  
David B. Resnik
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Biomedical Ethics ◽  
Public Health Ethics ◽  
Social Utility ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Health Ethics ◽  
Wide Range

This chapter provides an overview of the ethics of environmental health, and it introduces five chapters in the related section of The Oxford Handbook of Public Health Ethics. A wide range of ethical issues arises in managing the relationship between human health and the environment, including regulation of toxic substances, air and water pollution, waste management, agriculture, the built environment, occupational health, energy production and use, environmental justice, population control, and climate change. The values at stake in environmental health ethics include those usually mentioned in ethical debates in biomedicine and public health, such as autonomy, social utility, and justice, as well as values that address environmental concerns, such as animal welfare, stewardship of biological resources, and sustainability. Environmental health ethics, therefore, stands at the crossroads of several disciplines, including public health ethics, environmental ethics, biomedical ethics, and business ethics.

Exclusive Breastfeeding Moderates the Association Between Prenatal and Postpartum Depression

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442199105
Author(s):  
Bárbara Figueiredo ◽  
Tiago Miguel Pinto ◽  
Raquel Costa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mental Health ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Prenatal Depression ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Background Exclusive breastfeeding has a wide range of benefits for maternal health. However, the benefit of exclusive breastfeeding for maternal mental health needs to be further explored. Research Aim To determine the moderating role of exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months on the association between prenatal and postpartum depression. Methods This study had a prospective, longitudinal, and comparative design with two groups and three assessment waves. The sample comprised 334 participants (70 depressed and 264 non-depressed) recruited at public health services in northern Portugal. Participants completed a measure of depression symptoms between the second and the third trimester of pregnancy and between 3 and 6 months, and a measure of breastfeeding status at 3 months. Results Exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months moderated the association between prenatal and postpartum depression. Participants with prenatal depression who were exclusively breastfeeding at 3 months showed fewer symptoms of depression and lower rates of depression between 3 and 6 months postpartum, compared to participants with prenatal depression who were not exclusively breastfeeding. Participants without prenatal depression who were exclusively breastfeeding at 3 months showed similar depression symptoms and similar rates of depression between 3 and 6 months postpartum, compared to participants without prenatal depression who were not exclusively breastfeeding. Conclusion Exclusive breastfeeding has a potential protective influence on postpartum depression among women with prenatal depression. Public health policies targeting women with prenatal depression should be implemented and include practices to promote and support exclusive breastfeeding in order to enhance women’s exclusive breastfeeding and mental health.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Healthcare Workers in General Hospitals and Clinics in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3786
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Yoshihara ◽  
Kazuya Ito ◽  
Masayoshi Zaitsu ◽  
Eunhee Chung ◽  
Izumi Aoyagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Support ◽  
General Population ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Second Wave

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a serious public health problem worldwide. In general, healthcare workers are considered to be at higher risk of COVID-19 infection. However, the prevalence of COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Japan is not well characterized. In this study, we aimed to examine the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies among 2160 healthcare workers in hospitals and clinics that are not designated to treat COVID-19 patients in Japan. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G was 1.2% in August and October 2020 (during and after the second wave of the pandemic in Japan), which is relatively higher than that in the general population in Japan (0.03–0.91%). Because of the higher risk of COVID-19 infection, healthcare workers should be the top priority for further social support and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Nuclear Envelope Integrity in Health and Disease: Consequences on Genome Instability and Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7281
Author(s):  
Benoit R. Gauthier ◽  
Valentine Comaills
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Genome Instability ◽  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complex Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Dna Release ◽  
Sting Pathway ◽  
Eukaryote Genome

The dynamic nature of the nuclear envelope (NE) is often underestimated. The NE protects, regulates, and organizes the eukaryote genome and adapts to epigenetic changes and to its environment. The NE morphology is characterized by a wide range of diversity and abnormality such as invagination and blebbing, and it is a diagnostic factor for pathologies such as cancer. Recently, the micronuclei, a small nucleus that contains a full chromosome or a fragment thereof, has gained much attention. The NE of micronuclei is prone to collapse, leading to DNA release into the cytoplasm with consequences ranging from the activation of the cGAS/STING pathway, an innate immune response, to the creation of chromosomal instability. The discovery of those mechanisms has revolutionized the understanding of some inflammation-related diseases and the origin of complex chromosomal rearrangements, as observed during the initiation of tumorigenesis. Herein, we will highlight the complexity of the NE biology and discuss the clinical symptoms observed in NE-related diseases. The interplay between innate immunity, genomic instability, and nuclear envelope leakage could be a major focus in future years to explain a wide range of diseases and could lead to new classes of therapeutics.

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