scholarly journals Vaccination against Cancer or Infectious Agents during Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1396
Author(s):  
Tahseen H. Nasti ◽  
Christiane S. Eberhardt
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Receive Treatment ◽  
Practice Questions ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has substantially increased the overall survival of cancer patients and has revolutionized the therapeutic situation in oncology. However, not all patients and cancer types respond to ICI, or become resistant over time. Combining ICIs with therapeutic cancer vaccines is a promising option as vaccination may help to overcome resistance to immunotherapies while immunotherapies may increase immune responses to the particular cancer vaccine by reinvigorating exhausted T cells. Thus, it would be possible to reprogram a response with appropriate vaccines, using a particular cancer antigen and a corresponding ICI. Target populations include currently untreatable cancer patients or those who receive treatment regimens with high risk of serious side effects. In addition, with the increased use of ICI in clinical practice, questions arise regarding safety and efficacy of administration of conventional vaccines, such as influenza or COVID-19 vaccines, during active ICI treatment. This review discusses the main principles of prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccines, the potential impact on combining therapeutic cancer vaccines with ICI, and briefly summarizes the current knowledge of safety and effectiveness of influenza and COVID-19 vaccines in ICI-treated patients.

Immunotherapy and potential predictive biomarkers in the treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Xu ◽  
Yuhao Wang ◽  
Hushan Zhang ◽  
Xueke She ◽  
Jianjun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Ablative Therapies ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Well Differentiated

Neuroendocrine neoplasias (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors scattered throughout the body. Surgery, locoregional or ablative therapies as well as maintenance treatments are applied in well-differentiated, low-grade NENs, whereas cytotoxic chemotherapy is usually applied in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, treatment options for patients with advanced or metastatic NENs are limited. Immunotherapy has provided new treatment approaches for many cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors, but predictive biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of NENs have not been fully reported. By reviewing the literature and international congress abstracts, we summarize the current knowledge of ICIs, potential predicative biomarkers in the treatment of NENs, implications and efficacy of ICIs as well as biomarkers for NENs of gastroenteropancreatic system, lung NENs and Merkel cell carcinoma in clinical practice.

Therapeutic cancer vaccines: reasons to believe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Antigen Receptors ◽  
Engineered T Cells ◽  
The Right ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines

Our hopes of using the power of the immune system to control tumours have been partially fulfilled with anti-PD1 antibodies and other checkpoint inhibitors and the use of engineered T cells targeting lineage-specific surface markers with chimeric antigen receptors. Can these successes be generalised? Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to educate or re-educate the immune system to recognise tumour specific or tumour associated antigens. After many false dawns, some positive data for the effectiveness of such an approach is starting to emerge in advanced solid tumours, albeit as combination therapies with checkpoint inhibitors. But is the field targeting the right antigens? Interventions using the most effective vaccine platforms to target certain sets of antigens in patients with low disease burden might bring impressive long-term benefits to patients as single agents.

scholarly journals Cancer Vaccines, Adjuvants, and Delivery Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Paston ◽  
Victoria A. Brentville ◽  
Peter Symonds ◽  
Lindy G. Durrant
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Early Cancer ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Current Vaccine ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines ◽  
The Impact

Vaccination was first pioneered in the 18th century by Edward Jenner and eventually led to the development of the smallpox vaccine and subsequently the eradication of smallpox. The impact of vaccination to prevent infectious diseases has been outstanding with many infections being prevented and a significant decrease in mortality worldwide. Cancer vaccines aim to clear active disease instead of aiming to prevent disease, the only exception being the recently approved vaccine that prevents cancers caused by the Human Papillomavirus. The development of therapeutic cancer vaccines has been disappointing with many early cancer vaccines that showed promise in preclinical models often failing to translate into efficacy in the clinic. In this review we provide an overview of the current vaccine platforms, adjuvants and delivery systems that are currently being investigated or have been approved. With the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors, we also review the potential of these to be used with cancer vaccines to improve efficacy and help to overcome the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment.

scholarly journals Detect it so you can treat it: a case series and proposed checklist to detect neurotoxicity in checkpoint therapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saskia Bolz ◽  
Thivyah Ramakrishnan ◽  
Michael Fleischer ◽  
Elisabeth Livingstone ◽  
Benjamin Stolte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Brachial Plexus Neuritis

Abstract Background: Checkpoint inhibitors show impressive and durable responses in various cancer types and provide new avenues for cancer immunotherapy. However, these drugs have a variety of adverse events. Common autoimmune-related adverse effects include fatigue, hepatitis, skin rash, endocrine deficiencies, and colitis. Neurotoxicity has been reported, but its incidence and course remain unclear.Methods: To illustrate the broad spectrum of neurotoxicity, we exemplarily report the neurological adverse events of five patients with melanoma and one patient with differentiated thyroid cancer who received checkpoint inhibitors at Essen University Hospital (Essen, Germany).Results: After treatment with ipilimumab, nivolumab or pembrolizumab, neurotoxic effects included hypophysitis-associated neck pain and headache, Guillain-Barré syndrome, transverse myelitis, acute brachial plexus neuritis, and ocular myasthenia gravis.Conclusions: Checkpoint inhibitor therapy remains a success story; however, neurological immune-related adverse events may cause severe life-threatening conditions. We propose a checklist for the early detection of neurological adverse events during routine clinical treatment to prevent more severe courses of checkpoint inhibitor-induced neurotoxicity.

scholarly journals Preexisting Autoimmune Disease: Implications for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Solid Tumors

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 750-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura C. Kennedy ◽  
Shailender Bhatia ◽  
John A. Thompson ◽  
Petros Grivas
Keyword(s):  
Autoimmune Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Diseases ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Metastatic Setting ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy ◽  
Cancer Types

The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is rapidly expanding to the treatment of many cancer types, both in the metastatic setting and as an adjuvant to other therapies. Clinical trials using ICIs have largely excluded patients with preexisting autoimmune diseases due to concerns for increased toxicity. However, emerging evidence shows that ICIs may be considered in some patients with autoimmunity. This review discusses the commonalities between clinical autoimmune diseases and ICI-induced immunotherapy-related adverse events, and summarizes the existing case series that describes patients with solid tumors who have a preexisting autoimmune disease. This review also discusses which patients with autoimmunity could be considered reasonable candidates for ICI therapy.

scholarly journals Paving the Way for Immunotherapy in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Current Knowledge and the Way Forward

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 4364
Author(s):  
Joost B. Koedijk ◽  
Inge van der Werf ◽  
Friso G. Calkoen ◽  
Stefan Nierkens ◽  
Gertjan J. L. Kaspers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Patient Care ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Pediatric Aml ◽  
The Way

Immunotherapeutic agents may be an attractive option to further improve outcomes and to reduce treatment-related toxicity for pediatric AML. While improvements in outcome have been observed with immunotherapy in many cancer types, immunotherapy development and implementation into patient care for both adult and pediatric AML has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of the bone marrow environment and a paucity of tumor-specific antigens. Since only a minority of patients respond in most immunotherapy trials across different cancer types, it will be crucial to understand which children with AML are likely to respond to or may benefit from immunotherapies. Immune cell profiling efforts hold promise to answer this question, as illustrated by the development of predictive scores in solid cancers. Such information on the number and phenotype of immune cells during current treatment regimens will be pivotal to generate hypotheses on how and when to intervene with immunotherapy in pediatric AML. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the number and phenotype of immune cells in the bone marrow in pediatric AML, ongoing immunotherapy trials and how comprehensive immune profiling efforts may pave the way for successful clinical trials (and, ultimately, implementation into patient care).

Immunotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma: a 2021 update

Immunotherapy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Charalampakis ◽  
Georgios Papageorgiou ◽  
Sergios Tsakatikas ◽  
Rodanthi Fioretzaki ◽  
Christo Kole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Therapy ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Adoptive Cell Therapy ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Dismal Prognosis ◽  
Rare Malignancy

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare malignancy with generally dismal prognosis. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the management of cancer patients during the last decade, offering durable responses with an acceptable safety profile, but there are still no significant advances regarding CCA. Novel immunotherapeutic methods, such as cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, adoptive cell therapy and combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors with other agents are currently under investigation and may improve prognosis. Efforts to find robust biomarkers for response are also ongoing. In this review, we discuss the rationale for the use of immunotherapy in CCA and available clinical data. Ongoing trials will also be presented, as well as key findings from each study.

scholarly journals Imaging of Adverse Events Related to Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanina Vani ◽  
Daniele Regge ◽  
Giovanni Cappello ◽  
Michela Gabelloni ◽  
Emanuele Neri
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Endocrine Organs ◽  
Standard Of Practice ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Proper Diagnosis ◽  
Improve Patient

Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is becoming standard of practice for an increasing number of cancer types. ICIs enhance T-cell action against the cancer cells. By unbalancing the immune system ICIs may cause dysimmune toxicities, a series of disorders broadly defined immune-related adverse events (irAEs). IrAEs may affect any organ or apparatus and most frequently involve skin, colon, endocrine organs, liver, and lungs. Early identification and appropriate treatment of irAEs can improve patient outcome. The paper aims at reviewing mechanisms of the occurrence of irAEs, the importance of a proper diagnosis and the main pillars of therapy. To provide effective guidance to the comprehension of major irAEs imaging findings will be reviewed.

scholarly journals Combining Cancer Vaccines with Immunotherapy: Establishing a New Immunological Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8035
Author(s):  
Chang Gon Kim ◽  
Yun Beom Sang ◽  
Ji Hyun Lee ◽  
Hong Jae Chon
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Tumor Regression ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Vaccine Platform ◽  
Personalized Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Antigen Repertoire

Therapeutic cancer vaccines have become increasingly qualified for use in personalized cancer immunotherapy. A deeper understanding of tumor immunology and novel antigen delivery technologies has assisted in optimizing vaccine design. Therapeutic cancer vaccines aim to establish long-lasting immunological memory against tumor cells, thereby leading to effective tumor regression and minimizing non-specific or adverse events. However, due to several resistance mechanisms, significant challenges remain to be solved in order to achieve these goals. In this review, we describe our current understanding with respect to the use of the antigen repertoire in vaccine platform development. We also summarize various intrinsic and extrinsic resistance mechanisms behind the failure of cancer vaccine development in the past. Finally, we suggest a strategy that combines immune checkpoint inhibitors to enhance the efficacy of cancer vaccines.

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