scholarly journals Development of a Hydrodynamic-Based Flood-Risk Management Tool for Assessing Redistribution of Expected Annual Damages in a Floodplain

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3562
Author(s):  
Muhammad Atiq Ur Rehman Tariq ◽  
Nitin Muttil ◽  
Zohreh Rajabi ◽  
Maha Hussein ◽  
Muhammad Izhar Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Risk Visualization

Despite spending ample resources and procedural development in flood management, flood losses are still increasing worldwide. The losses caused by floods and costs incurred on management are two components of expected annual damages (EAD) due to floods. This study introduces a generalized approach for risk-based design where a range of probable floods are considered before and after a flood mitigation measure is implemented. The proposed approach is customized from the ISO Guide 31000 along with additional advantages of flood risk visualization. A Geographic Information System (GIS)-based design of a flood-protection dike is performed to exhibit the risk redistribution. The Chenab River is selected for the existing dike system. Detailed hazard behaviour and societal vulnerability are modelled and visualized for a range of all probable floods before and after the implementation of flood-protection dikes. EAD maps demonstrate the redistribution of induced and residual risks. It can be concluded that GIS-based EAD maps not only facilitate cost-effective solutions but also provide an accurate estimate of residual risks after the mitigation measures are applied. EAD maps also indicate the high-risk areas to facilitate designing secondary measures.

Integrated Flood Risk Analysis for Assessing Flood Protection Strategies

2010 ◽  
pp. 244-263
Author(s):  
J. Ernst ◽  
B.J. Dewals ◽  
S. Detrembleur ◽  
P. Archambeau ◽  
S. Erpicum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
River Meuse ◽  
Flood Risk Analysis ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
The Cost

The present chapter describes an end-to-end methodology for assessing flood protection strategies, including the whole methodological process from hydrological statistics to detailed 2D hydraulic modelling, damage calculation and flood risk evaluation. This risk-based approach serves as a component of a decision-support system (DSS) developed in Belgium for identifying cost-effective flood management strategies in the context of climate change. The DSS accounts for both hydraulic and socio-economic parameters to quantify the benefits (in terms of avoided risk) and the cost of each strategy. Besides reviewing fundamentals of flood risk assessment, including the inundation model and main concepts related to flood risk, a consistent methodology for micro-scale flood risk analysis is presented in detail, combining complementary sources of GIS information such as high resolution and high accuracy land use database as well as socio-economic datasets. Finally a case study on a main tributary of river Meuse in Belgium is described.

Risk-Based Inspection Applied to Main Steam and Hot Reheat Piping Systems

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marvin J. Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Terminal Point ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Piping System ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Main Steam ◽  
Life Consumption

Many utilities select critical welds in their main steam (MS) and hot reheat (HRH) piping systems by considering some combination of design-based stresses, terminal point locations, and fitting weldments. The conventional methodology results in frequent inspections of many low risk areas and the neglect of some high risk areas. This paper discusses the use of a risk-based inspection (RBI) strategy to select the most critical inspection locations, determine appropriate reexamination intervals, and recommend the most important corrective actions for the piping systems. The high energy piping life consumption (HEPLC) strategy applies cost effective RBI principles to enhance inspection programs for MS and HRH piping systems. Using a top-down methodology, this strategy is customized to each piping system, considering applicable effects, such as expected damage mechanisms, previous inspection history, operating history, measured weldment wall thicknesses, observed support anomalies, and actual piping thermal displacements. This information can be used to provide more realistic estimates of actual time-dependent multiaxial stresses. Finally, the life consumption estimates are based on realistic weldment performance factors. Risk is defined as the product of probability and consequence. The HEPLC strategy considers a more quantitative probability assessment methodology as compared to most RBI approaches. Piping stress and life consumption evaluations, considering existing field conditions and inspection results, are enhanced to reduce the uncertainty in the quantitative probability of failure value for each particular location and to determine a more accurate estimate for future inspection intervals. Based on the results of many HEPLC projects, the author has determined that most of the risk (regarding failure of the pressure boundary) in MS and HRH piping systems is associated with a few high priority areas that should be examined at appropriate intervals. The author has performed many studies using RBI principles for MS and HRH piping systems over the past 15 years. This life management strategy for MS and HRH critical welds is a rational approach to determine critical weldment locations for examinations and to determine appropriate reexamination intervals as a risk-based evaluation technique. Both consequence of failure (COF) and likelihood of failure (LOF) are considered in this methodology. This paper also provides a few examples of the application of this methodology to MS and HRH piping systems.

Structure Specific Flood Risk Based Insurance

2017 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Kunreuther ◽  
John Dorman ◽  
Scott Edelman ◽  
Chris Jones ◽  
Marilyn Montgomery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Loss Reduction ◽  
Hazard Maps ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Imaging Detection ◽  
Price Insurance

This paper highlights the importance of developing accurate flood hazard maps to price insurance effectively and to communicate flood risk to interested parties. Risk-based insurance premiums can encourage insurance purchase and investment in cost effective mitigation measures. We undertake a study using light imaging detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology and depth damage curves to determine risk-based rates for residential structures in three counties in the state of North Carolina. We then compare these prices with current premiums charged to homeowners by the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) for 11,915 single-family residences. NFIP premiums are significantly higher than risk-based premiums for over 90 percent of the homes in each of the counties in our study. Risk-based prices are higher than NFIP premiums only in instances where buildings are predicted to suffer damage from more frequent, shallow floods that are currently not considered explicitly in NFIP premium calculations. Accurate flood maps are needed to determine cost-effective loss reduction measures and to address issues of affordability and fairness for homeowners currently living in flood-prone areas.

scholarly journals Non-Structural Flood Management in European Rural Mountain Areas—Are Scientists Supporting Implementation?

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Felix Conitz ◽  
Aude Zingraff-Hamed ◽  
Gerd Lupp ◽  
Stephan Pauleit
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Flood Mitigation ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Mountain Areas ◽  
Expert Surveys

Mountain areas are highly exposed to flood risks. The latter are increasing in the context of climate change, urbanization, and land use changes. Non-structural approaches such as nature-based solutions can provide opportunities to reduce the risks of such natural hazards and provide further ecological, social, and economic benefits. However, few non-structural flood mitigation measures are implemented in rural mountain areas so far. The objective of this paper is to investigate if the scientific boundaries limit the implementation of non-structural flood management in rural mountain areas. In the study, we statistically analyzed the knowledge about flood management through a systematic literature review and expert surveys, with a focus on European rural mountain areas. Both methods showed that scientific knowledge is available for decision makers and that nature-based solutions are efficient, cost-effective, multifunctional, and have potential for large-scale implementation.

Evaluation of olfactory and visual cues to deter southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) from their burrows

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Casey O'Brien ◽  
Elisa Sparrow ◽  
Ron Dibben ◽  
Bertram Ostendorf ◽  
David Taggart
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Remote Cameras ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Conflict Mitigation ◽  
Treatment Application

Human–wildlife conflicts threaten a huge diversity of species and affect the livelihoods of millions of people. There is an increasing need to develop management strategies that meet the needs of humans and wildlife. A variety of conflict mitigation measures are available, but for many species like the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) their effectiveness has not been scientifically tested. Deterrents could provide a cost effective and efficient means of reducing wombat damage to agriculture. Anecdotal accounts suggest that ‘Blood & Bone’ (a plant fertiliser) and compact discs may deter wombats. This study aimed to assess their effectiveness in deterring free-living wombats from burrows on agricultural land using remote cameras to monitor changes in activity and behaviour before and after treatment application. Mixed-effects models revealed a significant decrease in the number of visits to burrows following the application of compact discs (P<0.01). ‘Blood & Bone’ did not deter wombats from burrows (P=0.81), but increased exploratory behaviour (P=0.01) and decreased travelling behaviour (P=0.05) were observed. This suggests that visual cues may be more effective in deterring wombats from burrows than olfactory cues, possibly because they are more easily detected from further away.

scholarly journals COMMUNITY-BASED NATIONWIDE CAPACITY BUILDING FOR GIS-BASED INTEGRATED FLOOD MANAGEMENT

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3/W4 ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
Y. Kwak ◽  
K. Muraoka ◽  
K. Asai
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Flood Management ◽  
Flood Risk Management ◽  
Sustainable Infrastructure ◽  
Transboundary River Basins

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> After the development of a flood action plan (FAP) in 1988, the Bangladesh government has led practical actions for nationwide flood management. However, Bangladesh is on its way to improve the capacity and knowledge of sustainable infrastructure and non-structural countermeasures. Local government and communities are also struggling to mitigate flood risk and severe damage. Therefore, a government-driven strategy of capacity building on sustainable flood risk management is an inevitable process to support local authorities’ responsibility under the leadership. This pilot study introduced the GIS-based integrated flood management (GiFM) for improving nationwide flood risk management at different levels from communities. First, we proposed the conceptual framework of GiFM to strengthen local government-based capacity focusing on a cost-effective way under the FAP. Then the proposed GiFM employed hydro-GIS geo-database and Earth Observation (EO) data for sharing information on the current flood risk situation including flood monitoring, forecasting and river embankment erosion in transboundary river basins. For flood risk reduction, the prototype of GiFM showed a good example of consultation and action plan to realize high-priority demands at all levels of multi-stakeholders, from decision makers to residents who are living in vulnerable low-lying floodplains of Bangladesh.</p>

scholarly journals The Inverse Spacer—A Novel, Safe, and Cost-Effective Approach in Routine Procedures for Revision Knee Arthroplasty

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Kristoff Hammerich ◽  
Jens Pollack ◽  
Alexander F. Hasse ◽  
André El Saman ◽  
René Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Rotational Stability ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Free Interval ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Before And After

Background: A major disadvantage of current spacers for two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty (R-TKA) is the risk of (sub-) luxation during mobilization in the prosthesis-free interval, limiting their clinical success with detrimental consequences for the patient. The present study introduces a novel inverse spacer, which prevents major complications, such as spacer (sub-) luxations and/or fractures of spacer or bone. Methods: The hand-made inverse spacer consisted of convex tibial and concave femoral components of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement and was intra-operatively molded under maximum longitudinal tension in 5° flexion and 5° valgus position. Both components were equipped with a stem for rotational stability. This spacer was implanted during an R-TKA in 110 knees with diagnosed or suspected periprosthetic infection. Postoperative therapy included a straight leg brace and physiotherapist-guided, crutch-supported mobilization with full sole contact. X-rays were taken before and after prosthesis removal and re-implantation. Results: None of the patients experienced (sub-) luxations/fractures of the spacer, periprosthetic fractures, or soft tissue compromise requiring reoperation. All patients were successfully re-implanted after a prosthesis-free interval of 8 weeks, except for three patients requiring an early exchange of the spacer due to persisting infection. In these cases, the prosthetic-free interval was prolonged for one week. Conclusion: The inverse spacer in conjunction with our routine procedure is a safe and cost-effective alternative to other articulating or static spacers, and allows crutch-supported sole contact mobilization without major post-operative complications. Maximum longitudinal intra-operative tension in 5° flexion and 5° valgus position appears crucial for the success of surgery.

scholarly journals 400 - Effects of Computerized Cognitive Training with an Elderly Community Sample

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (S1) ◽  
pp. 116-116
Author(s):  
M Pires ◽  
A Antunes ◽  
C Gameiro ◽  
C Pombo
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Before And After

Community-focused programs that promote active and healthy aging can help preserve cognitive capacities, prevent or reverse cognitive deficits. Computer-based cognitive training (CCT) is a promising non-pharmacological, cost -effective and accessible intervention to face the effects of age-related cognitive decline. Previous studies proved CCT to have equal or better efficacy compared to traditional interventions. This comparative multifactorial study aims to test the efficacy of a CCT in a non-randomized community sample of 74 older adults: G1-CCT Experimental group (n=43) (Mean age M=72.21, SD=12.65) and G2- Paper-Pencil Control group (n=31; M=77.94, SD=10.51). Pensioners (97.3%), mostly women (83.8 %) with basic education (51.4%) and without dementia diagnosis, completed a cognitive training program of 17 or 34 group sessions (twice a week). G2 undertook a classic cognitive paper-pencil stimuli tasks. G1, performed, additionally, individual CCT with COGWEB® in a multimodal format (intensive training of attention, calculation, memory, gnosis, praxis, executive functions). Both groups completed Portuguese versions of Mini -Mental State Examination (MMSE),Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA); Geriatric Depressive Scale (GDS); Mini Dependence Assessment (MDA); WHOOQL 5 and Social Support Satisfaction Scale (ESSS) before and after participating in the program. Both groups reported better post-test scores on basic cognitive functions (MMSE, MOCA), Depression symptoms (GDS-30), subjective well-being and quality of life (WHOOQL-5). G1 presented higher MOCA and lower GDS scores before and after CCT, although, group differences become less expressive when interaction effects are considered. Results are in line with findings from past studies, CCT supported by the new technologies, is as a relevant cost-effective therapeutic tool for health professionals working with older adults. Particularly for preventive purposes of neuro-cognitive disorders.

scholarly journals Established an eco-friendly cotton fabric treating process with enhancing anti-wrinkle performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 155892502110034
Author(s):  
Xiongfang Luo ◽  
Pei Cheng ◽  
Wencong Wang ◽  
Jiajia Fu ◽  
Weidong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Waterborne Polyurethane ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Wrinkle Resistance ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strength Retention

This study establishes an eco-friendly anti-wrinkle treating process for cotton fabric. Sodium hydroxide-liquid ammonia pretreatment followed by 6% (w/w) PU100 adding citric acid pad-cure-dry finishing. In this process, citric acid (CA) was used as the fundamental crosslinking agent during finishing because it is a non-formaldehyde based, cost-effective and well wrinkle resistance agent. Environmental-friendly waterborne polyurethane (WPU) was used as an additive to add to the CA finishing solution. Six commercial WPUs were systematically investigated. Fabric properties like wrinkle resistance, tensile strength retention, whiteness, durable press, softness, and wettability were well investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction spectra were also measured and discussed before and after adding waterborne polyurethane. Tentative mechanism of the interaction among the WPU, CA, and modified cotton fabrics is provided. The effect of cotton fabric pretreatment on fabric performance was also investigated. After the eco-process’s treatment, the fabric wrinkle resistant angle was upgraded to 271 ± 7°, tensile strength retention was maintained at 66.77% ± 3.50% and CIE whiteness was elevated to 52.13 ± 3.21, which are much better than the traditional CA anti-wrinkle finishing based on mercerized cotton fabrics. This study provides useful information for textile researchers and engineers.

scholarly journals Coastal flood risk within a peri-urban area: SUSSEX Inlet district, SE Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Asbridge ◽  
D. Low Choy ◽  
B. Mackey ◽  
S. Serrao-Neumann ◽  
P. Taygfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Planning Strategies ◽  
Natural Resource Managers

AbstractThe peri-urban interface (PUI) exhibits characteristic qualities of both urban and rural regions, and this complexity has meant that risk assessments and long-term planning for PUI are lagging, despite these areas representing new developing settlement frontiers. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by modifying an existing approach to quantify and assess flood risk. The risk triangle framework was used to map exposure, vulnerability and biophysical variables; however, in a novel application, the risk triangle framework was adapted by presuming that there is a variation in the degree of exposure, vulnerability and biophysical variables. Within Australia and globally, PUIs are often coastal, and flood risk associated with rainfall and coastal inundation poses considerable risk to communities in the PUI; these risks will be further exacerbated should projections of increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events and accelerating sea-level rise eventuate. An indicator-based approach using the risk triangle framework that maps flood hazard, exposure and vulnerability was used to integrate the biophysical and socio-economic flooding risk for communities in PUI of the St Georges Basin and Sussex Inlet catchments of south-eastern Australia. Integrating the flood risk triangle with future scenarios of demographic and climate change, and considering factors that contribute to PUI flood risk, facilitated the identification of planning strategies that would reduce the future rate of increase in flood risk. These planning strategies are useful for natural resource managers and land use planners across Australia and globally, who are tasked with balancing socio-economic prosperity for a changing population, whilst maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services and values. The indicator-based approach used in this study provides a cost-effective first-pass risk assessment and is a valuable tool for decision makers planning for flood risk across PUIs in NSW and globally.

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