scholarly journals SERVICEABILITIES AND IDENTIFICATION OF CARBOXYL-CONTAINING ANTIFREEZING AGENTS

2019 ◽  
pp. 510-521
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Molecular Spectroscopy ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
Additive Package ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Technical Specifications

All major types of cooling liquids for motor vehicles are describes herein. Various liquids are used to cool internal-combustion engines. Water is the best cooling liquid in the warm season, when the air temperature is above 00С. Liquids with a low freezing point, namely antifreeze agents are used at temperatures below 00С. Low-freezing coolants – antifreeze agents are prepared by mixing water with one or more components that have the ability to lower the freezing point of the solution. The best low-freezing coolants are mixtures of water with glycols – ethylene glycol and propylene glycol. An additive package is added to the antifreeze compound to improve performance. Depending on the nature of the additives, modern antifreeze agents are divided into three types: traditional, carboxylate and hybrid. Traditional antifreeze agents (”tosol cooling agent” and modifications) contain inorganic additives and have a small (no more than 2 years) service life, while they do not stand high (more than 1080C) temperatures. According to the classification of the Volkswagen Audi Group proposed by the group of companies, traditional antifreezes with inorganic additives are designated with symbol G11. Hybrid antifreeze agents (G11+) contain organic and inorganic inhibitors (usually silicates or phosphates). Their service life is up to 3 years. Carboxylate antifreeze agents (G12) contains corrosion inhibitors based on salts of higher carboxylic acids (carboxylates). Carboxylate antifreezes obtain the longest operating life of up to 5 years. When conducting operational tests of various types of antifreeze agents for compliance with the requirements of National State Standard 28084-89 (СТ СЭВ 2130-80), “Low-freezing cooling liquids. General technical specifications” it was found that carboxylate antifreezes are inert to products (automobile radiators) made of aluminum and aluminum alloys, while traditional and hybrid antifreezes have a corrosive effect on aluminum and its alloys. An urgent task in the study of cooling fluids for motor vehicles is the establishment of the nature of additives. For the identification of carboxylate additives in antifreeze agents, it has been proposed to use the method of molecular spectroscopy in the infrared region of the spectrum. For the study, evaporated samples of antifreeze agents are used. Carboxylate additives are characterized by the presence of absorption bands caused by vibrations of carboxyl groups (COOH) at 1560 cm-1 to 1580 cm-1. The abovementioned absorption bands are not typical for traditional (G11) and hybrid (G11+) antifreeze agents and can be used to identify carboxylate additives in the composition of cooling liquids. This makes it possible to differentiate antifreeze agents by species. Key words: automobile antifreeze, operational properties, identification, spectral method.

scholarly journals Highly accurate transition frequencies in the H2 Lyman and Werner absorption bands

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Philip ◽  
J P Sprengers ◽  
Th. Pielage ◽  
C A de Lange ◽  
W Ubachs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Spectroscopy ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Laser Source ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Extreme Uv ◽  
Photon Ionization ◽  
Vacuum Uv ◽  
Better Than

The transition frequencies of low-J excitation lines in the B1Σu+– X1Σg+,(ν′,0) Lyman bands have been measured for ν′ = 2–18 and in the C1Πu–X1Σg+,(ν′,0) Werner bands for ν′ = 0–4, using a narrow-band tunable extreme UV laser source at wavelengths λ = 92–105 nm in conjunction with the technique of 1 +  1′ two-photon ionization. The measurements can be divided into three categories for which varying absolute accuracies were obtained. Special focus was on the B, ν′ = 2–5 bands, where an accuracy of 0.004 cm–1 or δv/v = 4 x 10–8 is achieved. For transitions to B, ν′ ≤ 13 and C, ν′ ≤ 3 states the accuracy is 0.005 cm–1 or δv/v = 5 x 10–8. Due to a different frequency mixing scheme uncertainties for B, ν′ ≥ 13 and C, ν′ = 4 are at the level of 0.011 cm–1 or δv/v = 1.1 x 10–7. Inspection of combination differences between R(J) and P(J + 2) lines shows that the accuracies are even better than estimated in the error budget. Based on the measurements of 138 spectral lines and the known combination differences, transition frequencies of 60 P-lines could be calculated as well, so that a data base of 198 accurately calibrated lines results for the Lyman and Werner bands of H2. Key words: vacuum UV, molecular spectroscopy, hydrogen, precision metrology.

Design of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Autorickshaw

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikhlaq Khattak ◽  
Mirza Jamil Yousaf
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Oil Well ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel Cell ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Oil Mixtures ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cleaner Technology

In Asia there are less private cars, but there is a high proportion of 2-stroke engines in scooters, motorcycles, auto-rickshaws (Tuk-Tuks), all running on petrol-oil mixtures with levels of hydrocarbon emissions (from partially burnt fuel and oil) well in excess of levels permitted in the USA and Europe. Worldwide Rickshaw/scooter/motorcycle type engine production is estimated at 17 million per year. According to National Transport Research Center (NTRC), the total population of registered (all types) motor vehicles in Pakistan in year 2000 was 4.224 million, out of which more than half of the population is (2.206 million) two wheelers or three wheelers (motorcycle/scooter/auto rickshaw). Almost all auto rickshaws have two stroke power packs and also 60% of motorcycle/scooters are of the same category. Pakistan is a very densely populated developing country, with very loose environment protection rules, which are practically unregulated due to large financial implications. This scenario leads to adverse air quality conditions especially in large cities of the country where the main contributory factors are vehicular traffic, that too, two stroke vehicles Industry, diesel-powered vehicles, and the omnipresent three-wheeled, two-stroke rickshaws all contribute to the extremely dirty air. Taxi/car use is increasing, but rickshaws have the advantage of being able to swarm through the congested car traffic in cities. This explains the over .6 million motorcycles/scooters/rickshaws currently in Pakistan, of which approximately 20% are two stroke Auto-rickshaws of 175 cc. Pakistan’s vehicle fleet has a growth rate of 8.0% (1990–99). The purpose of this study is to examine a particular application of fuel cell technology “The Auto Rickshaws”. They are small three-wheeled vehicles that can carry three people. Due to their small size and low price, rickshaws have traditionally been powered by high power density two-stroke internal combustion engines. Two-stroke engines produce a great deal of pollution and are an object of concern in many Asian countries. Severe pollution from two-stroke engines is a significant driver for cleaner technology. Thus, the target of this study is the Asian urban commuter, since a rickshaw is largely used in many Asian cities and contributes directly to air pollution in major crowded cities of Pakistan also. Countries like China, India, Bangladesh, Taiwan and Pakistan [1] are facing dramatic growth rates in two-stroke vehicle population as bicycle rickshaws are being replaced, so, low-powered but clean rickshaws would be a major step in providing mobility without compromising urban air quality.

scholarly journals Detection of ammonia on Pluto’s surface in a region of geologically recent tectonism

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. eaav5731 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Dalle Ore ◽  
D. P. Cruikshank ◽  
S. Protopapa ◽  
F. Scipioni ◽  
W. B. McKinnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Water ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
Tectonic Activity ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Geological Process ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Extensional Tectonic ◽  
Ultraviolet Photons ◽  
Recent Deposition

We report the detection of ammonia (NH3) on Pluto’s surface in spectral images obtained with the New Horizons spacecraft that show absorption bands at 1.65 and 2.2 μm. The ammonia signature is spatially coincident with a region of past extensional tectonic activity (Virgil Fossae) where the presence of H2O ice is prominent. Ammonia in liquid water profoundly depresses the freezing point of the mixture. Ammoniated ices are believed to be geologically short lived when irradiated with ultraviolet photons or charged particles. Thus, the presence of NH3 on a planetary surface is indicative of a relatively recent deposition or possibly through exposure by some geological process. In the present case, the areal distribution is more suggestive of cryovolcanic emplacement, however, adding to the evidence for ongoing geological activity on Pluto and the possible presence of liquid water at depth today.

scholarly journals Measurement of flow and pressure characteristics of combustion engine oil filters

2021 ◽  
Vol 351 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Ľubomír Hujo ◽  
Matej Michalides ◽  
Jozef Nosian ◽  
Mirko Simikić
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Oil ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Motor Oil ◽  
Filtration Equipment ◽  
Motor Oils ◽  
The Given ◽  
Pressure Characteristics

For the purpose of measuring the flow and pressure characteristics of oil filters used in vehicles with internal combustion engines, a laboratory test equipment was used, which was designed at the Department of Transport and Handling of the Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. The target information from the given measurement is the obtained data on the change of flow and pressure, based on the type of oil filter used. The contribution of this paper is information that can be used in the future in the design of new filtration equipment, as well as the creation of a system for evaluating the technical life of motor oils, in order to extend the service intervals of motor oil, monitored set of motor vehicles.

scholarly journals Modern Technologies for Micro-drilling of the Fuel Injector Nozzle used in Motor Vehicles - A Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 343 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Dorinel Popa ◽  
Cristin-Olimpiu Morariu
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Fuel Injector ◽  
Pilot Hole ◽  
Injector Nozzle ◽  
Electro Discharge Machining ◽  
Micro Drilling

To cope with the pollution norms and an improvement of the combustion of the internal combustion engines, high-quality holes with diameters smaller than 145 µm are needed for the manufacture of fuel injection nozzles. The current practice of using drilling by electro-discharge machining of fuel injection nozzles is limited in terms of the size of the hole it can efficiently produce and the time required for drilling. In addition, the cost of the tool is high. This paper presents an investigation into a sequential laser and electro-discharge micro-drilling technique for the manufacture of fuel injection nozzles. A pilot hole drilled with a laser is removed by electrodischarge. It was found that this hybrid process eliminated the problems of reformed and heat-affected areas usually associated with the laser drilling process. The new process has allowed a reduction in total drilling time compared to standard electro-discharge machining drilling, as less material is removed from the electro-discharge machining. The quality of the holes is as good as direct electro-discharge machining drilling. This technique has allowed valuable cost savings and increased production capacity for the manufacture of the fuel injector nozzle.

scholarly journals Assessment of Residual Service Life of Cast Bodies of Control Valves of 220 MW Power Units

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Olha Yu. Chernousenko ◽  
◽  
Dmytro V. Ryndiuk ◽  
Vitalii A. Peshko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Control Valve ◽  
Steam Turbines ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
Control Valves ◽  
Intermediate Pressure ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Residual Operating Life ◽  
Start Ups ◽  
Total Damage

In the regulatory documents of the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry of Ukraine, the beyond-design operating life of the high-energy equipment of 220 MW power units is limited to the operating life of 220 thousand hours and 800 start-ups. To date, the high-temperature cast bodies of the control valves for the high- and intermediate-pressure cylinders of the K-200-130 200 MW steam turbines of DTEK Lugansk TPP have operated about 305–330 thousand hours with the total number of start-ups from 1438 to 1704, which exceeded the beyond-design service life characteristics. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the residual operating life of the control valve bodies of the high- and intermediate-pressure cylinders of K-200-130 steam turbines in order to determine the possibility of their further operation. These calculations were carried out on the basis of our earlier studies of the thermal and stress-strain states of cast turbine equipment. This paper establishes the values of stress intensity amplitudes, the values having been reduced to a symmetric loading cycle for the most typical variable operating modes. Using the experimental low-cycle fatigue curves for the 15Kh1M1FL steel, we established the values of the permissible number of start-ups and the cyclic damage accumulated in the base metal. We also determined the value of the static damage accumulated in the course of stationary operating modes according to our previously obtained experimental data on the long-term strength of the 15Kh1M1FL steel. The calculations showed that the total damage to the control valve bodies of the K-200-130 steam turbine of power unit 15 of DTEK Lugansk TPP is 97 and 98%. The residual operating life of the metal of the control valves of high-pressure cylinders is practically exhausted, being equal to 10 thousand hours. The residual life of the control valves of intermediate- pressure cylinders is 7 thousand hours, i.e. it is also practically exhausted, with safety factors for the number of cycles and strains at the level of 5 and 1.5, as well as the permissible 370,000 operating hours of the metal. With an increase in the permissible operating life of the metal to 470 thousand hours, according to experimental studies of Igor Sikorsky KPI, the total damage to the metal of cast valve bodies is reduced to 80%, and the residual metal life increases to 79,000 h and 75,000 h for the control valves of the high- and intermediate-pressure cylinders, respectively.

scholarly journals The Use Of Microturbines as an Energy Converter For Motor Transport

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 2700-2703
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Turbine Engine ◽  
Range Extender ◽  
Traction Motors

At this stage of the development of vehicles with a combined power plant, one of the areas of development is the study of the introduction of a low-power gas turbine engine, the so-called microturbine, as a converter of thermal energy into mechanical. This solution has numerous positive aspects related to its fuel consumption, small dimensions, high efficiency, as well as a number of performance indicators. In this case, the vehicle is also equipped with a high-speed generator with the goal of converting the mechanical energy of the microturbine into electrical energy. This ensures the microturbine operation in a given range on the characteristic of optimal fuel consumption. The article contains an analysis of the use of microturbine generators in vehicles; some constructive solutions are considered as well. An overview of vehicles with microturbine generators and their comparison with traditional internal combustion engines is given. The movement of the vehicle is carried out by one or several traction motors. More than ten developments of motor vehicles using the microturbine as an additional source of energy for vehicles with traction electric drive are already known in the world, including MiTRE (Microturbine Range Extender). Among such vehicles, one can name the Trolza "Ecobus" buses, Delta Hypercar supercar, Isuzu NPR trucks, Mack Truck, Kenworth.

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Operation of the Tank Equipment for Ultrasonic Purification of the Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust Gases

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. B219-B226
Author(s):  
Adil Kadyrov ◽  
Aleksandr Ganyukov ◽  
Igor Pak ◽  
Bahtiyar Suleyev ◽  
Kyrmyzy Balabekova
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Engine Exhaust ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Equipment Operation

The article presents results of scientific and experimental studies of the authors on operation of the tank equipment for ultrasonic purification of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines designed to reduce environmental pollution. The scheme of the experimental device implementing the principle of the tank equipment operation for ultrasonic cleaning of the motor vehicles exhaust gases is presented; the obtained experimental data of ultrasonic coagulation processes were processed and analyzed. Empirical relationships of the coagulation coefficient and its rate of change are derived from experimental data.

THE ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY STANDARDS OF MOTOR VEHICLES

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 697-703
Author(s):  
Просянкин ◽  
S. Prosyankin ◽  
Красникова ◽  
D. Krasnikova ◽  
Феклин ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Safety Standards

The article describes the standards of environmental safety of motor vehicles ´Euro´, alternative fuels, prospects of development of automobile industry in the coming years. In addition, the author acquaints the reader with the upcoming changes in the design of internal combustion engines.

scholarly journals 2,5-Dimethylfuran for Internal Combustion Engines: Potential and Development

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. 106-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danh Chan Nguyen ◽  
Van Huong Dong
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
The World ◽  
Application Potential ◽  
Technical Specifications ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
To Come ◽  
New Generation

Transportation is facing two major challenges: renewable energy supplies and clean transport. On the other hand, the pressure from environmental pollution has led regulators around the world to come up with laws that have forced the auto and petrochemical industries to develop new technologies that reduce emissions and improve the quality of life. fuel economy. 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF), which is considered to be a new generation of promising alternative fuels, has the potential to reduce global fossil fuel shortage and air pollution problems. This article introduces the technical specifications and emissions of 2,5-Dimethylfuran (DMF), DMF production and application potential, developing DMF as alternative fuel sources in the World and in Vietnam.

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