scholarly journals Researches of Kharkiv’s Theater Culture of the 19th and the first half of the 20th cc.: Problems of Historiography

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (51) ◽  
pp. 142-163
Author(s):  
Yu.Yu. Poliakova
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Law School ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theater Companies ◽  
Accessible Information ◽  
Amateur Theater ◽  
Famous Book ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

Background. Recently, specialists in drama studies have displayed growing interest to the problems of historiography concerning theaters. One of its most urgent tasks is to reveal just how much the scientific approach is applied to creating a historical paper. This goes hand in glove with studies into sociopolitical and scientific worldview of authors of the researches, the sources used, the interpretation of facts as well as the style of material’s presentation. Objectives, methods and materials of the research. The purpose of this study is to outline the circle of the most important sources, which contain the data on the history of theater in Kharkiv; to characterize their authors; to define the degree of their mastering of accessible information while writing books and articles on various periods in the development of theater culture in this city in the 19th c.; to establish the main challenges to researchers they have to face under modern conditions. In this study, the author has chosen to apply the traditional cultural-historic method of research. It generally consists of collecting primary information on a certain phenomenon or a prominent figure, working it out, finding its correlation with appropriate historic events, and then making an attempt to substantiate the meaning and importance of the phenomenon / figure studied, in the context of the development of arts in the region. The article based on memoirs, archive materials, periodic publications (containing articles on the activities of theater companies, theatrical managers, actors etc.) and literature on the history of drama as well as general publications, which include items on the theater life in the city. Due to the lack of an entire elaborated bibliographic system, researchers have to engage themselves in painstaking browsing through the entire corpus of periodicals. In Kharkiv, the main sources of relevant information are such periodicals as the “Ukrainskiy vestnik” magazine (1816–1819) and some newspapers: “Kharkovskie gubernskie vedomosti” (1838–1915), “Yuzhnyy kray” (1880–1919), “Utro” (1906–1916), Kharkov (1877–1880), Kharkovskiy listok (1898–1905) and more. Results. The former newspaper “Kharkovskie gubernskie vedomosti” published, in 1841, the essay “Theater in Kharkov” by dramatist and a prominent public figure Hryhoriy Kvitka-Osnov’yanenko (1778–1843), who described the very first period in the history of theater in Kharkiv (1780–1816). In the 1870s, the “Kharkovskie gubernskie vedomosti” started to publish regularly analytical and summarizing articles, which were an attempt at creating theater’s history of a certain period. There was, for one, an article “The Kharkov Drama Theater in Recent Ten Years” by Ivan Ustinov, published in 1877 and dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the Diukovs’ private theater company. I. Ustinov not only gave a brief analysis of the theater’s repertoire between 1867 and 1877, but also included biographies and short characteristics of the actors, which were playing then on Kharkiv stage. Ustinov also is famous as the compiler of the bibliographic index “The Books on Kharkov Governorate” (1886), with certain information on the history of theater in this city. In the 1880s, Konstantin Schelkov, a graduate of the Kharkiv University’s Law School, wrote his articles on the theater in the “Kharkovskie gubernskie vedomosti”. The newspaper published, among others, his article “Materials for the History of Theater in Kharkiv” (1881), in which he described the activities of the theater’s management headed by N. D. Alferaki in 1845–1848. In the early 1880s, another big newspaper, the “Yuzhnyy kray”, was started. Its columnist Nikolay Chernyaev took a great interest in the history of theater in Kharkiv. Mr. Chernyaev’s works include a systematic review of theater culture in Kharkiv from Catherine II epoch until 1843 as well as a number of essays on the development of theater in Kharkiv up to 1880. The author collected wide documentary material dedicated to specific periods of history as well as to certain artistic figures. Chernyaev studied many various sources: dailies and magazines, published in the capital cities and in provinces, many collections of documents, memoirs and so on. Chernyaev’s works proved to be useful to historians D. I. Bagalei and D. P. Miller who covered the history of theater in their famous book “The History of the City of Kharkov during 250 Years of its Existence.” In the first half of the 20th c., there were no integral and systematic researches on the history of the city of the previous century, so the monograph “The Beginnings of the Theater in Kharkov” by Arkadiy Pletniov, published in 1960, one can consider as summarizing. The author based much of his study on the works of N. I. Chernyaev. He also widely used the materials resting in the A. A. Bakhrushin Museum of Theater, Moscow, and in many archives. In his monograph, Dr. Pletniov did not limit himself with listing the events of theatrical life, but thoroughly analyzed the activities of the Board of Trustees and such managers as I. Shtein and L. Mlotkovskiy. In several supplements, one can find lists of main roles played on Kharkiv stage by its prominent actors (N. Rybakov, L. Mlotkovskiy, K. Solenik). Pletniov’s work, enriched by references and commentaries, played an important part in creating the complex picture of Kharkov’s theatrical life. Due to abundance of the facts and clear style, Dr. Pletniov’s book stays up to now a valuable source on the subject. Conclusions. The analysis of historiography concerning the theater in Kharkiv of the 19th and early 20th cc. enables the author to come to conclusion that the main challenges a modern researcher has to face are as follows: the absence of system in bibliographic manuals; lacunas in the funds of periodicals of most libraries; the absence of important documents in archives. Theater life in Kharkiv has been studied far from satisfactory level yet. The following problems of history especially need thorough research work from historical point of view: theater critique; drama art; architecture of theater buildings in Kharkiv; amateur theater companies; charity for theaters; and some other points. The task of modern researchers, as we see it, lies in gradual filling the gaps mentioned above.

scholarly journals THE ANTIKYTHERA WRECK: A NUMISMATIC APPROACH

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Daniele Castrizio
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Second Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Relative Chronology ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

The paper examines the coins found inside the Antikythera wreck. The wreck of Antikythera was discovered by chance by some sponge fishermen in October 1900, in the northern part of the island of Antikythera. The archaeological excavation of the wreck has allowed the recovery of many finds in marble and bronze, with acquisitions of human skeletons related to the crew of the sunken ship, in addition to the famous “Antikythera mechanism”. Various proposals have been made for the chronology of the shipwreck, as well as the port of departure of the ship, which have been based on literary sources or on the chronology of ceramic finds. As far as coins are concerned, it should be remembered that thirty-six silver coins and some forty bronze coins were recovered in 1976, all corroded and covered by encrustations. The separate study of the two classes of materials, those Aegean and those Sicilian allows to deepen the history of the ship shipwrecked to Antikythera. The treasury of silver coinage is composed of thirty-six silver cistophoric tetradrachms, 32 of which are attributable to the mint of Pergamon and 4 to that of Ephesus. From the chronological point of view, the coins minted in Pergamon have been attributed by scholars to the years from 104/98 B.C. to 76/67 B.C., the date that marks the end of the coinage until 59 B.C. The coins of Ephesus are easier to date because they report the year of issue, even if, in the specimens found, the only legible refers to the year 53, corresponding to our 77/76 B.C., if it is assumed as the beginning of the era of Ephesus its elevation to the capital of the province of Asia in 129 B.C., or 82/81 B.C., if we consider 134/133 B.C., the year of the creation of the Provincia Asiana. As for the three legible bronzes, we note that there are a specimen of Cnidus and two of Ephesus. The coin of the city of Caria was dated by scholars in the second half of the third century B.C. The two bronzes of Ephesus are dated almost unanimously around the middle of the first century B.C., although this fundamental data was never considered for the dating of the shipwreck. The remaining three legible bronzes from Asian mints, two from the Katane mint and one from the Panormos mint, belong to a completely different geographical context, such as Sicily, with its own circulation of coins. The two coins of Katane show a typology with a right-facing head of Dionysus with ivy crown, while on the reverse we find the figures of the Pii Fratres of Katane, Amphinomos and Anapias, with their parents on their shoulders. The specimen of Panormos has on the front the graduated head of Zeus turned to the left, and on the verse the standing figure of a warrior with whole panoply, in the act of offering a libation, with on the left the monogram of the name of the mint. As regards the series of Katane, usually dated to the second century B.C., it should be noted, as, moreover, had already noticed Michael Crawford, that there is an extraordinary similarity between the reverse of these bronzes and that of the issuance of silver denarii in the name of Sextus Pompey, that have on the front the head of the general, facing right, and towards the two brothers from Katane on the sides of a figure of Neptune with an aplustre in his right hand, and the foot resting on the bow of the ship, dated around 40 B.C., during the course of the Bellum siculum. We wonder how it is possible to justify the presence in a wreck of the half of the first century B.C. of two specimens of a very rare series of one hundred and fifty years before, but well known to the engravers of the coins of Sextus Pompey. The only possible answer is that Katane coins have been minted more recently than scholars have established. For the coin series of Panormos, then, it must be kept in mind that there are three different variants of the same type of reverse, for which it is not possible to indicate a relative chronology. In one coin issue, the legend of the ethnic is written in Greek characters all around the warrior; in another coin we have a monogram that can be easily dissolved as an abbreviation of the name of the city of Panormos; in the third, in addition to the same monogram, we find the legend CATO, written in Latin characters. In our opinion, this legend must necessarily refer to the presence in Sicily of Marcus Porcius Cato of Utica, with the charge of propraetor in the year 49 B.C. Drawing the necessary consequences from the in-depth analysis, the data of the Sicilian coins seem to attest to their production towards the middle of the first century B.C., in line with what is obtained from the ceramic material found inside the shipwrecked ship, and from the dating of the coins of Ephesus. The study of numismatic materials and a proposal of more precise dating allows to offer a new chronological data for the sinking of the ship. The presence of rare bronze coins of Sicilian mints suggests that the ship came from a port on the island, most likely from that of Katane.

scholarly journals Metaphorical Perception of Kazan Through the Prism of the Tatar Gastronomic Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-297
Author(s):  
Elena L. Iakovleva
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Careful Handling ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stable Association ◽  
National Cuisine ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Levels

The relevance of the research topic is due to the interest in urban space and its cultural and symbolic meaning. The city, perceived as a text, helps in interpreting to understand its specifics and represent it at different levels, which increases, among other things, its tourist attractiveness. The purpose of the study is to analyze the metaphor of Kazan-a woman through the prism of the gastronomic culture of the Tatars. Materials and Methods of Research. The methodological basis of the research consists of the cosmosophical ideas of G. D. Gachev, as well as the books of K. F. Fuchs, K. Nasyri, F. Ibragimova, S. Lutfullina, in which there are characteristics of the gastronomic culture of the Tatars. In the original metaphor, analyzed from the point of view of G. D. Gachev’s cosmosophy, where Kazan represents the Cosmos, and a woman represents Psyche, a missing link is found – the Logos. It is this link that, while remaining an open structure, accommodates various spheres of manifestation of the national mind in the field of culture and art, which helps to identify the feminine qualities of the city when interpreting the metaphor. Results. A stable association associated with Kazan is its Tatar national cuisine. This is no coincidence. The very history of the city according to some extant legends and legends is associated with the cauldron, which is a mandatory attribute of the cuisine. Despite the primacy of the man in the family, the mistress of the kitchen is a woman. It is on her that a huge number of duties are assigned to prepare food and create a spiritual atmosphere during the meal. Gastronomic culture, acting as a Logo, allows us to identify such qualities of Kazan, interpreted as an image of a woman-hostess, as hospitality, cordiality, respect, sensitivity, creativity, rationalism, skillful and careful handling of products. Discussion and conclusion. Clarification of the meaning of the Kazan-woman metaphor requires further study. At the same time, other spheres of culture and various texts of art can act as Logos.

EXPLORATION OF THE EASTERN GATE AND FORTRESS WALLS OF THE MEDIEVAL CITY OF SYGANAK

2021 ◽  
pp. 30-40
Author(s):  
K ZHETIBAYEV ◽  
B SYZDYKOV ◽  
M BAKHTYBAYEV ◽  
M GURSOY
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Political ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Syr Darya

The article, based on medieval historical sources and research conducted on the medieval city of Sygnak, provides a brief overview of the role and significance of the city in the history of the Kazakh nation.One of the major centers on the Great Silk Road, the most important city on the Syr Darya, Sygnak has long been a well-developed culture, economy, crafts and trade, agriculture and cattle breeding.In the XI–XIII centuries it was known as one of the centers of the Kypchak Khanate, in the XIV–XV centuries it was the capital of Ak Orda, and in the XV–XVI centuries it was the capital of the Kazakh Khanate, becoming the political and economic center of the khanate. The defensive system of the medieval city of Sygnak, including the fortified walls with gates, has not been sufficiently studied, therefore, within the framework of this topic, we decided to conduct research work, identify the specifics of the city's defensive system and introduce it into scientific circulation.The article examines the results of archaeological research carried out at the medieval settlement of Syganak, analyzes the architectural features of the eastern gates and fortress walls of the city, manufacturing technology and building materials. In addition, a comparative analysis of the Signak gate with the gates of medieval cities in the region was carried out and additional scientific conclusions were drawn. Based on field data obtained during the excavations, the chronology of the eastern gate and fortress walls was determined.

ԵՐԵՎԱՆՑԻ ԽՈՋԱ ԳՐԻԳՈՐ ՄՈԾԱԿԵՆՑԸ ԵՎ ՄԵՍՐՈՊ ՄԱՇՏՈՑԻ ԱՆՎԱՆ ՄԱՏԵՆԱԴԱՐԱՆԻ N 6231 ՀԱՅՍՄԱՎՈՒՐՔԸ

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-98
Author(s):  
Khachik Harutyunyan
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
Construction Works

GRIGOR KHOJA MOTSAKENTC OF YEREVAN AND NO 6231 HAYSMAVURK‘ OF MATENADARAN OF MESROP MASHTOTS The study is dedicated to the activities of Grigor Khoja, a member of one of the influential families of the late medieval Yerevan known as the Motsakentc. In the context of this research, it is important to highlight the valuable evidences of various written sources of the XVII-XVIII centuries, among which the main colophon of the manuscript MM 6231 copied in 1652, stands out with its relevant information about Grigor. In the same colophon, the scribe lists the construction works funded by Grigor Khoja, who has sponsored also the writing of the manuscript and made various donations to the Kathoghike St. Astvatsatsin Church in Yerevan. According to this source, the chapel of the same church and a bridge in the nearby village of Parakar were built with the financial support of Grigor Motsakentc. However, as it seems, the construction of the bridges was not limited to this. According to historian Arakel Davrijetsi, the Ashtarak bridge on the Kasakh River was built under the sponsorship of the same Grigor Khoja. The second part of the article is dedicated to the history of the manuscript MM 6231, from its copying to later reaching the Matenadaran in Yerevan. According to several further colophons written in the manuscript, the book has been captured and taken to Karin, but later was liberated, returned to Yerevan, and at the beginning of the XX century entered the Matenadaran with the manuscripts collected from various churches in the city.

scholarly journals The Beginning of the Kharkiv Pantheon Formation (on the Materials of Travel Guides of the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Centuries)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Professional Characteristics ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Characteristic ◽  
The City ◽  
Professional Characteristic

The author explores the issue of forming the "pantheon" of the most prominent figures in the history of Kharkiv. To this end, Soviet city guides were analyzed. The names found on the guide pages have been recorded in the appropriate database. The author stated the principles of construction of this database and possible interpretations of the obtained results. It contains two fields - "faces" and "mentions". In the first box, those names found on the guide pages were recorded, and in the second box, those ratings that accompany a specific name were recorded. Along with fixing a person's name, a social or professional characteristic (scientist, military, architect, statesman, etc.) was also mentioned. In the "mention" field, depending on the nature of the mention of a person, a coefficient was stated: if the name was mentioned without a rating, it is a factor # 1 (1 point), a combination with such epithets as "known", "prominent" and the like – a factor # 2 (2 points), more or less a detailed characteristic of the activity, first of all from the point of view of impact on the development of the city – factor # 3 (3 points). As a result, it allowed to create a certain hierarchical name system and to separate "TOP-10" of them. In the long run, it will allow you to see a system of names in the dynamics, when some persons will fall out of the list of leaders at certain periods and others will be included in this list. It will also be important to capture changes in terms of increasing or decreasing attention to a particular category of people (social and professional characteristics). In total, more than 650 people were included in the database. The author concluded that in the early 20th century the guides less mentioned statesmen and local administrators, and more of artists, architects, and scientists. Also, the article states that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the list of "local heroes" in Kharkiv has just begun to form. This can be explained by the absence of some known persons in the TOP-10 list. This is partly due to the fact that the guide genre itself has not yet been completed, and the first guides rather resembled information directories and were thematically imbalanced. Nevertheless, this material can be used in studying the initial stage of assembly of the "Kharkiv Pantheon".

scholarly journals Aplicación de metodología DMAIC en el proceso productivo de fabricación de ladrillo artesanal

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Laura Navarro-Enríquez ◽  
Amado Tovar-Vásque ◽  
Denisse Rivera-Mojica
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Ciudad Juarez ◽  
History Of ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
The City

The history of the brick is the history of civilization, the architecture began when 2 bricks were joined. Brick is an older man-made building material. (W. P. Campbell, 2004 and Sánchez, 2013) he objective of this work is to identify the brick manufacturing production process in the city of Ciudad Juarez through the application of the DMAIC methodology. The research work is based on an exploratory sampling with visits to the most important production areas, specifically at km 20 in Ciudad Juárez Chih. observing the manufacturing process from the mixing of the clays to the firing of the units in the oven. Currently it has been found that the wooden mold only allows to obtain 3 bricks and the mold could be improved to double the production, in addition a table could be adapted that makes it easier for the worker to place the mold without having to bend down. It has been found that there is variability in the dimensions of the bricks between one production and another, verifying the dimensions of the 1st burning in January. Analyzing the production of 500 raw bricks in a 6-hour day, taking 5 products every hour.

scholarly journals City and intelligentsia during the XIX-XX centuries. (historiographic aspect)

2021 ◽  
Vol 134 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-119
Author(s):  
G. Z. Sultangazy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Creative Force ◽  
History Of ◽  
Single Complex ◽  
Urban Issues ◽  
The City

The formation and development of the intelligence as a political and creative force could not exist without the influence of the urban environment. The integration of Kazakh intellectuals into the urban space has led to qualitative changes in such aspects as city, intelligence, and its behavioral patterns. The study of the factors of influence of urban space on the development of social groups and institutions, namely on the qualitative characteristics of the national intelligentsia, the processes of their adaptation to the urban environment is an important task of the humanities, including the historical one. Modern Kazakhstani historiography is in the paradigm of assimilating the results of European and Russian urban history. This article will highlight the historiographic situation in this direction from the point of view of the development of urban issues. The article attempts to analyze the phenomenon the mutual influence of the city and the Kazakh intelligentsia at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries by the principles of historiographic generalization. The city, being a multifunctional space where ideas and innovations are generated, changes not only the landscape, but also the world perception in general. The activities of the national intelligentsia are associated not only with creativity, but primarily with public activity, and determined the development of Kazakhstan in conceptual framework. Today, Kazakhstani historiography is represented by separate studies on the history of the city, intelligentsia, Cossacks, and merchants. At the same time, there are not enough research papers that would consider the population of Kazakhstan and the city as a single complex body, which is in permanent interaction and mutual influence, focusing on the history of everyday life. One of the methods of this study was the historical and genetic one, which allows us to consider the problems in its development and identify patterns. The use of the historicalcomparative method revealed differences in the development of Kazakhstani historiography. A comprehensive study of the urban environment in the historical context allows us to understand the nature of the changes in which society and the state existed, as well as the motives and aspirations of Kazakh intellectuals. One of the results was the identification of common patterns of Soviet and Kazakh historiography, where the city and the intelligentsia are the objects of research and are not considered in close connection and mutual influence. The designated problems did not receive due attention from researchers of both the Soviet and modern periods.

scholarly journals A City without Territory. Trade, Tourism and the Use of the Sea: the Case of Trieste

2021 ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
Sergio Zilli ◽  
Giovanni Modaffari
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Eastern Bloc ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
Trading Network ◽  
The City

This contribution offers a glimpse into recent developments in the administrative, economic and political history of Trieste, within the framework of the local, regional and – because of the town’s unique circumstances – international communities. In the first parts of this work, the identification of the city with Italy’s eastern border is retraced, following the historical events of the second post-war period, a phase in which Trieste was one of the sites of the confrontation, also from a commercial point of view, between Western democracies and the socialist countries of the Eastern Bloc. From the nineteen-sixties onwards, the city had to re-establish its position both within the autonomous region of which it is now the capital – Friuli Venezia Giulia – and in terms of its relationships with the neighbouring countries of Slovenia and Croatia, which are now members of the European Union alongside Italy. This new situation has highlighted the uncertain nature of Trieste’s hinterland by reason of its limited administrative and political power. As is described in the second part of this work, the city had to redefine an economic system in which critical issues such as the absence of major manufacturing industry, the reduced activity of its port, and a trading network stuck in the local dimension have led to the image of Trieste being reconsidered from the point of view of an outside observer, and to a focus on tourism, also through, and as a consequence of, a new and different use of the sea. In this way, we will see how the redevelopment and gentrification of central areas such as the Cavana district or the triangle of via Torino has progressed at the same pace as the private sporting initiative known as the Barcolana, whose economic success and its promotion of the image of Trieste have contributed to remodelling the relationship between the city and the sea, that is, between its inhabitants and the resource upon which Trieste built its fortune. 

scholarly journals The urboecological factors of Kharkiv Urban space (1654 – 1785)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Network Theory ◽  
Green Space ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

This article is devoted to the significant topic, however, unfortunately, still remains outside the field of the view of researchers - the history of the green space of the Kharkiv city. Using sources of the late XVII - late XVIII century an attempt is made to analyze the anthropogenic pressure on the territory of the city and determine the limit of the population that could live on it. The article is written on the basis of the actor-network theory, which calls to analyze the influence of human and natural actors as symmetrical. This approach allowed us to analyze the collected material from the point of view of the idea of ​​co-evolution of the city and the natural environment. The author analyzed the main urban ecological actors and proved that most of the environmental problems were pestering the inhabitants of the city in the 19th century. Nevertheless, they were unknown in the previous century. The residents' need for water supply was fully provided thanks to the well system; they existed in almost every yard, and Kharkiv rivers were also full-flowing. A sufficient number of trees protected the city from dust. However, with the development of the city, including through the drainage of significant areas and their subsequent development, the city was exposed to the devastating consequences of the deterioration of its natural condition. All this could have been avoided, as if the officials responsible for the improvement were competent in this matter. Thus, the article calls for further research on the history of green spaces of the city with the aim of formulating the principles of co-evolution of green and man-made spaces.

scholarly journals EARLY STAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE KASHKADARYA OASIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (07) ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Nilufar Rajabova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
History Of ◽  
Architectural Structures ◽  
The City ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Written Sources

The article analyzes the first stages of studying the archaeological sites of the Kashkadarya oasis from a historical point of view. Beginning in the 18th century, Europeans began to record information about the Kashkadarya oasis. Their main focus is on highlighting the lifestyle of the population, as well as information on historical monuments. In particular, in memoirs, reports and brochures, A. Burns, N. Khannykov, V.V. Bartold, N. Maev, V. Krestovsky, B. Litvinov, D. Logofet, A. Validov, I. Kastane, L. Zimin, you can get a lot of information on this topic. Despite this, the first studies were mostly brief. Most importantly, the attention of architects and art critics is focused on the history of architectural structures in Shakhrisabz, built during the reign of Amir Temur and the Temurids. However, attempts to shed light on the history of the cities of Karshi and Shakhrisabz based on written sources consisted in a collection of the first archaeological observations, historical artifacts and manuscripts. Noteworthy is the information written by N. Khannykov, V.V. Bartold, N. Mayev. Subsequent studies also made extensive use of their memoirs. B. Litvinov's information about the Kashkadarya oasis was supplemented by his drawings. According to Logofet, the history of the city of Shakhrisabz is emphasized, and archaeological excavations show that its history goes back two thousand years. Logofet pays great attention to the medieval history of Karshi, cites various historical sources. It is important for I.Kastana and L.Zimin to describe the archaeological monuments preserved in the vicinity of Karshi from the point of view of that period and compare them on the basis of ancient and medieval written sources.

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