scholarly journals Photosensitivity Reactions Induced by Photochemical Degradation of Drugs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajnal Klelemen ◽  
Gabriel Hancu ◽  
Edina Kacsó ◽  
Lajos-Attila Papp
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Photochemical Degradation ◽  
Clinical Tests ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Photochemical Decomposition

Photochemical degradation of drugs can lead to degradation products with potential toxic or allergizing effects for the human body. A significant amount of work has been carried out over the past few decades to clarify the molecular mechanism of photosensitizing processes observed after the administration of certain drugs and exposure to light. There is a close relation between the photosensitizer effect of a drug and its chemical structure. Compounds possessing certain moieties and functional groups in their molecular structure, like aromatic chromophore systems or photo-dissociable bonds that can form free radicals, and consequently are susceptible to have light-induced adverse effects. Photoionization, photodissociation, photoaddition and photoisomerization are the main chemical processes, which can occur during the photochemical decomposition of a pharmaceutical compound. The current study is a short review describing photochemical degradation of certain pharmaceuticals, presenting specific examples from various pharmaceutical classes for the different types of decomposition mechanisms. In vivo methods and clinical tests available for the investigation of photosensitizing reactions are also discussed.

Potential Uses of Vinegar as a Medicine and Related in vivo Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 127-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeshan Ali ◽  
Zhenbin Wang ◽  
Rai Muhammad Amir ◽  
Shoaib Younas ◽  
Asif Wali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Heart Diseases ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Positive Effect

While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has found that vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates are a good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current review paper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseases both in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.

A Short Review of Experimental Peritoneal Sclerosis: From Mice to Men

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gotloib ◽  
V. Wajsbrot ◽  
A. Shostak
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Products ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Fibrous Tissue ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Thick Sheet ◽  
Other Substances

Peritoneal sclerosis has been induced in rodents in vivo by exposing the membrane to a variety of experimental interventions: asbestos, 0.1% chlorexidine, iron dextran, glucose degradation products, AGE deposits derived from uremia per se, sodium hypochlorite, lypopolysaccharide, low pH, pure water, silica or zymosan. With a few exceptions (pure water, chlorhexidine and low pH), the other substances mentioned operate setting out different degrees of oxidative stress. This short review describes several experimental interventions in rodents, aimed at acute exfoliation or long-term, sustained injury of the mesothelial monolayer performed by means of intraperitoneal injections of different oxidant agents. Acute exfoliation induced by deoxycholate resulted in a depopulated monolayer coincident with immediate alteration of the peritoneal permeability, evidenced by increased urea D/P ratio, higher glucose absorption rate, elevated albumin losses in the effluent and significant reduction of the ultrafiltration rate. In the long term (30 days), these manifestations of membrane failure persisted and coincided with substantial peritoneal sclerosis. Peritoneal sclerosis was also induced by IP injections of 0.125% trypsin and 6.6 mM/L solution of formaldehyde. Using the doughnut rat model of mesothelial regeneration, exposure to 4.25% glucose or 7.5% icodextrin solutions severely hampered repopulation of the monolayer, which was replaced by a thick sheet of fibrous tissue. It is concluded that peritoneal sclerosis derives mostly from sustained oxidative injury to the peritoneal membrane. Loss of the mesothelial monolayer is the first step in the chain of events leading to this complication.

scholarly journals Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Some Novel benzamide derivatives and it's Pharmacological Screening

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshay R. Yadav ◽  
Shrinivas K. Mohite
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Benzoyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Pharmacological Screening ◽  
Benzamide Derivatives

The new series of substituted N-(phenylcarbamothioyl)benzamide derivatives (2a-2f) was designed, development and synthesized by using conventional and microwave method. In present work 6 different N-(phenylcarbamothioyl)benzamide were synthesized. Substituted benzoyl chloride is converted into benzoyl isothiocyanate by esterification. Benzoyl isothiocyanate is converted into Substituted (phenylcarbamothioyl)benzamide by treating with different types of substituted aniline. Confirmation of the chemical structure of the synthesized was substantiated by TLC, IR, 1H NMR, MS spectroscopy.Novel synthesized compounds screened for their in vivo and in-vitro anti-inflammatory studies and compound 2f shows promising anti-inflammatory activity.

scholarly journals Engineering of bioactive metal sulfide nanomaterials for cancer therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidong Fei ◽  
Meng Zhang ◽  
Xiaoyu Fan ◽  
Yiqing Ye ◽  
Mengdan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Metal Sulfide ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Radiation Enhancement ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Antitumor Properties ◽  
Clinical Transformation

AbstractMetal sulfide nanomaterials (MeSNs) are a novel class of metal-containing nanomaterials composed of metal ions and sulfur compounds. During the past decade, scientists found that the MeSNs engineered by specific approaches not only had high biocompatibility but also exhibited unique physicochemical properties for cancer therapy, such as Fenton catalysis, light conversion, radiation enhancement, and immune activation. To clarify the development and promote the clinical transformation of MeSNs, the first section of this paper describes the appropriate fabrication approaches of MeSNs for medical science and analyzes the features and limitations of each approach. Secondly, we sort out the mechanisms of functional MeSNs in cancer therapy, including drug delivery, phototherapy, radiotherapy, chemodynamic therapy, gas therapy, and immunotherapy. It is worth noting that the intact MeSNs and the degradation products of MeSNs can exert different types of anti-tumor activities. Thus, MeSNs usually exhibit synergistic antitumor properties. Finally, future expectations and challenges of MeSNs in the research of translational medicine are spotlighted.

scholarly journals Carrageenan Based Bionanocomposites as Drug Delivery Tool with Special Emphasis on the Influence of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abida Kalsoom Khan ◽  
Ain Us Saba ◽  
Shamyla Nawazish ◽  
Fahad Akhtar ◽  
Rehana Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types

Over the past few years, considerable attention has been focused on carrageenan based bionanocomposites due to their multifaceted properties like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and nontoxicity. Moreover, these composites can be tailored according to the desired purpose by using different nanofillers. The role of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in drug delivery is also discussed here in detail. Moreover, this article also presents a short review of recent research on the different types of the carrageenan based bionanocomposites and applications.

scholarly journals Plasticizers Derived from Biomass Resources: A Short Review

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puyou Jia ◽  
Haoyu Xia ◽  
Kehan Tang ◽  
Yonghong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Biomass Resources ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
And Function

With rising environmental concerns and depletion of petrochemical resources, biomass-based chemicals have been paid more attention. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticizers derived from biomass resources (vegetable oil, cardanol, vegetable fatty acid, glycerol and citric acid) have been widely studied to replace petroleum-based o-phthalate plasticizers. These bio-based plasticizers mainly include epoxidized plasticizer, polyester plasticizer, macromolecular plasticizer, flame retardant plasticizer, citric acid ester plasticizer, glyceryl ester plasticizer and internal plasticizer. Bio-based plasticizers with the advantages of renewability, degradability, hypotoxicity, excellent solvent resistant extraction and plasticizing performances make them potential to replace o-phthalate plasticizers partially or totally. In this review, we classify different types of bio-based plasticizers according to their chemical structure and function, and highlight recent advances in multifunctional applications of bio-based plasticizers in PVC products. This study will increase the interest of researchers in bio-based plasticizers and the development of new ideas in this field.

The Potential of Flavonoids and Tannins from Medicinal Plants as Anticancer Agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 2216-2227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia D. Teodor ◽  
Oana Ungureanu ◽  
Florentina Gatea ◽  
Gabriel L. Radu
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
The Past ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
The Individual

The tendency of using herbs extracts or natural compounds extracted from herbs for preventing or treating different illnesses, including cancer, continues to be an alternative to drug use. Many studies of plant compounds aimed at finding substances with selective cytotoxicity on abnormal cells. Phenolic compounds, as important secondary metabolites from plants, are one of them. In this review, the recent literature data from the past five years about anticancer/antitumor effect of flavonoids and tannins extracted from medicinal plants are surveyed. The cytostatic/antitumor effects of the individual compounds extracted from plants and/or of the plants' polyphenolic extracts are considered, in order to point out the most significant constituents or plants with anticancer potential. The most important results concerning these compounds and their derivatives in cancer prevention and treatment, the importance of their chemical structure, their mechanism of action in vitro and in vivo, and some bioavailability aspects are discussed.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

Osseointegration interface of calcified bone and endosseous implants

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1096-1097
Author(s):  
K.E. Krizan ◽  
J.E. Laffoon ◽  
M.J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Endosseous Implants ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
One Year ◽  
And Function

With increase use of tissue-integrated prostheses in recent years it is a goal to understand what is happening at the interface between haversion bone and bulk metal. This study uses electron microscopy (EM) techniques to establish parameters for osseointegration (structure and function between bone and nonload-carrying implants) in an animal model. In the past the interface has been evaluated extensively with light microscopy methods. Today researchers are using the EM for ultrastructural studies of the bone tissue and implant responses to an in vivo environment. Under general anesthesia nine adult mongrel dogs received three Brånemark (Nobelpharma) 3.75 × 7 mm titanium implants surgical placed in their left zygomatic arch. After a one year healing period the animals were injected with a routine bone marker (oxytetracycline), euthanized and perfused via aortic cannulation with 3% glutaraldehyde in 0.1M cacodylate buffer pH 7.2. Implants were retrieved en bloc, harvest radiographs made (Fig. 1), and routinely embedded in plastic. Tissue and implants were cut into 300 micron thick wafers, longitudinally to the implant with an Isomet saw and diamond wafering blade [Beuhler] until the center of the implant was reached.

The Inhibition of Platelet Aggregation by an Aorta Intima Extract

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (02/03) ◽  
pp. 417-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. du P Heyns ◽  
D. J van den Berg ◽  
G. M Potgieter ◽  
F. P Retief
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Vascular Trauma ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Sequential Addition ◽  
Aggregation Activity

SummaryThe platelet aggregating activity of extracts of different layers of the arterial wall was compared to that of Achilles tendon. Arterial media and tendon extracts, adjusted to equivalent protein content as an index of concentration, aggregated platelets to the same extent but an arterial intima extract did not aggregate platelets. Platelet aggregation induced by collagen could be inhibited by mixing with intima extract, but only to a maximum of about 80%. Pre-mixing adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with intima extracts diminished the platelet aggregation activity of the ADP. Depending on the relationship between ADP and intima extract concentrations aggregating activity could either be completely inhibited or inhibition abolished. Incubation of ADP with intima extract and subsequent separation of degradation products by paper chromatography, demonstrated a time-dependent breakdown of ADP with AMP, adenosine, inosine and hypoxanthine as metabolic products; ADP removal was complete. Collagen, thrombin and adrenaline aggregate platelets mainly by endogenous ADP of the release reaction. Results of experiments comparing inhibition of aggregation caused by premixing aggregating agent with intima extract, before exposure to platelets, and the sequential addition of first the intima extract and then aggregating agent to platelets, suggest that the inhibitory effect of intima extract results from ADP breakdown. It is suggested that this ADP degradation by intima extract may play a protective role in vivo by limiting the size of platelet aggregates forming at the site of minimal “wear and tear” vascular trauma.

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