scholarly journals Evaluation of inflammatory miRNA155 and 146a expression in heart tissue of ovalbumin-sensitized male rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-11
Author(s):  
Mehdi Hassanpour ◽  
Akbar Darbin ◽  
Rana Keyhanmanesh ◽  
Mahdi Ahmadi ◽  
Reza Rahbarghazi
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
System Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pathological Changes ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue

Introduction: Asthma is a chronic pulmonary inflammation occurred in response to different allergens, leading to respiratory system insufficiency. The production of different inflammatory factors and enhanced immune system response may affect the function of other organs. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of inflammatory microRNAs in cardiac tissue in asthmatic rat model. Methods: In this study, the animals were allocated into Control and Asthmatic rats (n=8). To induce asthma, rats were challenged with ovalbumin. 14 days after induction of asthma, rats were euthanized and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining was performed to assess pathological changes in pulmonary tissue. Serum levels of cardiac enzymes were measured using ELISA kits. Finally, transcription level of inflammatory miRNAs, miRNA-146a and -155, were measured using real-time PCR analysis. Results: Based on our findings, histological examination indicated the existence of pathological changes in pulmonary tissue after asthma induction. Bright-field analysis revealed an existence of inflammatory response and cytotoxicity in cardiac tissue. Also, the serum levels of CpK-MB, ALT, and AST were significantly higher in the serum of asthmatic group compared to control group (p<0.05). Finally, asthmatic condition induced the expression of (2-fold) miRNA-146a and (1.5-fold)-155 in cardiac tissue, respectively. Conclusion: As a conclusion, it could be concluded that asthmatic condition induces systemic inflammation in cardiac tissue. On a more general note, we propose that therapeutical approaches directed to inflammatory pathway may be required to preserve cardiac injuries caused of asthma.

scholarly journals Intratracheal administration of bone marrow c-kit+ cells offered hopes in ameliorating asthmatic pathologies via the control of miRNA-133 and -126

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Rahbarghazi ◽  
Rana Keyhanmanesh ◽  
Fatemeh Mirershadi ◽  
Hossain Heiran ◽  
Hesam Saghaei Bagheri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Pathological Examination ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intratracheal Administration ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Mirnas Expression

Abstract Background There are still challenges regarding c-kit+ cells therapeutic outcome in the clinical setting. Here, we examined of c-kit+ cells effect on the alleviation of asthma by modulating miRNAs expression.MethodsTo induce asthma, male rats were exposed to ovalbumin. Bone marrow-derived c-kit+ cells were enriched by MACS. Animals were classified into four groups (each in 6 rats). Control rats received PBS intratracheally; Ovalbumin-sensitized rats received PBS intratracheally; Ovalbumin-sensitized rats received PBS intratracheally containing 3×105 c-kit+ and c-kit- cells. Cells were stained with Dil fluorescent dye to track in vivo condition. Pathological changes were monitored in asthmatic rats after transplantation of c-kit+ and c-kit- cells. Serum levels of IL-4 and INF-γ were measured by ELISA. Transcription of miRNAs (-126 and 133) were assessed by real-time PCR analysis.ResultsPathological examination, Th1 and Th2 associated cytokines fluctuation confirmed the occurrence of asthma in rats indicated by chronic changes and prominent inflammation compared to the control group (p<0.05). Both c-kit+ and c-kit- cells were verified in pulmonary niche. Administration of c-kit positive cells had potential to changes INF-γ/IL-4 ratio and closed to the normal values compared to matched-control asthmatic rats (p<0.05). We also found that c-kit+ cells regulated the expression of miRNA-126 and -133, indicated by increase of miRNA-133 and decrease of miRNA-126 compared to cell-free sensitized groups (p<0.05). c-kit- cells were unable to promote any therapeutic outcomes in asthmatic milieu.ConclusionsIn overall, c-kit+ cells had potential to diminish asthma-related pathologies presumably by controlling the transcription of miRNA-126 and -133.

scholarly journals Investigation Into Effect Of Crude Mixture Of Abrus Precatorius Seed On Hypothalamopituitary Gonadal Axis And Development Of Antifertility In Male Rats

1970 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Talukder ◽  
MA Hossain ◽  
S Sarker ◽  
MAH Khan
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Serum Biochemistry ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abrus Precatorius ◽  
Crude Mixture

To evaluate the antifertility effect of crude mixture of A. precatorius seeds at the dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight in adult male rats, after oral administration to male rats for 40 days, the rats were sacrificed and hormonal profiles, serum biochemistry, sperm count and histological changes were recorded. A sharp decrease in the serum levels of testosterone (0.70 ± 0.17 ng/ml), FSH (0.70 ± 0.22 lU/L), and LH (0.87 ± 0.35 IU/L) was detected compared to control (FSH, LH and testosterone levels 0.93 ± 0.15 ng/ml, 0.76 ± 0.28 IU/L, 1.44 ± .011 IU/L, respectively). A significant reduction of epididymal sperm count (2.34 million/mL) was noted in treated rats as compared to control group (7.87 million/mL). Histology of testes showed marked atrophy of the testes, which was characterized by disruption of the seminiferous epithelium and atrophy of the Leydig cells. Crude mixture of A. precatorius seed has a negative impact on male reproductive functions. It might be suggested that crude mixture of A. precatorius seeds might have antifertility property for male rats.   Keywords: Abrus precatorius; antifertility; male rat; testosterone. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v36i1.9234 BJAR 2011; 36(1): 103-109

scholarly journals Changes in Cardiac Levels of Caspase-8, Bcl-2 and NT-proBNP Following 4 Weeks of Aerobic Exercise in Diabetic Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-177
Author(s):  
Saeid Tanoorsaz ◽  
Naser Behpoor ◽  
Vahid Tadibi
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Cardiovascular Complications ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Caspase 8

Introduction: Cardiac apoptosis is one of the most important cardiovascular complications of diabetes. We aimed to investigate the changes of caspase-8, Bcl-2, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in cardiac tissue after 4 weeks of aerobic exercise in male rats with diabetes. Methods: Forty adult male rats were randomly allocated to healthy control, diabetes, control + exercise and exercise + diabetes groups. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) solution (55 mg/kg). Two weeks after injection, fasting blood glucose levels were measured. After the induction of diabetes, the exercise program was performed for 4 weeks (5 sessions per week) at a speed of 15 to 18 m/min for 25 to 44 minutes. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the subjects were anesthetized and the heart muscle was removed. Caspase-8, Bcl-2 and NT-proBNP levels were measured by ELISA method. Results: The induction of diabetes in the control group resulted in a significant increase in caspase-8, and NT-proBNP levels while an insignificant increase was observed for Bcl-2 levels (P<0.05). In non-diabetic groups, exercise caused no changes in caspase-8, NT-proBNP and Bcl-2 (P<0.05). Exercise in diabetic groups significantly decreased NT-proBNP while no changes were observed in caspase-8 and Bcl-2 (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings showed that diabetes increases the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic agent. In addition, 4 weeks of regular aerobic exercises can be used as a non-pharmacological strategy to reduce the complications of apoptosis in diabetic cardiomyocytes.

Comorbidity: Chronic neurogenic pain affects malignant growth and changes balance of neurosteroids in brain of rats.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e23516-e23516
Author(s):  
Yulia A. Pogorelova ◽  
Ekaterina I. Surikova ◽  
Elena M. Frantsiyants ◽  
Valeria A. Bandovkina ◽  
Irina V. Kaplieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Subclavian Vein ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Malignant Growth ◽  
Neurogenic Pain ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
The Brain

e23516 Background: Sex steroids in the brain regulate neurogenesis and the body's response to stress. Chronic neurogenic pain (CNP) and the tumor growth are stress factors that often accompany each other. The purpose of the study was to analyze levels of sex steroid hormones in white matter of the brain of rats with tumor development in presence of CNP. Methods: The study included white outbred male rats (n = 74). In the main groups, a CNP model was created by bilateral sciatic nerve ligation, and after 45 days, M1 sarcoma was transplanted subcutaneously (n = 11) or into the subclavian vein (n = 11). Two comparison groups (each n = 13) included sham operated animals with M1 sarcoma transplanted subcutaneously or into the subclavian vein. Control groups (each n = 13) included animals with CNP or sham operated rats. Levels of testosterone (T), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and progesterone (P4) were measured by ELISA (Cusabio, China) in the brain tissues obtained on day 21 of the tumor growth. Results: Tumors transplanted subcutaneously with and without CNP grew in 100% of animals. Tumor volumes were 1.5 times (p<0.05) greater in animals with CNP, compared with rats without CNP, while the survival in the groups was similar. Levels of all studied hormones, except for E1, in the brain tissue in subcutaneous sarcoma growth were lower in presence of CNP than without it: T and E3–on average by 1.4 times (p<0.05), E2 and P4–by 3.5 times (p<0.05). In rats with intravenous transplantation of M1, tumor nodes in the lungs were registered only in rats with CNP, and the survival of animals was 36 days shorter (p<0.05) than in rats of the corresponding control group. Such specificity of selective neoplastic growth in the pulmonary tissue was combined with lower cerebral T and E3 levels than in the corresponding control–on average by 1.4 times (p<0.05), E2–by 7.2 times, and higher levels of E1–by 1.3 (p<0.05) and P4–by 2.0 times, compared to animals which did not develop the neoplastic process in the lungs without pain. Conclusions: The presence of CNP stimulates the growth of M1 sarcoma in standard subcutaneous inoculation and allows the development of tumors in the lung in intravenous inoculation. The specificity of malignant growth in presence of CNP is accompanied by changes in the brain levels of neurosteroids in rats.

Construction of Hyperuricemia Model Rats with Yeast Extract Combined with Oteracil Potassium

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilidaer Xilifu ◽  
Alimu Kateer ◽  
Nijiati Rehemu ◽  
Zhao-yong Li ◽  
jie Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Serum Uric Acid ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Optimal Dosage

Abstract Background: Hyperuricemia is the most important risk factor for gout, hypertension, coronary artery disease and other cardiovascular diseases. The incidence of hyperuricemia gradually increased in recent years and it is very necessary to explore the medications of the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia using hyperuricemia animal models. Objective: The objective of present study is to explore the optimal dose of yeast extract and oteracil potassium in the establishment of hyperuricemia rat model. Method: Sixty-four male rats were randomly divided into 8 experimental groups. Rats were treated with yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection or yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with various doses of oteracil potassium by intragastric feeding or intraperitoneal injection for 28 days. The serum uric acid, urea nitrogen and creatinine levels of different groups were measured at 0th day, 7th day, 14th day, 21th day and 28th day. Results: The serum levels of uric acid in the groups of intraperitoneal injection with yeast extract alone, yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with 50-200 mg/kg oteracil potassium by intragastric feeding and yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with 50-100 mg/kg oteracil potassium by intraperitoneal injection were higher than that in the control group. But we found no significant effect on rat kidney, heart or artery in the above groups. In the group of yeast extract by intraperitoneal injection combined with 200 mg/kg oteracil potassium by intraperitoneal injection, we observed the significantly high level of serum uric acid and morphological and pathological changes in rat kidney, heart and artery. Conclusion: In the present study, we found that continuously treated with yeast extract combined with oteracil potassium is an effective method to establish rat hyperuricemia model. Intraperitoneal injection of yeast extract combined with 200 mg/kg oteracil potassium is an optimal dosage for the construction of a persistent and stable hyperuricemia animal model.

Correlation between Serum and Tissue Levels of Adipokines in Obesity in Adult Male Rats with and without Antioxidant

QJM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Elshawwa
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Levels ◽  
Group I

Abstract Background Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, type2 diabetes, dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Apelin and chemerin are identified as adipokines and adipose tissue markers. Several adipose-derived peptides are known to influence food intake, including apelin, whose expression is regulated by insulin and chemerin. Oxidative stress thought to be involved in the development of complications associated with obesity. Objective To study the nature of correlation between serum and liver levels of apelin, chemerin and oxidative parameters in obese rats with and without antioxidant. Aiming to clarify the pathophysiology of obesity. Material and Methods Thirty adult male albino rats, divided into three equal groups. Group I (control), group II (obese) and group III (obese and Lepidium sativum (LS) as an antioxidants). At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for estimation of the serum levels of chemerin, apelin, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (IR), lipid profile, reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition to tissue homogenous extracts of liver were taken for the levels of MDA, CAT, chemerin and apelin. Results After eight weeks, high fat diet group showed a significant increase in serum levels of apelin, chemerin, fasting glucose, insulin, IR, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) & MDA and a significant decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) & GSH. HFD also caused a significant increase in tissue levels of MDA, CAT & chemerin and a significant decrease in apelin, compared to control group. While addition of LS to HFD caused a significant decrease in serum levels of apelin, chemerin, fasting glucose, insulin, IR, TC, TG, LDL-C & MDA and a significant increase in HDL-C & GSH. LS also caused a significant decrease in tissue levels of MDA, chemerin & insignificant decrease in CAT and a significant increase in apelin, compared to HFD group. Conclusion This study showed a significant positive correlation between liver & serum chemerin and between liver and serum MDA. On the other hand, it showed a significant negative correlation between liver and serum apelin and liver CAT and serum GSH

Zataria multiflora extract and carvacrol affect cardiotoxicity induced by Adriamycin in rat

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Khajavi Rad ◽  
Reza Mohebbati
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase ◽  
Zataria Multiflora ◽  
Total Thiol ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Stress Damage

Abstract Background Because of the antioxidant effects of Zataria multiflora (ZM) and carvacrol (CAR) and also the role of oxidative stress in the induction of cardiotoxicity induced by Adriamycin (ADR), the aim of this study was to investigate the improvement effects of ZM extract and CAR on cardiotoxicity induced by ADR in rats. Methods Twenty-eight male rats were randomly assigned to four groups including (1) the control group; (2) the ADR group, which received ADR intravenously at the beginning of the study and the (3) ZM+ADR and (4) CAR+ADR groups, which received ZM and CAR by gavage for 28 consecutive days and ADR as single dose. Blood samples were collected on days 0 and 28 to determine serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Also, cardiac tissue was removed for redox marker evaluation. Results In the ADR group, malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly increased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and total thiol contents significantly reduced, as compared with the control group, while CAR administration significantly improved this condition. Treatment with ZM significantly increased the SOD activity and total thiol content, as compared with the ADR group. The level of LDH significantly increased on day 28 in the ADR group compared to the control group, and administration of ZM and CAR significantly decreased it. The SGPT and SGOT levels in the ADR group significantly increased, and CAR administration significantly reduced them. Conclusion The results indicate that the administration of ZM hydroalcoholic extracts and its active ingredient, CAR, could reduce the oxidative stress damage through promotion of the cardiac and systemic antioxidant system. Also, CAR administration demonstrated better improvement in cardiotoxicity with ADR in rats.

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Moxibustion on the Serum Levels of CXCL1 and β-EP in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Siyu Tao ◽  
Xue Wang ◽  
Chenxi Liao ◽  
Yan Xiong ◽  
Jie Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chemokine Ligand ◽  
Pain Symptoms

Objective. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of moxibustion on joint swelling and pain and the levels of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), β-endorphin (β-EP) in serum of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic mechanism of moxibustion on improving RA. Methods. Sixty-eight patients with RA were randomly and equally classified into the control and treatment groups. The control group was treated with routine drug therapy, while the treatment group received routine drug therapy and moxibustion. Both groups were treated for eight weeks. The symptoms and laboratory indicators of RA patients were compared in the two groups before and after intervention. Results. Sixty-one patients completed the study: four patients dropped out from the treatment group and three from the control group. Trial endpoints were change (∆) in symptoms, measured by Ritchie’s articular index (RAI), swollen joint count (SJC), and laboratory indicators, measured by the level of CXCL1, β-EP, tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). ∆RAI, ∆SJC, ∆CXCL1, ∆β-EP, ∆TNF-α, and ∆IL-1β in the treatment group were superior to the control group (13.50 [14.50] versus 6.00 [13.00] in ∆RAI, 4.00 [3.00] versus 2.00 [4.00] in ∆SJC, 0.04 ± 0.79 ng/mL versus -0.01 ± 0.86 ng/mL in ∆CXCL1, -2.43 [5.52] pg/mg versus -0.04 [4.09] pg/mg in ∆β-EP, 3.45 [5.90] pg/mL versus 1.55 [8.29] pg/mL in ∆TNF-α, and 6.15 ± 8.65 pg/mL versus 1.28 ± 8.51 pg/mL in ∆IL-1β; all P  < 0.05). Conclusion. Moxibustion can improve the joint swelling and pain symptoms in patients with RA, which may be related to the fact that moxibustion can reduce the release of inflammatory factors in patients with RA and downregulate the level of CXCL1 and increase the level of β-EP at the same time. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-IOR-17012282.

scholarly journals Effect of Root Canal Therapy Combined with Full Crown Restoration on the Level of Inflammatory Factors and Chewing Function in Patients with Cracked Teeth and Chronic Pulpitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ying Lu ◽  
Ning Wu ◽  
Bin Ma ◽  
Feng Qin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Research Group ◽  
Root Canal ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Root Canal Therapy ◽  
Total Incidence

Objective. To explore the clinical effect of root canal therapy combined with full crown restoration in patients with cracked teeth and chronic pulpitis. Methods. From May 2018 to June 2020, 87 patients with cracked teeth and chronic pulpitis in our hospital were selected; the patients were randomly divided into the control group and the research group by random number method. The control group only used root canal therapy; the research group used root canal therapy combined with full crown restoration. The therapeutic effect, levels of inflammatory factors, chewing function, periodontal index, complications, and quality of life were compared between the two groups. Results. The total effective rate of the research group (97.78%) was better than the total effective rate of the control group (85.71%) ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with before treatment, the serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) of the two groups of patients decreased after treatment. After treatment, compared with the control group, the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and CRP in the research group decreased ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with before treatment, the bite force of teeth and chewing efficiency of the two groups of patients increased after treatment. After treatment, compared with the control group, the bite force of teeth and chewing efficiency of the research group increased ( P < 0.05 ). Compared with before treatment, the plaque index (PLI), probing depth (PD), gingival sulcus bleeding index (BI), and gingival index (GI) of the two groups of patients decreased after treatment. After treatment, compared with the control group, the PLI, PD, BI, and GI of the research group decreased ( P < 0.05 ). The total incidence of complications in the research group was (11.11%), and the total incidence of complications in the control group was (16.67%); there was no significant difference between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ). After treatment, compared with the control group, the quality of life scores of the patients in the research group were reduced ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Root canal therapy and full crown restoration have a definite curative effect in patients with cracked teeth and chronic pulpitis, which can improve the inflammatory response, restore chewing function, maintain periodontal health, improve the quality of life, and do not increase the incidence of complications, so it has good application value.

scholarly journals A Randomized Control Trial Study to Determine the Effect of Melatonin on Serum Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masoomeh Yosefifard ◽  
Gholamhassan Vaezi ◽  
Ali Akbar Malekirad ◽  
Fardin Faraji ◽  
Vida Hojati
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common neurological disease that happens at a young age. MS is an inflammatory disease; associated with the demyelination of the central nervous system. Therefore, some inflammatory factors are effective in the mechanism and progression of the disease. Melatonin, as a multi-effect substance including anti-inflammatory effects, can reduce symptoms of MS in patients with a change in their inflammatory factors level. In this study, 50 MS patients who were referred to the MS Society of Markazi Province were randomly selected. All patients were treated with routine MS treatment (interferon) and were divided into control (25 placebo recipients) and treatment (25 recipients of 3 mg melatonin per day for 24 weeks) groups. Anthropometric data of patients including height, weight, and age were determined. Blood samples were collected after fasting in order to determine serum levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Then, samples were immediately centrifuged for serum separation and sera were transferred to a freezer at -80°C and serum levels of these factors were determined; using ELISA kit. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference between the control and treatment groups in terms of serum levels of TNF-α. However, the level of IL-1β was significantly reduced in the treatment group compared to the control group, indicating that melatonin decreases this inflammatory substance. Our findings suggest a valuable strategy in the treatment of patients who suffer from MS

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