scholarly journals BIOMARKERS OF CARDIAC FIBROSIS IN ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Ya. Dotsenko ◽  
L. V. Gerasimenko ◽  
S. S. Boev ◽  
I. A. Shekhunova ◽  
A. V. Molodan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Myocardial Fibrosis ◽  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Myocardial Remodeling ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

Abstract The article presents a review of the literature on the role of myocardial fibrosis in the development of myocardial remodeling in patients with arterial hypertension. Information about the state of the structure and function of the extracellular matrix in health and disease is generalized. The characteristics of myocardial fibrosis biomarkers detection in the circulating blood are reflected. Keywords: arterial hypertension, myocardial fibrosis, extracellular matrix, collagen, biomarkers.

Adventitial fibroblasts in vascular structure and function: the role of oxidative stress and beyondThis review is one of a selection of papers published in a Special Issue on Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease.

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Di Wang ◽  
Matthew T. Rätsep ◽  
Alexander Chapman ◽  
Ryan Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Blood Vessel ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Vascular Structure ◽  
Matrix Deposition ◽  
Adventitial Fibroblasts ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The vascular adventitia, defined as the area between the external elastic lamina and the outermost edge of the blood vessel, is composed primarily of fibroblasts and for years was thought to be merely a passive structural support for the blood vessel. Consequently, studies pertaining to the role of the adventitia in regulating vascular function have been far outnumbered by those regarding the vascular endothelium. However, recent work has begun to reveal the dynamic properties of the adventitia. It was therefore the aim of this review to provide an overview of the existing knowledge demonstrating the role of the adventitia in regulating vessel structure and function. The main topics covered in this review include the cellular composition of the adventitia and the role of the adventitia in vascular oxidative stress, vasomotor responses, extracellular matrix protein expression, growth factor expression, and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression. Recent evidence suggests that the adventitia is a major producer of vascular reactive oxygen species. It displays a distinct response to injury, hypoxia, and pulmonary hypertension, mediating vascular remodelling, repair, and extracellular matrix deposition. It may also play a role in regulating vascular tone. More recently, it has been reported that adventitial fibroblasts can produce ET-1 after Ang II treatment. Additionally, emerging evidence suggests that the adventitia may be a potent source of vasoactive hormones such as growth factors and ET-1, which may regulate vascular structure and function via autocrine or paracrine signalling mechanisms. Despite these findings, many important questions regarding the role of the vascular adventitia remain unanswered, suggesting the need for further research to determine its exact function in health and disease.

scholarly journals miR-21 is upregulated, promoting fibrosis and blocking G2/M in irradiated rat cardiac fibroblasts

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10502
Author(s):  
Huan Guo ◽  
Xinke Zhao ◽  
Haixiang Su ◽  
Chengxu Ma ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Fibrosis ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Cardiac Fibrosis ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
Differentially Expressed Gene ◽  
Stem Loop ◽  
Cardiac Morbidity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Function

Background Radiation exposure of the thorax is associated with a greatly increased risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality even after several decades of advancement in the field. Although many studies have demonstrated the damaging influence of ionizing radiation on cardiac fibroblast (CF) structure and function, myocardial fibrosis, the molecular mechanism behind this damage is not well understood. miR-21, a small microRNA, promotes the activation of CFs, leading to cardiac fibrosis. miR-21 is overexpressed after irradiation; however, the relationship between increased miR-21 and myocardial fibrosis after irradiation is unclear. This study was conducted to investigate gene expression after radiation-induced CF damage and the role of miR-21 in this process in rats. Methods We sequenced irradiated rat CFs and performed weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) combined with differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis to observe the effect on the expression profile of CF genes after radiation. Results DEG analysis showed that the degree of gene changes increased with the radiation dose. WGCNA revealed three module eigengenes (MEs) associated with 8.5-Gy-radiation—the Yellow, Brown, Blue modules. The three module eigengenes were related to apoptosis, G2/M phase, and cell death and S phase, respectively. By blocking with the cardiac fibrosis miRNA miR-21, we found that miR-21 was associated with G2/M blockade in the cell cycle and was mainly involved in regulating extracellular matrix-related genes, including Grem1, Clu, Gdf15, Ccl7, and Cxcl1. Stem-loop quantitative real-time PCR was performed to verify the expression of these genes. Five genes showed higher expression after 8.5 Gy-radiation in CFs. The target genes of miR-21 predicted online were Gdf15 and Rsad2, which showed much higher expression after treatment with antagomir-miR-21 in 8.5-Gy-irradiated CFs. Thus, miR-21 may play the role of fibrosis and G2/M blockade in regulating Grem1, Clu, Gdf15, Ccl7, Cxcl1, and Rsad2 post-irradiation.

The role of nanotechnology in the study of human DNA and delivery of drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Ihtesham Shafiq ◽  
Faryal Ahmad ◽  
Fatima Ali
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Medical Applications ◽  
Targeted Drugs ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
Human Dna ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function ◽  
Areas Of Interest

Increasingly, newer discoveries lead to innovative technologies that enable the study of existing phenomena as well as pave the way for advancement of other disciplines. One such field, that of Nanotechnology, offers unlimited promise and potential to enable researchers the ability to work at molecular or near-atomic levels. Medical applications are expected in vital areas of human health and disease, such as the structure and function of DNA, and the delivery of targeted drugs or other chemicals to areas of interest.

PATHOGENETIC ROLE OF MYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS: FOCUS ON EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
T. M. Ambrosova ◽  
T. V. Ashcheulova
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Myocardial Fibrosis ◽  
Cardiac Remodeling ◽  
Heart Muscle ◽  
Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Collagen Type ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
And Function

The main cardiovascular diseases affect the processes of myocardial remodeling, which further contributes to the formation of systolic or diastolic heart dysfunction. The formation of myocardial dysfunction is primarily associated with left ventricular hypertrophy when under hemodynamic loading, firstly, wall rigidity increases, secondly, myocardial fibrosis is formed. The latter is one of the key factors of the hypertrophic process caused by the accumulation of collagen, which leads to a aggravation of the left ventricle relaxation processes. Cardiac remodeling is defined as a group of molecular, cellular, and interstitial changes that are clinically manifested by alterations in the size, shape, and function of heart as a result of the heart muscle injury. It has been determined that fibrosis is an early morphological sign of injury in patients with left ventricular overload, as well as a factor in the development of diastolic and systolic dysfunctions. Compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy transforms into heart failure due to the fibrosis development. In hypertrophy the content of elastic collagen type III decreases and rigid collagen type I increases. The essential role of the extracellular matrix in myocardial fibrosis formation is emphasized. Cardiac fibrosis is a process of pathological remodeling of the extracellular matrix, which leads to abnormalities in its composition and dysfunction of the heart muscle. The extracellular matrix plays a key role in organogenesis and post−traumatic healing in tissue injuries. The study of intercellular interactions of the extracellular matrix will provide a better understanding of the mechanisms of changes in geometry and function of the heart, and investigation of the activity of matrix components will open new opportunities for targeted therapeutic effects on molecular mechanisms of cardiac remodeling. Key words: diastolic dysfunction, extracellular matrix, myocardial fibrosis, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts.

scholarly journals Intestinal Barrier Function in Health and Disease—Any Role of SARS-CoV-2?

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1744
Author(s):  
Lakshya Sharma ◽  
Antonio Riva
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Barrier Functions ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

Alterations in the structure and function of the intestinal barrier play a role in the pathogenesis of a multitude of diseases. During the recent and ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, it has become clear that the gastrointestinal system and the gut barrier may be affected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, and disruption of barrier functions or intestinal microbial dysbiosis may have an impact on the progression and severity of this new disease. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of current evidence on the involvement of gut alterations in human disease including COVID-19, with a prospective outlook on supportive therapeutic strategies that may be investigated to rescue intestinal barrier functions and possibly facilitate clinical improvement in these patients.

scholarly journals The role of endothelial glycocalyx in health and disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 611-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onur Yilmaz ◽  
Baris Afsar ◽  
Alberto Ortiz ◽  
Mehmet Kanbay
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Kidney Diseases ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Endothelial Glycocalyx ◽  
Surrogate Markers ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

AbstractThe endothelium is the largest organ in the body and recent studies have shown that the endothelial glycocalyx (eGCX) plays a major role in health and disease states. The integrity of eGCX is vital for homoeostasis and disruption of its structure and function plays a major role in several pathologic conditions. An increased understanding of the numerous pathophysiological roles of eGCX may lead to the development of potential surrogate markers for endothelial injury or novel therapeutic targets. This review provides a state-of-the-art update on the structure and function of the eGCX, emphasizing the current understanding of interorgan crosstalk between the eGCX and other organs that might also contribute to the pathogenesis of kidney diseases.

scholarly journals From Structure to Function: the Ecology of Host-Associated Microbial Communities

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 453-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney J. Robinson ◽  
Brendan J. M. Bohannan ◽  
Vincent B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Human Microbiota ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Indigenous Microbiota ◽  
And Function

SUMMARY In the past several years, we have witnessed an increased interest in understanding the structure and function of the indigenous microbiota that inhabits the human body. It is hoped that this will yield novel insight into the role of these complex microbial communities in human health and disease. What is less appreciated is that this recent activity owes a great deal to the pioneering efforts of microbial ecologists who have been studying communities in non-host-associated environments. Interactions between environmental microbiologists and human microbiota researchers have already contributed to advances in our understanding of the human microbiome. We review the work that has led to these recent advances and illustrate some of the possible future directions for continued collaboration between these groups of researchers. We discuss how the application of ecological theory to the human-associated microbiota can lead us past descriptions of community structure and toward an understanding of the functions of the human microbiota. Such an approach may lead to a shift in the prevention and treatment of human diseases that involves conservation or restoration of the normal community structure and function of the host-associated microbiota.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Kinases and the Role of Mitochondrial Protein Phosphorylation in Health and Disease

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Veronika Kotrasová ◽  
Barbora Keresztesová ◽  
Gabriela Ondrovičová ◽  
Jacob A. Bauer ◽  
Henrieta Havalová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Mitochondrial Protein ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Mitochondrial Proteins ◽  
Post Translational Modification ◽  
Mitochondrial Structure ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
And Function

The major role of mitochondria is to provide cells with energy, but no less important are their roles in responding to various stress factors and the metabolic changes and pathological processes that might occur inside and outside the cells. The post-translational modification of proteins is a fast and efficient way for cells to adapt to ever changing conditions. Phosphorylation is a post-translational modification that signals these changes and propagates these signals throughout the whole cell, but it also changes the structure, function and interaction of individual proteins. In this review, we summarize the influence of kinases, the proteins responsible for phosphorylation, on mitochondrial biogenesis under various cellular conditions. We focus on their role in keeping mitochondria fully functional in healthy cells and also on the changes in mitochondrial structure and function that occur in pathological processes arising from the phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins.

scholarly journals Structure and function of small airways in asthma patients revisited

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (159) ◽  
pp. 200186
Author(s):  
Wytse B. van den Bosch ◽  
Alan L. James ◽  
Harm A.W.M. Tiddens
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Asthma Severity ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Small Airways ◽  
Asthma Patients ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Function ◽  
Modelling Methods

Small airways (<2 mm in diameter) are probably involved across almost all asthma severities and they show proportionally more structural and functional abnormalities with increasing asthma severity. The structural and functional alterations of the epithelium, extracellular matrix and airway smooth muscle in small airways of people with asthma have been described over many years using in vitro studies, animal models or imaging and modelling methods. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of these observations and to outline several potential pathophysiological mechanisms regarding the role of small airways in asthma.

scholarly journals Extracellular matrix regulates morphogenesis and function of ciliated sensory organs in Caenorhabditis elegans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deanna M. De Vore ◽  
Karla M. Knobel ◽  
Ken C.Q. Nguyen ◽  
David H. Hall ◽  
Maureen M. Barr
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Dendritic Morphology ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney ◽  
Signaling Organelles ◽  
And Function

ABSTRACTCilia and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are signaling organelles that play important roles in human health and disease. In C. elegans and mammals, the Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) gene products polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 localize to both cilia and EVs, act in the same genetic pathway, and function in a sensory capacity, suggesting ancient conservation. Hence, the nematode offers an excellent system in which to address central questions regarding the biology of cilia, EVs, and the polycystins. We discovered an unexpected role of the mec-1, mec-5, and mec-9 genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) components. We determined that these ECM encoding genes regulate polycystin localization and function, ciliary EV release, cilia length, dendritic morphology, and neuron-glia interactions. Abnormal ECM and fibrosis are observed in ciliopathies such as ADPKD, nephronophthisis, and Bardet-Biedl Syndrome. Our studies reveal multifaceted roles for ECM proteins in the ciliated nervous system of the worm and provide a powerful new in vivo model to study the relationship between ECM, the polycystins, and ciliopathies.

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