CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF PINEAL GLAND OF HUMAN: AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Игорь Павлович Григорьев ◽  
Елена Анатольевна Фёдорова ◽  
Дина Азатовна Суфиева ◽  
Дмитрий Эдуардович Коржевский

Цель - изучение клеточного состава эпифиза человека. Материал и методы. С помощью метода иммуногистохимии с использованием цитоспецифических маркеров, избирательно выявляющих астроглиальные, эндотелиальные, нервные и тучные клетки, изучен эпифиз 7 человек в возрасте 16-68 лет. Использованы антитела к глиальному фибриллярному кислому белку (ГФКБ), виментину, низкомолекулярным белкам нейрофиламентов (клон 2F11) и триптазе тучных клеток. Результаты. С помощью иммуногистохимической реакции на ГФКБ в эпифизе человека выявлено большое количество астроглиальных отростков, но мало тел астроглиальных клеток. Клетки имеют относительно мало первичных отростков, которые значительно толще, чем у звёздчатых астроцитов в других отделах мозга. Отростки астроцитов густо оплетают кровеносные сосуды и многие конкременты. Виментин-иммунореактивными являются многие клеточные отростки в строме и отчасти в паренхиме и эндотелиальные клетки кровеносных сосудов. Не обнаружено сосуществования ГФКБ и виментина в одних и тех же структурах. Низкомолекулярные белки нейрофиламентов выявлены в отдельных пинеалоцитах и их отростках. Тучные клетки, иммуногистохимически меченные антителами на триптазу, обнаружены во всех исследованных образцах эпифиза (чаще в строме). Выводы. 1) ГФКБ-иммуноположительные астроциты в эпифизе человека по морфологическим признакам отличаются от типичных звёздчатых астроцитов других отделов головного мозга, что позволяет выделить пинеальные ГФКБиммуноположительные астроциты в отдельную подгруппу астроцитов; 2) астроциты эпифиза человека не содержат одновременно ГФКБ и виментин в отличие от пинеальных астроцитов других млекопитающих; 3) тучные клетки являются постоянным компонентом эпифиза человека - обязательным в строме и факультативным в паренхиме; 4) пинеалоциты эпифиза человека экспрессируют нейроноспецифичный белок нейрофиламентов, что свидетельствует в пользу их нейроноподобной природы; 5) локализация в эпифизе человека нейроноподобных эндокринных клеток и значительного количества иммунокомпетентных тучных клеток определяет этот эндокринный орган как важный компонент единой нейроиммуноэндокринной системы организма. Objective - to investigate the cellular composition of the human pineal gland. Material and methods. Immunohistochemical staining for cytospecific markers that selectively detect astroglial, endothelial, nerve, and mast cells was carried out to study pineal gland of 7 humans aged 16-68. Antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, light chain neurofilament protein (clone 2F11), and mast cell tryptase were used. Results. GFAP immunohistochemistry revealed a large number of astroglial processes, but few bodies of astroglial cells. The cells had relatively few primary processes, which were significantly thicker than those of stellate astrocytes in other parts of the brain. Astrocyte processes densely ensheathed the blood vessels and many concretions. Vimentin immunoreactivity was detected in many cellular processes in the stroma and partly in the parenchyma and in endothelial cells around the blood vessels. No coexistence of GFAP and vimentin was found in the same structures. Light chain neurofilaments were detected in some pinealocytes and their processes. Tryptase-immunopositive mast cells were detected in all studied samples of the pineal gland (usually in the stroma). Conclusions. 1) According to morphological characteristcs, GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes in the human pineal gland differ from typical stellate astrocytes in other parts of the brain, which makes it possible to allocate pineal GFAP-positive astrocytes into a separate subgroup of astrocytes; 2) astrocytes of the human pineal gland, unlike pineal astrocytes of other mammals, do not co-express GFAP and vimentin; 3) mast cells are an obligatory component of the human pineal gland - mandatory in the stroma and optional in the parenchyma; 4) human pinealocytes express neuron-specific neurofilament protein, which testifies in favor of their neuron-like nature; 5) localization of neuron-like endocrine cells and a significant number of mast cells in the human epiphysis determines this endocrine organ as an important component of a integral neuroimmune-endocrine system of the organism.

Author(s):  
Mónica Beatriz Frungieri ◽  
Ricardo Saúl Calandra ◽  
Soledad Paola Rossi

Environmental darkness signal is transferred from the retina to the pineal gland triggering melatonin secretion. Melatonin influences the synthesis and release of the hypothalamic GnRH and the adenohypophyseal gonadotropin hormones and therefore, regulates testicular function in photoperiodic species. Besides the brain, direct actions of melatonin at the testicular level have also been described. Melatonin released from the pineal gland to the circulation is taken up by peripheral tissues including testes. Testicular synthesis of melatonin has also been reported. The two key somatic cell types in the testis, Leydig and Sertoli cells, express melatonergic receptors. Melatonin acts as a local modulator of the endocrine activity in Leydig cells. In Sertoli cells, melatonin influences the oxidation state and the energy metabolism, and consequently may regulate spermatogenesis. Melatonergic receptors were also described in testicular macrophages and mast cells of infertile patients. Whereas melatonin exerts anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory effects on testicular macrophages, it provides protective effects against oxidative stress in testicular mast cells. These data pinpoints melatonin as a key player in the regulation of testicular physiology (i.e. steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis) mostly in seasonal breeders. More importantly, melatonin is also involved in the modulation of testicular inflammatory and oxidant/anti-oxidant states in patients with idiopathic infertility.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunjeong Do ◽  
Yumi Kim

AbstractThe hypophysis functions as a central gland of the neuroendocrine system for regulating fundamental body physiology. Upon aging, several hormones produced by the endocrine system are dramatically altered. Recently, Nothobranchius furzeri (the turquoise killifish) has become a popular model for aging studies because of its short lifespan and highly conserved aging phenotypes. However, the anatomical details of the major neuroendocrine system of the killifish have not been investigated so far. In this study, we have identified the pituitary and pineal glands of the turquoise killifish, which are critical components of the brain endocrine system. These two neuroendocrine glands were weakly attached to the main body of the killifish brain. The pineal gland was located on the dorsal part of the brain, while the pituitary gland was located on the ventral part. Brain sections containing pineal and pituitary glands were performed and revealed that cells in both the pituitary and pineal glands are densely placed than any other regions of brain. Further, three-dimensional images both in pineal and pituitary glands were uncovered their distinctive cellular arrangements. Vasopressin intestinal peptide (VIP) was strongly expressed in the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland. Glial cells were found inside the pineal gland, while astrocytes covered the outside. These findings illustrate basic features of the neuroendocrine system of Nothobranchius furzeri.


Author(s):  
Bogdan Alexandru Gheban ◽  
Ioana Andreea Rosca ◽  
Maria Crisan

Introduction. The pineal gland is a photo-neuro-endocrine organ situated inside the brain, that secretes serotonin, melatonin and N,N-dymethyltriptamine. This narrative review will address the latest information gathered on this function of the gland as well as the unknown roles it may have. The different histological and pathological findings of the pineal gland have demonstrated a role in clinical manifestations of numerous endocrine, neurological and psychiatric pathologies. Materials. For this narrative review we used the NCBI website database PubMed. The search terms were “Pineal Gland” AND/OR “histology, melatonin, DMT, pathology”. Total number of articles included were 86. Results: We have reviewed physiological information of melatonin and DMT, anatomical, histological and histopathological information on the pineal gland and its role in endocrine, neurological and psychiatric pathology. Conclusion. The role of melatonin in immunity and its potential therapeutic effects show promising potential for further research. DMT seems to have a role in psychiatric pathology and potential therapeutic effects. Proper tumoral screening and diagnostic protocol are required.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 744-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Li ◽  
JingyaWei ◽  
Fengtao Ma ◽  
Qiang Shan ◽  
Duo Gao ◽  
...  

In-depth studies have identified many hormones important for controlling mammary growth and maintaining lactation. One of these is melatonin, which is synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland to regulate circadian rhythms, improve antioxidant capacity, and enhance immunity. Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland and is associated with the growth and development of mammary glands as well as initiation and maintenance of lactation. The hypothalamus-pituitary system, the most important endocrine system in the body, regulates prolactin secretion mainly through dopamine released from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. This review provides a reference for further study and describes the regulation of lactation and prolactin secretion by melatonin, primarily via the protection and stimulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.


2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yu ◽  
Zaizhou Liu ◽  
Yuanyuan Liang ◽  
Feng Luo ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
...  

Abstract Signal transduction systems enable organisms to monitor their external environments and accordingly adjust the cellular processes. In mast cells, the second messenger Ap4A binds to the histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1), disrupts its interaction with the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and eventually activates the transcription of genes downstream of MITF in response to immunostimulation. How the HINT1 protein recognizes and is regulated by Ap4A remain unclear. Here, using eight crystal structures, biochemical experiments, negative stain electron microscopy, and cellular experiments, we report that Ap4A specifically polymerizes HINT1 in solution and in activated rat basophilic leukemia cells. The polymerization interface overlaps with the area on HINT1 for MITF interaction, suggesting a possible competitive mechanism to release MITF for transcriptional activation. The mechanism depends precisely on the length of the phosphodiester linkage of Ap4A. These results highlight a direct polymerization signaling mechanism by the second messenger.


2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (46) ◽  
pp. 18053-18057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Nautiyal ◽  
Ana C. Ribeiro ◽  
Donald W. Pfaff ◽  
Rae Silver

Mast cells are resident in the brain and contain numerous mediators, including neurotransmitters, cytokines, and chemokines, that are released in response to a variety of natural and pharmacological triggers. The number of mast cells in the brain fluctuates with stress and various behavioral and endocrine states. These properties suggest that mast cells are poised to influence neural systems underlying behavior. Using genetic and pharmacological loss-of-function models we performed a behavioral screen for arousal responses including emotionality, locomotor, and sensory components. We found that mast cell deficient KitW−sh/W−sh (sash−/−) mice had a greater anxiety-like phenotype than WT and heterozygote littermate control animals in the open field arena and elevated plus maze. Second, we show that blockade of brain, but not peripheral, mast cell activation increased anxiety-like behavior. Taken together, the data implicate brain mast cells in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior and provide evidence for the behavioral importance of neuroimmune links.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Giulia Bivona ◽  
Bruna Lo Sasso ◽  
Caterina Maria Gambino ◽  
Rosaria Vincenza Giglio ◽  
Concetta Scazzone ◽  
...  

Vitamin D and cognition is a popular association, which led to a remarkable body of literature data in the past 50 years. The brain can synthesize, catabolize, and receive Vitamin D, which has been proved to regulate many cellular processes in neurons and microglia. Vitamin D helps synaptic plasticity and neurotransmission in dopaminergic neural circuits and exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities within the brain by reducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the oxidative stress load. Further, Vitamin D action in the brain has been related to the clearance of amyloid plaques, which represent a feature of Alzheimer Disease (AD), by the immune cell. Based on these considerations, many studies have investigated the role of circulating Vitamin D levels in patients affected by a cognitive decline to assess Vitamin D’s eventual role as a biomarker or a risk factor in AD. An association between low Vitamin D levels and the onset and progression of AD has been reported, and some interventional studies to evaluate the role of Vitamin D in preventing AD onset have been performed. However, many pitfalls affected the studies available, including substantial discrepancies in the methods used and the lack of standardized data. Despite many studies, it remains unclear whether Vitamin D can have a role in cognitive decline and AD. This narrative review aims to answer two key questions: whether Vitamin D can be used as a reliable tool for diagnosing, predicting prognosis and response to treatment in AD patients, and whether it is a modifiable risk factor for preventing AD onset.


Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 186 (4169) ◽  
pp. 1137-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Stumpf ◽  
L. D. Grant
Keyword(s):  

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 3107-3116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anindya Ghosh-Roy ◽  
Bela S. Desai ◽  
Krishanu Ray

Toward the end of spermiogenesis, spermatid nuclei are compacted and the clonally related spermatids individualize to become mature and active sperm. Studies in Drosophila showed that caudal end-directed movement of a microfilament-rich structure, called investment cone, expels the cytoplasmic contents of individual spermatids. F-actin dynamics plays an important role in this process. Here we report that the dynein light chain 1 (DLC1) of Drosophila is involved in two separate cellular processes during sperm individualization. It is enriched around spermatid nuclei during postelongation stages and plays an important role in the dynein-dynactin–dependent rostral retention of the nuclei during this period. In addition, DDLC1 colocalizes with dynamin along investment cones and regulates F-actin assembly at this organelle by retaining dynamin along the cones. Interestingly, we found that this process does not require the other subunits of cytoplasmic dynein-dynactin complex. Altogether, these observations suggest that DLC1 could independently regulate multiple cellular functions and established a novel role of this protein in F-actin assembly in Drosophila.


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