scholarly journals Anatomical identification of the neuroendocrine system in the Nothobranchius furzeri brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunjeong Do ◽  
Yumi Kim
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Neuroendocrine System ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Nothobranchius Furzeri ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe hypophysis functions as a central gland of the neuroendocrine system for regulating fundamental body physiology. Upon aging, several hormones produced by the endocrine system are dramatically altered. Recently, Nothobranchius furzeri (the turquoise killifish) has become a popular model for aging studies because of its short lifespan and highly conserved aging phenotypes. However, the anatomical details of the major neuroendocrine system of the killifish have not been investigated so far. In this study, we have identified the pituitary and pineal glands of the turquoise killifish, which are critical components of the brain endocrine system. These two neuroendocrine glands were weakly attached to the main body of the killifish brain. The pineal gland was located on the dorsal part of the brain, while the pituitary gland was located on the ventral part. Brain sections containing pineal and pituitary glands were performed and revealed that cells in both the pituitary and pineal glands are densely placed than any other regions of brain. Further, three-dimensional images both in pineal and pituitary glands were uncovered their distinctive cellular arrangements. Vasopressin intestinal peptide (VIP) was strongly expressed in the neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland. Glial cells were found inside the pineal gland, while astrocytes covered the outside. These findings illustrate basic features of the neuroendocrine system of Nothobranchius furzeri.

Melatonin Modulates Lactation by Regulating Prolactin Secretion Via Tuberoinfundibular Dopaminergic Neurons in the Hypothalamus- Pituitary System

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 744-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Li ◽  
JingyaWei ◽  
Fengtao Ma ◽  
Qiang Shan ◽  
Duo Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stimulation Of

In-depth studies have identified many hormones important for controlling mammary growth and maintaining lactation. One of these is melatonin, which is synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland to regulate circadian rhythms, improve antioxidant capacity, and enhance immunity. Prolactin is secreted by the pituitary gland and is associated with the growth and development of mammary glands as well as initiation and maintenance of lactation. The hypothalamus-pituitary system, the most important endocrine system in the body, regulates prolactin secretion mainly through dopamine released from tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons. This review provides a reference for further study and describes the regulation of lactation and prolactin secretion by melatonin, primarily via the protection and stimulation of tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons.

scholarly journals MONOAMINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN SOME BRAIN AREAS OF SHEEP AFTER HORMONAL STIMULATION

2000 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-111
Author(s):  
Marie Molnárová ◽  
Bernadetta Pástorová ◽  
Angela Staníková ◽  
J. Halagan ◽  
J. Buleca
Keyword(s):  
Monoamine Oxidase ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hormonal Stimulation ◽  
Radiochemical Method ◽  
Mao Activity ◽  
Serum Gonadotropin ◽  
Degradative Enzyme ◽  
The Brain

The influence of hormonal superovulatory preparations Folistiman (450 IU FSH, Spofa, Prague) and serum gonadotropin (1500 IU PMSG, Spofa, Prague) on monoamine oxidase (MAO), the degradative enzyme of catecholamines, was investigated in some areas of the brain regulating reproductive functions (area preoptica of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and pineal gland) in ewes with synchronized oestrus (20 mg chlorsuperlutin) during the oestrous period using a radiochemical method. After intramuscular administration of 1500 IU PMSG, marked increase of MAO activity was found in the area preoptica (p < 0.05) and in the pituitary gland (p < 0.01) in comparison with the control group. No change occurred in MAO activity after ovarian stimulation with FSH. Administration of the above superovulatory preparations failed to induce MAO activity in the pineal gland of sheep.

Visualization of incidentally imaged pituitary gland on three-dimensional arterial spin labeling of the brain

2021 ◽  
pp. 20201311
Author(s):  
Manisha Bohara ◽  
Masanori Nakajo ◽  
Kiyohisa Kamimura ◽  
Tomohide Yoneyama ◽  
Takuro Ayukawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Arterial Spin Labeling ◽  
Interobserver Agreement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spin Labeling ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Cerebral White Matter ◽  
Normal Pituitary Gland ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The Brain

Objective: To evaluate the visualization of incidentally imaged normal pituitary gland on three-dimensional (3D) pseudo continuous arterial spin labeling (PCASL) perfusion imaging of the brain. Methods: Ninety-three patients with a normal pituitary gland who underwent 3D PCASL for suspected brain diseases were retrospectively included. Visualization of the pituitary gland on PCASL cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps was assessed independently by two observers using a three-point grading system: Grade 1, pituitary CBF ≤ CBF of the cerebral white matter (WM); Grade 2, CBF of WM < pituitary CBF ≤ CBF of the cortical gray matter (GM); and Grade 3, CBF of GM < pituitary CBF. The interobserver agreement of visual grading was determined using weighted κ statistic. The associations of visual grades with age, sex, and pituitary volume were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. Pituitary glands were divided equally into three groups (small, medium, and large) according to their volume for categorization. Results: The interobserver agreement for visual rating was excellent (weighted κ = 0.823). Of the 93 cases, Grades 1, 2, and 3 included 17 (18.3%), 41 (44.1%), and 35 cases (37.6%), respectively. Medium and large pituitary volume were significantly associated with Grade 3 visualization (p = 0.0153, OR = 4.8323; 95% CI: 1.3525, 17.2649 and p = 0.0009; OR = 9.0299; 95% CI: 2.4663, 33.0614, respectively), whereas there was no significant association for age or sex. Conclusion: The normal pituitary gland is often visualized with higher CBF than cortical GM on 3D PCASL, especially in individuals with larger pituitary volume. Advances in knowledge: Appearance of the normal pituitary gland on 3D PCASL has been documented for the first time.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE PRESENCE OF VASOPRESSIN, OXYTOCIN AND VASOTOCIN IN THE PINEAL GLAND, SUBCOMMISSURAL ORGAN AND FETAL PITUITARY GLAND: FAILURE TO DEMONSTRATE VASOTOCIN IN MAMMALS

1980 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. DOGTEROM ◽  
F. G. M. SNIJDEWINT ◽  
P. PÉVET ◽  
D. F. SWAAB
Keyword(s):  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Subcommissural Organ ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Vycor Glass ◽  
Specific Radioimmunoassay ◽  
Direct Measurements ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Reproductive Processes

The demonstration of vasotocin in the mammalian pineal gland, subcommissural organ and fetal pituitary gland by bioassay has led to hypotheses regarding the function of this hormone in various reproductive processes. Preliminary examinations of the pineal gland and subcommissural organ with a specific radioimmunoassay failed to show vasotocin immunoreactivity. The presence of vasotocin, vasopressin and oxytocin in the pineal gland, subcommissural organ and fetal neurohypophysis was therefore investigated, using three specific radioimmunoassays. Frog and chicken pituitary glands were used to validate the vasotocin radioimmunoassay. Direct measurements in diluted homogenates of pituitary glands from frogs, chickens, mid-term fetal sheep and near-term fetal seals revealed the presence of vasotocin only in the frog and chicken pituitary glands, while vasopressin and oxytocin were found in the two fetal pituitary homogenates. Vasopressin and oxytocin were measured in homogenates of rat and bovine pineal glands and in preparations of the subcommissural organ of rats and rabbits after extraction with Vycor glass powder, but no specific vasotocin immunoreactivity was observed. These results indicate a discrepancy between the reported biological activity of vasotocin in the pineal gland, subcommissural organ and fetal pituitary gland and the immunoreactivity of this material, which can at present only be explained by the presence of a peptide which is structurally closely related to, but not identical with, vasotocin.

CELLULAR ORGANIZATION OF PINEAL GLAND OF HUMAN: AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Игорь Павлович Григорьев ◽  
Елена Анатольевна Фёдорова ◽  
Дина Азатовна Суфиева ◽  
Дмитрий Эдуардович Коржевский
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Pineal Gland ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Neurofilament Protein ◽  
Endocrine Organ ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Express Neuron ◽  
The Brain

Цель - изучение клеточного состава эпифиза человека. Материал и методы. С помощью метода иммуногистохимии с использованием цитоспецифических маркеров, избирательно выявляющих астроглиальные, эндотелиальные, нервные и тучные клетки, изучен эпифиз 7 человек в возрасте 16-68 лет. Использованы антитела к глиальному фибриллярному кислому белку (ГФКБ), виментину, низкомолекулярным белкам нейрофиламентов (клон 2F11) и триптазе тучных клеток. Результаты. С помощью иммуногистохимической реакции на ГФКБ в эпифизе человека выявлено большое количество астроглиальных отростков, но мало тел астроглиальных клеток. Клетки имеют относительно мало первичных отростков, которые значительно толще, чем у звёздчатых астроцитов в других отделах мозга. Отростки астроцитов густо оплетают кровеносные сосуды и многие конкременты. Виментин-иммунореактивными являются многие клеточные отростки в строме и отчасти в паренхиме и эндотелиальные клетки кровеносных сосудов. Не обнаружено сосуществования ГФКБ и виментина в одних и тех же структурах. Низкомолекулярные белки нейрофиламентов выявлены в отдельных пинеалоцитах и их отростках. Тучные клетки, иммуногистохимически меченные антителами на триптазу, обнаружены во всех исследованных образцах эпифиза (чаще в строме). Выводы. 1) ГФКБ-иммуноположительные астроциты в эпифизе человека по морфологическим признакам отличаются от типичных звёздчатых астроцитов других отделов головного мозга, что позволяет выделить пинеальные ГФКБиммуноположительные астроциты в отдельную подгруппу астроцитов; 2) астроциты эпифиза человека не содержат одновременно ГФКБ и виментин в отличие от пинеальных астроцитов других млекопитающих; 3) тучные клетки являются постоянным компонентом эпифиза человека - обязательным в строме и факультативным в паренхиме; 4) пинеалоциты эпифиза человека экспрессируют нейроноспецифичный белок нейрофиламентов, что свидетельствует в пользу их нейроноподобной природы; 5) локализация в эпифизе человека нейроноподобных эндокринных клеток и значительного количества иммунокомпетентных тучных клеток определяет этот эндокринный орган как важный компонент единой нейроиммуноэндокринной системы организма. Objective - to investigate the cellular composition of the human pineal gland. Material and methods. Immunohistochemical staining for cytospecific markers that selectively detect astroglial, endothelial, nerve, and mast cells was carried out to study pineal gland of 7 humans aged 16-68. Antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, light chain neurofilament protein (clone 2F11), and mast cell tryptase were used. Results. GFAP immunohistochemistry revealed a large number of astroglial processes, but few bodies of astroglial cells. The cells had relatively few primary processes, which were significantly thicker than those of stellate astrocytes in other parts of the brain. Astrocyte processes densely ensheathed the blood vessels and many concretions. Vimentin immunoreactivity was detected in many cellular processes in the stroma and partly in the parenchyma and in endothelial cells around the blood vessels. No coexistence of GFAP and vimentin was found in the same structures. Light chain neurofilaments were detected in some pinealocytes and their processes. Tryptase-immunopositive mast cells were detected in all studied samples of the pineal gland (usually in the stroma). Conclusions. 1) According to morphological characteristcs, GFAP-immunopositive astrocytes in the human pineal gland differ from typical stellate astrocytes in other parts of the brain, which makes it possible to allocate pineal GFAP-positive astrocytes into a separate subgroup of astrocytes; 2) astrocytes of the human pineal gland, unlike pineal astrocytes of other mammals, do not co-express GFAP and vimentin; 3) mast cells are an obligatory component of the human pineal gland - mandatory in the stroma and optional in the parenchyma; 4) human pinealocytes express neuron-specific neurofilament protein, which testifies in favor of their neuron-like nature; 5) localization of neuron-like endocrine cells and a significant number of mast cells in the human epiphysis determines this endocrine organ as an important component of a integral neuroimmune-endocrine system of the organism.

scholarly journals BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR – HYPOTHALAMUS AND LIMBIC SYSTEM: THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Anjali Daisy S
Keyword(s):  
Limbic System ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Optic Chiasm ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

It is intuitive to understand how sensory information gets to the brain and how motor information can travel to the muscles together where these twosystems allow us to detect and respond to the world around us but how do we engage with that world, how do we determine what is important, andhow do we fall in the analysis. These higher cortical functions involve the complex interplay between neurotransmitters and hormones throughout theentire nervous system. There are two major anatomical behaviors; the limbic system and hypothalamus. These structures that support much highercortical functions hypothalamus is a very small structure but it is absolutely critical for life and it allows us to respond to both the internal and externalenvironment and to maintain homeostasis. The limbic system is important for learning and memory, and all emotional aspects of behavior importantlylimbic and hypothalamic structures are interconnected with each other. Let’s begin with an anatomical overview of the hypothalamus in the middlesection. You can delineate the hypothalamus from the thalamus through the hypothalamic sulcus anteriorly, the hypothalamus extends to the anteriorcommissure, and the optic chiasm inferiorly and it includes the mammillary bodies and extends to the infundibula stock where it communicateswith the pituitary glands. It is a coronal section through the brain. It is the third ventricle, you can identify the thalamus on either side of the thirdventricle and underneath; the thalamus is the hypothalamus and it extends laterally to these descending fiber bundles which are part of the internalcapsule. The hypothalamus is structurally part of the diencephalon but it functions as part of the limbic system through reciprocal connections. Ithelps to maintain homeostasis in the entire body through influences on the endocrine system and importantly through its primary influence onboth the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems; the limbic system is extremely old from an evolutionary perspective in its connections and it isinterposed between the hypothalamus and the neocortex and providing a bridge between endocrine visceral emotional and voluntary responses tothe environment.

METABOLIC STUDIES WITH 131I-LABELED THYROXINE. II.

1963 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Grinberg
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tentative Explanation

ABSTRACT Radiologically thyroidectomized female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with 131I-labeled thyroxine (T4*), and were studied at time intervals of 30 minutes and 4, 28, 48 and 72 hours after injection, 10 mice for each time interval. The organs of the central nervous system and the pituitary glands were chromatographed, and likewise serum from the same animal. The chromatographic studies revealed a compound with the same mobility as 131I-labeled triiodothyronine in the organs of the CNS and in the pituitary gland, but this compound was not present in the serum. In most of the chromatographic studies, the peaks for I, T4 and T3 coincided with those for the standards. In several instances, however, such an exact coincidence was lacking. A tentative explanation for the presence of T3* in the pituitary gland following the injection of T4* is a deiodinating system in the pituitary gland or else the capacity of the pituitary gland to concentrate T3* formed in other organs. The presence of T3* is apparently a characteristic of most of the CNS (brain, midbrain, medulla and spinal cord); but in the case of the optic nerve, the compound is not present under the conditions of this study.

THE EXTRACTION OF PROLACTIN FROM HUMAN PITUITARY GLANDS

1965 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Apostolakis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
List Type ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Hormone Activity ◽  
Isoelectric Precipitation ◽  
Human Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Prolactin Content ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT A method for the extraction of prolactin from human pituitary glands is described. It is based on acetone drying, distilled water extraction, acetone and isoelectric precipitation. Two main products are obtained: Fraction R8 with a mean prolactin activity of 12.2 IU/mg and fraction U8 with a mean prolactin activity of 8.6 IU/mg. The former fraction does not contain any significant gonadotrophin activity and the latter contains on an average 50 HMG U/mg. In both cases contamination with ACTH and MSH is minimal. The growth hormone activity of both these fractions is low. It is postulated that in man too, prolactin and growth hormone are two distinct hormones. A total of 1250 human pituitary glands have been processed by this method. The mean prolactin content per pituitary gland has been found to be 73 IU.

ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE SEVERE BRAIN AND PITUITARY LESION

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Bassøe ◽  
R. Emberland ◽  
E. Glück ◽  
K. F. Støa
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Artificial Ventilation ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Adrenocortical Function ◽  
The Third ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Pituitary Lesion ◽  
Steroid Excretion ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT The steroid excretion and the plasma corticosteroids were investigated in three patients with necrosis of the brain and of the pituitary gland. The patients were kept alive by artificial ventilation. In two of the patients the neutral 17-ketosteroids and the 17-hydrocorticosteroids fell to extremely low levels. At the same time, the number of eosinophil cells showed a tendency to increase. Corticotrophin administered intravenously twice to the third patient had a stimulating effect on the adrenal cortex. The theoretical and practical significance of these findings is discussed.

ACTION OF ENZYME DIGESTED PITUITARY GLANDS OF THE SKIPPER-FROG ON THE OVULATION OF THE SAME

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (II) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. S. Ramaswami ◽  
A. B. Lakshman
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Constant Temperature Bath ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Lower Vertebrates ◽  
Pituitary Glands ◽  
Stimulating Factor

ABSTRACT By using enzymes, the gonadotrophic factors in the skipper-frog pituitary glands have been selectively inactivated or destroyed. By incubating a known number of pituitary gland homogenate with ptyalin in a constant temperature bath for 5–6 h the follicle-stimulating factor is inactivated; with trypsin or pepsin, the luteinizing factor is inactivated. Bioassay on gravid skipper-frogs indicate that the ptyalin digested homogenate brings about profuse spawning while the trypsin or pepsin digested homogenates do not. When a combination of ptyalin digested and trypsin digested homogenates is injected into fresh gravid skipper-frogs, poor spawning is brought about. These experiments show that the luteinizing factor alone brings about more profuse spawning than when it is combined with the follicle-stimulating factor. It is likely, therefore, that in the lower vertebrates the luteinizing factor of the pituitary gland plays a more predominant role. The exact proportions in which the different dosages for the control and test animals are administered are also tabulated.

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