The Implication of Politeness and Speech Styles in Code Switching of Youth Javanese

Riris Sugianto

doi:10.35200/solid.v9i1.167

The Implication of Politeness and Speech Styles in Code Switching of Youth Javanese

SOLID ◽

10.35200/solid.v9i1.167 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Riris Sugianto

Keyword(s):

Discourse Analysis ◽

Code Switching ◽

National Language ◽

Language Usage ◽

Speech Styles

The objective of this study is to present the use of code switching as expressions of politeness in Javanese language. This article is concern on the domain of family, in the terms of discourse analysis. This article present how the youth generation can not acquire the formal styles of Javanese (basa), therefore they tend to do code-switching from formal styles of Javanese (basa) to the use of informal styles of Javanese (ngoko) or to our national language, Indonesian. It provides definitions of politeness by theorists and presents some of the problems related to the concepts of politeness and speech styles in code-switching In Javanese families specifically for the youth generation. Furthermore, it looks into the differences usage of speech styles for both the parents as the elders and children as the youngers in the families. There are some factors of youth Javanese to switch their code. The factors are the participants, the topic, the setting and the function. One important key is every language always has stable characteristics, but it could be dynamic especially when the language (Javanese) exists side by side with another language (Indonesian). Technically, in the communication, the modification of language usage such as code switching that made by the speaker will be occur and unavoidable.

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TEACHERS’ AND STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARD CODE ALTERNATION IN PAKISTANI ENGLISH CLASSROOMS

JEELS (Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies) ◽

10.30762/jeels.v3i1.175 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aqsa Tahir ◽

Iqra Fatima ◽

Namrah Abuzar

Keyword(s):

Code Switching ◽

National Language ◽

Language Usage ◽

Official Language ◽

English Classrooms ◽

Teachers And Students

This research is an attempt to explore students‟and teachers‟ attitude towards code alternation withinEnglish classrooms in Pakistan. In a country like Pakistanwhere official language is English, the national language isUrdu, and every province has its own language, most of thepeople are bilinguals or multilingual. Therefore, the aim ofthis study was to find out when and why teachers codeswitch in L2 English classrooms. It has also exploredstudent‟s preferences of language during learning secondlanguage. It has also looked into teachers‟ code-switchingpatterns and the students‟ priorities. Ten teachersresponded to an open ended questioner and 100 studentsresponded to a close ended questioner. Results of teacher‟sresponses indicated that they mostly code switch whenstudent‟s response in relation to the comprehensibility isnegative and they do not grasp the concepts easily in L2.They never encourage students to speak Urdu. Student‟sresults showed that they mostly prefer code-switching intotheir L1 for better understanding and participation in class.Analysis revealed that students only favored English whilegetting instructions of test, receiving results, and learninggrammatical concepts. In most of the cases, studentsshowed flexibility in language usage. Majority of students(68%) agreed upon that they learn better when theirteachers code switch in to L1.Keywords: Teachers‟ and students‟ attitude, Codeswitching,Official language, National language

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Inter-Sentential and Intra-Sentential Code Switching in Parliamentary Debate

International Journal of Modern Languages And Applied Linguistics ◽

10.24191/ijmal.v2i4.7691 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Shafiyah Mohamad Khalil ◽

Mohammad Shazie Zaini Mohd Shahril Firda

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Social Factors ◽

Code Switching ◽

National Language ◽

Professional Discourse ◽

Government Administration ◽

Private Organizations ◽

Parliamentary Debate

Malaysians generally use two languages which are Malay and English in professional discourse. Bahasa Melayu or the Malay language is the national language of Malaysia and is used in formal discourse in government administration, while English is the nation’s second language that is used in professional discourse in private organizations in Malaysia. Although the use of English in government administration has been a hotly debated topic, but in reality both languages are used interchangeably since many Malaysian professionals are bilinguals of Malay and English. This paper has looked into two types of code-switching and how it is used in a Malaysian parliamentary debate. The findings revealed that inter-sentential and intra-sentential code-switching were used during the parliamentary debate due to social factors as well as linguistic elements.

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Code-Switching and Code Mixing in the Selected Tracks of the Hip Hop Music of Flavour and 9ice

International Journal of English and Comparative Literary Studies ◽

10.47631/ijecls.v2i3.255 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 55-70

Author(s):

Balogun Sarah ◽

Murana Muniru Oladayo

Keyword(s):

Hip Hop ◽

English Language ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

First Language ◽

Music Industry ◽

Positive Influence ◽

Code Switching ◽

National Language ◽

Code Mixing ◽

Unique Identity

This article attempts a comparative analysis of code-switching and code-mixing in the Nigerian music industry, using the lyrics of Flavour and 9ice as a case study. Although the English language is the national language in Nigeria and the language used by most of the musicians for the composition of their songs, and due to the linguistic plurality of Nigeria, most of these musicians tend to lace their songs chunks of words and phrases from their mother tongue or at least one of the three major languages in Nigeria, which are Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba. The Markedness Model by Myers-Scotton (1993) is used as the framework to interrogate the switching and mixing in the codes used by these selected musicians and we find that while most code-switching is done in three languages – English, Nigerian Pidgin and the artist’ first language (mother tongue) – their mother tongue plays the prominent role. Code-switching or code-mixing in these songs, therefore, becomes a depiction of the Nigerian state with its diverse languages and it provides the links between the literates and the illiterates thereby giving the artiste the popularity desired. The study concludes that the unique identity created by code-switching and code-mixing in the Nigerian music industry has a positive influence on music lovers, helping artists to achieve wide patronage and reflecting the ethnolinguistic diversity of the Nigerian nation.

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Representation of Hidden Curriculum in EFL Textbook (Gender Markers)

MGIMO Review of International Relations ◽

10.24833/2071-8160-2014-4-37-332-339 ◽

2014 ◽

pp. 332-339

Author(s):

E. E. Shishlova ◽

I. Kuritsyn

Keyword(s):

Discourse Analysis ◽

Foreign Students ◽

Hidden Curriculum ◽

National Language ◽

Smart Power ◽

Norms And Values ◽

English Speaking ◽

The One ◽

Global Vector ◽

Gender Concept

The article considers the mechanism ofrepresenting the hidden curriculum in the discourse of EFL textbooks, i.e. the transmission ofsociocultural norms and values of native speakers to foreign students. To do this the authors make a brieftheoretical review of this problem and demonstrate the results of the comparative discourse analysis of two popular textbooks, the one of the pre-globalization age and the present-day one. The authors provide evidence for their idea of the dual role, which English plays today being simultaneously a national language of different English-speaking societies and the global lingua franca. The conducted discourse analysis is based on the analysis of semiotic means, which are used to nominate concepts basic to any society and culture. In the article, the authors demonstrate their own plan of analysis by the example of the "gender" concept. The gender concept shows social and cultural conditionality of distinctions in behavior and the identity of men and women. The comparative analysis of gender markers in the discourse of EFL textbooks reveals a global vector of transformation and distribution ofsociocultural values. Authors state that cultural expansion through English teaching is an instrument of smart power. It is suggested using the mechanism of transmission ofsociocultural norms and values, which is analyzed in the research, to create Russian textbooks for foreign students.

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Multilingualism and ethnic stereotypes: The Tariana of northwest Amazonia

Language in Society ◽

10.1017/s0047404503321013 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 1-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

ALEXANDRA Y. AIKHENVALD

Keyword(s):

Language Choice ◽

Code Switching ◽

National Language ◽

Power Relationship ◽

Language Group ◽

Lingua Franca ◽

Negative Image ◽

Ethnic Stereotypes ◽

Code Mixing ◽

Better Than

Tariana is spoken by about 100 people in the multilingual area of the Vaupés basin in northwest Amazonia (Brazil). Other languages spoken in the area are members of the East Tucanoan subgroup, with its most numerous representative, the Tucano language, rapidly gaining ground as a lingua franca. Also spoken are Makú languages; Baniwa, an Arawak language spoken on the fringes of the area and closely related to Tariana; and Portuguese, the national language. The area is known for its language group exogamy and institutionalized multilingualism, with its language being the badge of identity for each group. Language choice is motivated by power relationship and by status, and there are strict rules for code-switching. Inserting bits of other languages while speaking Tariana (“code-mixing”) has different consequences that mirror existing ethnic stereotypes. Code-mixing with Tucano is considered a “language violation”; using elements of Baniwa is considered funny, while mixing different Tariana dialects implies that one “cannot speak Tariana properly.” Overusing Portuguese is associated with the negative image of an Indian who tries to be better than his peers.

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Triglossia and Swahili-English bilingualism in Tanzania

Language in Society ◽

10.1017/s004740450000049x ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 197-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

M. H. Abdulaziz Mkilifi

Keyword(s):

Secondary School ◽

Primary School ◽

Mother Tongue ◽

Cultural Influences ◽

Developmental State ◽

Code Switching ◽

Urban Life ◽

National Language ◽

Post Secondary ◽

Code Mixing

ABSTRACTThe paper addresses itself to the study of the sociological correlates of speech behaviour among bilingual speakers of English and Swahili in Tanzania. Factors influencing language maintenance, code-switching and code-mixing are discussed. Four main phases of language acquisition are considered: the pre-primary school phase, the primary school phase, the secondary-school phase, and the post-secondary school phase.Three languages with both varying and overlapping roles interact, creating a triglossia situation: first the vernacular or mother-tongue of each particular ethno-cultural group; secondly Swahili, the local lingua franca and national language; thirdly English, the predominant language of higher learning and to a certain extent of official and commercial business.The paper also discusses the diglossia relationship between the vernacular and Swahili on the one hand and Swahili and English on the other. The developmental state of the languages is dealt with in terms of socially ‘restricted’ and ‘elaborated’ codes.Urban life tends to impose its own socio-cultural influences on the bilinguals. There is free shifting and mixing between Swahili and English interlocutors, topics and setting.Lastly the paper raises questions of the sociological and linguistic consequences of the multilingual situation. (Multilingualism, diglossia; code-switching; code-mixing; Swahili; English, national language problems.)

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Code-switching between Arabic and English during Jordanian GP consultations

Crossroads A Journal of English Studies ◽

10.15290/cr.2020.30.3.01 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 4-22

Author(s):

Etaf Alkhlaifat ◽

◽

Ping Yang ◽

Mohamed Moustakim ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Code Switching ◽

Communication Accommodation ◽

Medical Settings ◽

Communication Accommodation Theory ◽

Social Perspectives ◽

Speech Styles ◽

Medical Consultations ◽

Social Motivations ◽

Arabic And English ◽

Accommodation Theory

This study draws conceptually on communication accommodation theory (CAT) to describe and analyze conversations between doctors and patients to identify the psycholinguistic and social motivations for code-switching (CS) between English and Arabic languages during medical consultations in Jordan. The researchers employ a thematic qualitative approach to interpret the phenomena under study. GP doctors (n=9) and patients (n=18) were observed and video-recorded in real medical settings and subsequently interviewed. This generated a comprehensive audio and videotaped corpus of data, which revealed that doctors and patients used code-switching during the medical consultation for two main reasons: 1) filling lexical gaps and 2) accommodating the other party. Jordanian bilingual doctors code-switched from English to Arabic and from Arabic to English to bridge lexical gaps, while both doctors and patients adapted their speech styles for the purpose of convergence. This study is significant as it investigates and examines the phenomenon of code-switching among Jordanian doctors and patients from psycholinguistic and social perspectives to gain a clearly defined sociolinguistic explanation of code-switching phenomena during their clinical interaction.

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WACANA SEREMONIAL PIDATO DALAM UPACARA PERKAWINAN ADAT JAWA (Speech Ceremonial Discourse in The Javanese Tradition Wedding Ceremony)

Sirok Bastra ◽

10.37671/sb.v6i2.129 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Mulyana Mulyana

Keyword(s):

Discourse Analysis ◽

Spoken Language ◽

Discourse Structure ◽

Language Usage ◽

Mixed Language ◽

Wedding Ceremony ◽

Ceremonial Discourse ◽

Bahasa Indonesia

Pidato dalam upacara perkawinan adat Jawa adalah bagian penting dalam keseluruhan tradisi bahasa dan budaya Jawa. Sebagai satuan wacana, struktur, dan muatan budaya dalam pidato menyimpan sejumlah permasalahan. Tujuan penelitian menjelaskan penggunaan bahasa, estetika bahasa, dan perubahan wacana pidato. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan sosiolinguistik yang dilengkapi dengan analisis wacana (discourse analysis). Bahan penelitian atau data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa tuturan lisan pidato perkawinan (PP) yang dapat didokumentasikan selama penelitian. Tuturan yang diambil sebagai data, didokumetasikan dari tuturan langsung dalam upacara perkawinan yang diselenggarakan oleh masyarakat Jawa di wilayah Yogyakarta. Hasil analisis menunjukkan: pertama, bahasa yang digunakan dalam upacara perkawinan masyarakat Jawa antara lain adalah: bahasa Jawa, bahasa Indonesia, bahasa campuran Jawa-Indonesia (Jawindo). Dalam penyampaiannya, wacana pidato kadang-kadang mengalami gejala alih kode dan campur kode, dan mengalami perubahan atau pergantian tingkat tutur. Kedua, unsur-unsur estetika yang digunakan dalam wacana pidato perkawinan yang berhasil ditemukan antara lain adalah: tembung saroja, tembung garba, yogyaswara, keratabasa, tembung entar, paribasan, bebasan, saloka, pepindhan, pralambang, purwakanthi, panambang bunyi ha-, seselan –in-, seselan –um-, tembung kawi, dan diksi religiusitas. Ketiga, terjadinya perubahan wacana pidato perkawinan disebabkan oleh perubahan konteks yang melatarbelakanginya. Konteks dalam hal ini berkaitan dengan situasi atau suasana yang berlangsung dalam upacara tersebut. Speech in the Javanese wedding ceremony is important part in the Javanese tradition. But, as a unit of discourse, structure, and culture content in speech have several problems. This study aims to explain language usage, language aesthetics and speech discourse changes. This study used the sosiolinguistic approach that accompanied by the discourse analysis. This study used the object and/or data of the oral story about wedding speech (PP: pidato perkawinan) that gathered and documented as long as the study was conducted. The stories taken as data were documented from the direct stories in the wedding ceremony that performed by the Javanese in the area of Yogyakarta. The analysis results performed to the data could describe and explain several problems of this study. First, the spoken language in the wedding ceremony in the Javanese people were the Javanese, the Indonesian, and the mixed language between them called Jawindo (Javanese-Indonesian). Second, the aesthethics elements used in the wedding speech discourse that we found successfully were: tembung saroja, tembung garba, yogyaswara, keratabasa, tembung entar, paribasan, bebasan, saloka, pepindhan, pralambang, purwakanthi, panambang bunyi ha-, seselan -in-, seselan -um-, tembung kawi, and religious diction. Third, the change of the wedding speech discourse was happened because of the change of the underlying context. Context in this case related to the situation and ambience during the ceremony.

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A Critical Discourse Analysis of Business Academia on the Role and Status of the National Language

Journal of Education and Educational Development ◽

10.22555/joeed.v4i2.1162 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 346

Author(s):

Aliya Sikandar

Keyword(s):

Discourse Analysis ◽

Critical Discourse Analysis ◽

Social Order ◽

Business School ◽

Single Case ◽

National Language ◽

Critical Discourse ◽

Senior Member ◽

Utilitarian Value

This qualitative case study is an exploration of the phenomenon of the ways in which Urdu as the national language is represented in discursive practices of senior business academia. The research design, built on Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) model (2009) is of dialectical-relational approach. The participant in this single case study is a senior member of the academia from a business school. Methodologically, the analysis trailed four stages and followed CDA’s transdisciplinary traditional methods of social practices in three semiotic categories: genre, discourse and style. Findings of the study indicated that despite strong emotional links with the national language, the participant recognized the utilitarian value of English in academic and in professional domains; additionally, his perspective was that Urdu was largely marginalized due to its perceived lack of utilitarian value. The participant also expressed the viewpoint that this social injustice was needed by the social order because the business school requires English for academic and professional purposes. The study recommends a more inclusive addition of Urdu courses in business studies.

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CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGY USED ON BILLBOARDS IN JAKARTA

Journal of English Language and Culture ◽

10.30813/jelc.v12i1.2890 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dery Rovino ◽

Theresia Arianti

Keyword(s):

Discourse Analysis ◽

Mass Media ◽

Critical Discourse Analysis ◽

National Language ◽

Critical Discourse ◽

Linguistic Ideology ◽

Loan Words ◽

Source Language ◽

Education Gaps ◽

Bahasa Indonesia

ABSTRACTIndonesian language has long been officially determined as the national language of Indonesia. However, numerous texts in mass media embed English in the text being delivered. Previous studies have shown that English has long been used in Indonesia’s different media and platforms to, one of which, enhance the sense of prestige as well as class of the discourse presented. Though some researchers have conducted studies regarding the surface ideation of advertisements, little is known about the linguistic ideology behind the use of English in those texts, wherein the gap is fulfilled by the present study. This study aimed to analyze the linguistic ideology behind the English used on local billboards, with TACO framework. The findings showed that English is often used on local billboards in plenty of non-normative lexical positioning, unconventional spelling, and preferences in source language over the prescribed Bahasa Indonesia loan words. Study also found different modes of Bahasa Indonesia-English coinage as well as some evidence of disconnect between the Bahasa Indonesia-English use of expressions and the actual sold products. This study believes that these eccentric language pairings between Bahasa Indonesia and English lend themselves into the present ideology of prestige enhancement of the product and service advertised. This ideation is derived from a particular narrative that English is superior towards the national language, Indonesian language. Findings also exhibited that economic and education gaps are two main issues hidden behind the use of English on local billboards.

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