scholarly journals Vietnam’s policing in harm reduction: Has one decade seen changes in drug control?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Thanh Luong ◽  
Toan Quang Le ◽  
Dung Tien Lam ◽  
Bac Gia Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Government Organizations ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Police Forces

Alongside raising awareness and creating activities to develop a harm-reduction approach in the HIV/AIDS campaign since the end of the 2000s, broader harm-reduction interventions in Vietnam were also deployed that included several positive steps. Police forces, a fundamental sector in reducing the supply of illicit drugs, were also involved, partly to concretize this approach. As the first paper to examine the role of police in harm-reduction interventions in Vietnam, the current study utilizes qualitative approaches relying on in-depth interviews conducted with multiple key informants from government and its related bodies, United Nations personnel, and non-government organizations (NGOs), as well as police officers. We uncover noticeable progress in changing minds and approaches to apply harm reduction in drug policy, particularly within policing. However, major barriers in regulations, slow acceptance by police forces, and a lack of curriculum and courses in police training have limited harm-reduction approaches. As the first study to review and assess the policy of harm reduction after one decade, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the nature of Vietnam’s police provisions to balance and improve harm reduction in drug control.

The dynamics of prototypical police forces: lessons from two Somali cities

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Hills
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Low Literacy ◽  
Political Influences ◽  
Community Oriented Policing ◽  
Local Residents ◽  
Police Forces

Abstract Sooner or later, donor-led discussions of state- and institution-building in conflict-affected societies with low literacy rates address the role of police forces, which are to be developed in the light of community-oriented policing. However, the implementation of a basic policing programme in the Somali cities of Kismayo and Baidoa in 2014 raises important questions about the applicability of this approach. It suggests that, rather than police in the western sense of the word, Somali forces are part of an endemic power structure that accommodates and normalizes instability. Focusing on what police officers actually do and on what local residents expect from them, this article uses three practical indicators to explore the factors at work: recruitment, reward (i.e. stipends) and, importantly, retention. This pragmatic approach allows an analytical and empirical exploration of a prototypical form of police and policing in a society lacking meaningful state-based institutions and processes. Specifically, Kismayo's and Baidoa's experience helps to identify the minimal requirements needed for formal policing in unstable societies. It suggests that militia-style policing is residual, rather than novel, and its dynamics are best understood as reflecting a series of social and political influences within unequal fields of power, with the emphasis on exploitation and survival.

scholarly journals The Role of the UN International Drug Control Conventions in Facilitating Law Enforcement Cooperation in the Policing of Transnational Drug Trafficking

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 172-191
Author(s):  
Scarlet Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
International Law ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The Us ◽  
High Concern ◽  
The Subject

Transnational policing is an increasingly important issue in today’s globalised world. Transnational crime is an expanding industry and when crime crosses borders, cooperation between states is key. Arguably, this is most important in illegal drug trafficking, a crime of high concern to many states which almost always involves multiple countries. To this end, the UN Drug Control Conventions, introduced to tackle drug trafficking across the world, contain a number of provisions regarding law enforcement cooperation. This piece, by examining legal instruments and existing literature, will explore the role of the conventions regarding cooperation in policing the transnational trafficking of illicit drugs with a particular focus on the US, a major player in the field. Law enforcement cooperation between states existed for many years without international law obligations, however, it was often plagued by political and cultural differences and suffered when international relations were tense. By implementing obligations within the UN conventions, existing practices were codified into international law, meaning that cooperation should be a smoother, and legally-backed, process regardless of the political situation. This piece argues that, although the UN International Drug Control Conventions may not have added completely novel principles or practices to transnational law enforcement, they remain an important tool in facilitating transnational police cooperation and have made a valuable contribution to jurisprudence on the subject.

scholarly journals Chemical Highs

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-79
Author(s):  
Anita Hardon
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Death Penalty ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Role Of Government

Abstract Chemical Highs looks at how young people themselves develop and share with their peers a multitude of ways to maximize the pleasures and minimize the risks involved in getting high, an empowering practice that we refer to as “harm reduction from below.” Ethnographies from the Amsterdam festival and afterparty scene illuminate two patterns: young people’s efforts to creatively self-regulate to achieve “hassle-free highs,” and the potentially positive role of government policy. This context is contrasted with that of youth in Indonesia, who also seek out hassle-free highs with their peers, but live under a government that is waging a deadly war against drugs, where they have little access to harm reduction information and tools. Our team discovered that Indonesian youth are turning to psychoactive prescription drugs (PPDs) to get high, which they consider safer than illicit drugs that can lead to the death penalty, but which are also highly addictive.

scholarly journals Training for War: Academy Socialization and Warrior Policing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Field Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
Moral Necessity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Ethnographic Field Work ◽  
Intense Debate

The role of the police in the United States is once again the topic of intense debate and contention. Central to this debate is a binary that constructs police officers as fulfilling either a protective, community-serving role, or an aggressive, crime-fighting role. The most recent iteration of this binary is reflected in the warrior-guardian construct, which conceptualizes officers as both initiators of, and defenders against, violence. In this article, I examine how the warrior-guardian framework shapes police training and highlight the way in which this construct is itself gendered and racialized. I draw on one year of ethnographic field work at four police academies and 41 interviews with police officers and cadets to argue that police training is an organized effort to condition officers to conceptualize their relationship with the public as a war. I outline three components that constitute this framing: (1) instructors construct an evil, unpredictable enemy; (2) cadets are taught to identify their enemy in gendered and racialized ways; and (3) cadets are encouraged to adopt a warrior mentality. Ultimately, I show that cadets are taught to view the world in a way that pits them against an enemy, conceptualize their enemy as a man of color, and think about violence as a moral necessity.

scholarly journals Den gode fiende, eller den gode pasient?

2017 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-222
Author(s):  
Thomas Hauge
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Dual Roles ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Master Thesis ◽  
The Government

This article is inspired by my master thesis in criminology. My thesis examined the war on drugs, its influence on the role of the police, and the way in which the police themselves interpret the war on drugs. My master thesis also explored thequestion of consistency between the war on drugs and the government’s quest for knowledge-based policing. The article draws on data collected in my master thesis and examines them in light of Nils Christie and Kettil Bruun’s book, Den gode fiende (Suitable Enemies) which focuses on role of the police in the war on drugs. A comparison of these works raises a key question: Are illicit drugs still a suitable enemy in the eyes of the government and police officers? I conclude that the users of illicit drugs have come to be considered both suitable enemies and suitable patients. The government and the police have taken on dual roles as crime fighters fighting the war on drugs and caregivers who view illicit drug use as a disease. 

scholarly journals Training for War: Academy Socialization and Warrior Policing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha J Simon
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Field Work ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Moral Necessity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Ethnographic Field Work

Abstract The role of the police in the United States is a topic of contentious debate. Central to this debate is a binary that constructs police officers as fulfilling either a protective, community-serving role, or an aggressive, crime-fighting role. The most recent iteration is reflected in the warrior-guardian construct, which conceptualizes officers as both initiators of, and defenders against, violence. This article examines how the warrior-guardian framework shapes police training, and highlights how this construct is itself gendered and racialized. I draw on one year of ethnographic field work at four police academies and 40 interviews with police officers and cadets to argue that police training is an organized effort to condition officers to conceptualize their relationship with the public as a war. Three components constitute this framing: (1) instructors construct an evil, unpredictable enemy; (2) cadets are taught to identify their enemy in gendered and racialized ways; and (3) cadets are encouraged to adopt a warrior mentality. I show that cadets are taught to view the world in a way that pits them against an enemy, pushes them to conceptualize their enemy as a man of color, and to think about violence as a moral necessity.

scholarly journals How to Shape the Employees’ Sustainable Work Attitude: The Moderating Effect of Supervisor Attitudes

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8331
Author(s):  
Hsiang-Yu Ma ◽  
Jui-Chung Kao ◽  
Rui-Hsin Kao ◽  
Cheng-Chung Cho
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Police Training ◽  
Work Attitudes ◽  
Education And Training ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Training Effectiveness ◽  
Work Attitude ◽  
Study Population ◽  
And Training

Education and training not only play the key role to promote the sustainable ability of employees, but in the establishment of employees’ work attitudes as well. Moreover, leaders play an important role in promoting the effectiveness of education and training. The objectives of this study were to explore the effect of the police department’s annual subject training on the work attitudes of harbor police. This study also examined the moderating effect of supervisor attitudes on the association between police training effectiveness and police’s work attitudes in expectation to more concretely understand the role of supervisor attitudes in the harbor police’s annual subject training, to consolidate the good work attitude of the police for sustainability. The frontline police officers of Taiwan’s harbor police agency were chosen as the study population. This study adopted the convenience sampling method to conduct the questionnaire survey in August 2019. It requested for the respondents who replied to the questionnaire within 15 days after receiving the questionnaire to be considered as the first respondents. For those who replied to the questionnaire no later than one month were considered as the second respondents. This paper collected a total of 584 questionnaires and 492 were valid. The result of this study showed that education and training had a highly positive effect on the work attitudes of police officers. Moreover, the overall attitudes of supervisors toward police education and training were found to have a significantly positive moderating effect on the association between education and training effectiveness and the police’s work attitudes. The results of this study prove the linkage between the effectiveness of education and training and the supervisor attitudes.

The influence of global players on the drug control system: an analysis of the role of the Russian Federation

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Tinasti ◽  
Isabela Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Special Session ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
National Policies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Russian Federation

Purpose The negotiations leading to the UN Special Session (UN General Assembly Special Session on drugs (UNGASS)) on drugs have highlighted the lack of consensus among the global players, with some strengthening the prohibitionist approach and others seeking policy reforms. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the Russian Federation’s national policies and diplomatic activism to influence the outcome of the negotiations at the multilateral level. Design/methodology/approach A systematic review of the federal legislation on drug control and the legislation on HIV/AIDS has been undertaking in October 2016. Peer-reviewed, grey literature, policy documents, UN reports and news reports were used to gather information on the country’s response to drugs internally and externally. Findings Despite its limited regional influence on harm reduction and declining financial power, the Russian Federation has been successful in preserving its international priorities by opposing harm reduction and maintaining the prohibition paradigm in the UNGASS outcome. Research limitations/implications Every effort was made to identify valid sources of information on the levers of influence of the Russian Federation. Little data were available on the real outcome of the efforts deployed in influencing the BRICS and other regional and international assemblies. Originality/value This paper presents an overview of the national policies of the Russian Federation, a global player, and provides a better understanding of how the national approach to illicit drugs and their perception influences its international position. It analyses the geographic, economic and diplomatic sphere of influence of the country in drug policies, and provides explanations on the successes and shortcomings of the Russian influence at the multilateral discussions on drugs.

scholarly journals A rendőrség kommunikációja a 2016-os budapesti robbantás kapcsán: az átmeneti nyilatkozat jelentősége a krízismenedzsmentben

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Dániel Gergő Pintér
Keyword(s):  
Crisis Management ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Crisis Communication ◽  
Communication Process ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Management Process ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The Public ◽  
Police Forces

Jelen tanulmány a válságmenedzseri szakma protokolljának fényében vizsgálja a magyar rendőrség kommunikációját a 2016-os budapesti robbantás kapcsán. A cikk során kiemelt hangsúlyt fektetek az első reakcióig eltelt időre és az úgynevezett átmeneti nyilatkozat fontosságára, mely nemcsak meggátolhatja a válságszituáció problémakörének tágítását, de az érdemi tájékoztatásig nyilvános igazodási pontot is adhat. Amellett érvelek, hogy kemény válságok esetén a hivatalos álláspont ismertetésének késlekedése információs deficitet okozhat és a krízisnyilvánosság más, kevésbé hiteles források felé fordulását eredményezheti. A következőkben sorba veszem a válságok kirobbanását követő, kritikus 24 óra tipikus kísérőjelenségeit, majd részletesen bemutatom, hogy ezek mennyiben tehetik intenzívebbé a krízist. A tanulmány tézise szerint a sikeres válságkommunikáció 1. a média torzításaival és 2. a tömegben artikulálódó magánemberek szavával, vagyis a felhasználók által generált tartalmakkal és a potenciális összeesküvés-elméletekkel ugyanúgy kalkulál, mint egy kompetens szakértő nyilatkozatával, hiszen ezek a tartalmak a közösségi média közvetítésével akár tömegeket befolyásolhatnak. --- The Communication of the Hungarian Police Forces on the Bombing in Budapest in 2016: the Role of First Official Reaction in Crisis Management The explosion in Budapest occurred on 24 September 2016 when a young man detonated a nail bomb with the intention of killing two patrolling police officers. This article analyses the official communication of the Hungarian Police Forces focusing on the ellapsed time until their first official reaction. I argue that the first 24 hours after such detonations are the most crucial, so working with speed and efficiency is important and the crisis communication process should be accurate as well as transparent. According to my thesis a successful crisis management process takes into consideration not only the bias of the mass media, but also the influence of user generated content and conspiracy theories. The application of a holding statement is essential to my analysis, which is designed to help control the message the public will hear immediately following an incident.

The Role of Technological Change in the Long-run Global Economy Forecasting

2013 ◽  
pp. 97-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Apokin
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Qualitative Approaches ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The World ◽  
National Economies

The author compares several quantitative and qualitative approaches to forecasting to find appropriate methods to incorporate technological change in long-range forecasts of the world economy. A?number of long-run forecasts (with horizons over 10 years) for the world economy and national economies is reviewed to outline advantages and drawbacks for different ways to account for technological change. Various approaches based on their sensitivity to data quality and robustness to model misspecifications are compared and recommendations are offered on the choice of appropriate technique in long-run forecasts of the world economy in the presence of technological change.

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