scholarly journals HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF THE CITY CINEMAS UDMURT REPUBLIC OF THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY IN THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF THE KIROV REGION (CHACO KIROV)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-160
Author(s):  
Natalia Viktorovna Ryzhkova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Research Work ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
Kirov Oblast ◽  
Udmurt Republic

The article deals with historical and architectural features of the city's cinemas that have appeared in the Vyatka Governorate in the territory of the modern cities of the Udmurt Republic in the early twentieth century. On the basis identified in the research work of the author of the documents of the Central State archive of the Kirov Oblast (Kirov), investigated the problems of the structure and construction of cinema buildings, characterized the role of local authorities in the formation and development of cultural institutions in cities. The author finds out the influence of cinema buildings on the folding of the architectural appearance of the cities of Udmurtia, analyzes their location and related problems of formation of urban space. In the Fund of the Vyatka provincial Board (Construction Department) found documents testifying to their reliable architectural appearance, the features of their historical development, design, stages of construction and reconstruction. A valuable component is the confirmation of the authorship of some buildings.

scholarly journals ON THE SPECIFICS OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE PLENIPOTENTIARIES OF THE STATE DEFENSIVE COMMITTEE DURING THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR (ACCORDING TO DOCUMENTS OF FEDERAL AND REGIONAL ARCHIVES)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
D. V. Repnikov
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Federal State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
History Of

The article is devoted to such an important aspect of the activities of the plenipotentiaries of the State Defensive Committee during the Great Patriotic War, as conflicts of authority. Contradictions between the plenipotentiaries of the State Defensive Committee and the leaders of party, state, economic bodies at various levels, as well as between the plenipotentiaries themselves, that were expressed in the emergence of various disputes and often resulted in conflicts of authority, became commonplace in the functioning of the state power system of the USSR in the war period. Based on documents from federal (State Archive of the Russian Federation, Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History, Russian State Archive of Economics) and regional (Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic, Center for Documentation of the Recent History of the Udmurt Republic) archives, the author considers a conflict of authority situation that developed during the Great Patriotic War in the Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which shows that historical reality is more complicated than the stereotypical manifestations of it.

scholarly journals Children’s Memories of the Leningrad Blockade in the Materials of the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-269
Author(s):  
Sergey N. Uvarov
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Udmurt Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

The article offers the previously unpublished memoirs of eleven Leningrad residents who were children during the German blockade of the city. All of them were collected in 1998-1999 by Nina Aleksandrovna Koroleva, and are today kept in her collection in the Central State Archive of the Udmurt Republic. After the war, Nina Aleksandrovna came to live in Udmurtia, where she started to record memories about wartime. Conventionally, her documents can be divided into two groups. The first includes the memories of those who were evacuated to Udmurtia during the Great Patriotic War. The second group consists of memories of those who ended up in the republic after the end of the war. All documents are preserved in the author's edition. The memoirs reflect childhood impressions of the siege period. Their authors share their feelings from the beginning of the blockade, and report details of their daily life during the siege; they also reveal the coping strategies of the respective families. Descriptions of the labor conducted by children invite for conclusions about their contribution to the Soviet victory. Very emotional are the reports about the lifting of the blockade. Some memoirs contain details of the evacuation from Leningrad to the mainland. From the perspective of the history of everyday life, the publication of these memoirs expands our knowledge about the Great Patriotic War and, in particular, about the blockade of Leningrad.

THE OLGINSKY ORPHANAGES OF THE VYATKA PROVINCE AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH-20TH CENTURIES AS IN THE MATERIALS OF THE CENTRAL STATE ARCHIVE OF THE KIROV REGION. HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL ASPECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-134
Author(s):  
Natalia V. RYZHKOVА
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Raising Children ◽  
Development Organization ◽  
Independent Life ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Town

A special place in the system of children’s care in the Russian Empire at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries belonged to the Olginsky orphanages, named in honor of Princess Olga — the daughter of the Emperor Nikolai II. They were the smallest type of children’s institutions in Russia, which appeared in a similar way to the charity institutions for adults: working buildings and shelters for the homeless. The idea of educating and raising children in an orphanage, supervising them, and most importantly introducing them to work and craft should have saved them in the future from poverty, unemployment, and marginalization. This paper analyzes the Olginsky orphanages of the Vyatka Province, at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the features of their exterior, development, organization, structure, construction, and functioning. The author relies on the documents identified for the first time during the research work of the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region. The results show that there were three Olginsky shelters in the Vyatka Province — they were founded in the Izhevsk factory, in the town Mozhga, and the town of Slobodsky. The author notes that those who initiated the opening of orphanages and financed their construction, were in most cases individuals: at the Izhevsk factory they were Izhevsk workers, in Mozhga it was the chief of the Yelabuga District, Ivan Mikhailovich Poyarkov, and in Slobodsky they were merchants. In general, such orphanages had a positive impact on orphans and street children, because there, they received the necessary education and craft training, which later allowed them to lead an independent life and earn a living. In this article, the author confirms the authorship of the constructed orphanage buildings: in Mozhga, it was the famous architect of the Vyatka Province M. A. Buchholz, a contemporary of an equally famous architect I. A. Charushin; at the Izhevsk factory it was A. Grebenshchikov (later with the participation of I. A. Charushin); and the architect Andreev in Slobodsky. The author has established that from an architectural point of view, the buildings of the orphanages were quite diverse, but modest in their design, they did not have signs of monumentality, did not solve significant urban planning problems and, in general, did not contradict the existing artistic and aesthetic ideals of the period.

The first traffic accidents involving cars in Kharkiv in the early twentieth century (based on materials from the local press)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Road Accidents ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Users ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
On The Road

Research aim is to establish the history of the first road accidents involving cars in Kharkiv in the early twentieth century. Research methodology. The article discusses the road accidents involving cars as one of the aspects of the emergence and development of new vehicles and ways of communication "traffic" in Kharkov in the early twentieth century from the point of view of the concept of modernization of urban space. Scientific novelty. For the first time in the historiography the history ofthe road accidents involving cars in Kharkov in the early twentieth century was the subject of special research. The publications from the newspapers «Yuzhnyj Kraj» («South Land») and «Utro» («Morning») newspapers revealed a number of testimonies of the first car accidents involving cars in Kharkiv in the early 20th century. The typical causes, circumstances, course and consequences of such incidents are established. Conclusions. It was found that the first car accidents were caused primarily by the unusualness of the new vehicle for traditional road users in time pedestrians, carriages and, especially, horses, which frightened the unusual view and high speed of automatic crews, the roar of their previous engines, known as time of movement of smoke and smoke, loud exhausts, internal combustion engines and various horns and even «sirens». Factors such as the poor quality of driver training and / or the irresponsibility of individual drivers when driving on city streets also played an important role in some cases. The most known example of dangerous behavior on the road was the case of a nobleman O. L. Samoilov (owner and driver of the infamous newspaper «Red Car»), who regularly consciously ensures the safety of road users. This has led to frequent road accidents involving schoolchildren of varying severity from other road users  people, animals (horses, dogs) and vehicles. At the same place on carriages and features of pedestrians who are accustomed to traffic on city streets. For a long time, they did not report the changes caused by the appearance of dozens of cars on the streets of Kharkiv and neglected their own safety, behaving carelessly.

“Other Turkestan” by Senator Konstantin Palen and engineer Nikolay Shchapov

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Tatiana Kotyukova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Photo Collections ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Photo Collection

This article is devoted to two practically unknown photo collections that visualize Turkestan at the beginning of the twentieth century. The first, stored in the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) and consisting of 4 photo albums, was collected during the Senate audit of the Turkestan Territory under the leadership of Count K. K. Palen in 1908—1909. The second collection of photographs, shot in 1911—1913 in Turkestan, is part of a large and diverse personal photo collection of hydrologist engineer N. M. Shchapov, stored in the Central State Archive of Moscow, the Center for the Storage of Electronic and Audiovisual Documents (TsGAM TsKHEAVD). Photocollections of the Senate audit (under the leadership of K. K. Palen) and hydro engineer N. M. Schapov, in our opinion, can be considered a visualization of modernization in Turkestan and a manifestation at the general imperial level of the appearance of another, industrial, Turkestan.

Solar radiation in the Arctic during the Early Twentieth Century Warming period (1921–50)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajmund Przybylak ◽  
Pavel Sviashchennikov ◽  
Joanna Uscka-Kowalkowska ◽  
Przemysław Wyszyński
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Solar Irradiance ◽  
Research Work ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Solar Forcing ◽  
Arctic Warming ◽  
Early Twentieth Century

<p>The Early Twentieth Century Warming (ETCW) period includes a time when a clear increase in actinometric observations was noted in the Arctic, which is defined for the purpose of the present paper after Atlas Arktiki (Treshnikov ed., 1985). Nevertheless, available information about energy balance, and its components, for the Arctic for the study period is still very limited, and therefore solar forcing cannot be reliably determined. As a result, the literature contains large discrepancies between estimates of solar forcing. For example, reconstructions of the increase of terrestrial solar irradiance (TSI) during the ETCW period range from 0.6 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (CMIP5, Wang et al., 2005), through 1.8 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (Crowley et al., 2003), to 3.6 Wm<sup>-2</sup> (Shapiro et al., 2011). Suo et al. (2013) concluded that the collection and processing of solar data is of paramount and central importance to the ability to take solar forcing into account, especially in modelling work.</p><p>            Having in mind the weaknesses of our knowledge described above, we decided to present in the paper a summary of our research concerning the availability of solar data in the Arctic (including measurements taken during land and marine expeditions). A detailed inventory of data series for the ETCW period (1921–50) also containing all available metadata will be an important part of this work. Based on the gathered data, a preliminary analysis will be presented of the general solar conditions in the Arctic in this time in terms of global, diffuse and direct solar radiation, and their changes from the ETCW period to present times (mainly 1981–2010).</p><p>            The research work in this paper was supported by a grant entitled “Causes of the Early 20th Century Arctic Warming”, funded by the National Science Centre, Poland (grant no. 2015/19/B/ST10/02933).</p><p>References:</p><p>Crowley T.J., Baum S.K., Kim K., Hegerl G.C. and Hyde W.T., 2003. Modeling ocean heat content changes during the last millennium. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1932</p><p>Shapiro A.I., Schmutz W., Rozanov E., Schoell M., Haberreiter M. and co-authors, 2011. A new approach to the long-term reconstruction of the solar irradiance leads to large historical solar forcing. Astron. Astrophys. 529, A67.</p><p>Suo L., Ottera O.H., Bentsen M., Gao Y. and Johannessen O.M., 2013. External forcing of the early 20th century Arctic warming, Tellus A 2013, 65, 20578, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v65i0.20578</p><p>Treshnikov A.F. (ed.), 1985. Atlas Arktiki. Glavnoye Upravlenye Geodeziy i Kartografiy: Moscow.</p><p>Wang Y.M., Lean J.L. and Sheeley Jr. N.R., 2005. Modeling the sun’s magnetic field and irradiance since 1713. Astroph. J. 625, 522.</p>

Picket lines and parades: labour and urban space in early twentieth-century London and Chicago

Urban History ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 456-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUTH PERCY
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Built Environments ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
City Space ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
The City

ABSTRACTGarment strikes in London and Chicago provide a setting to consider the role of the city in early twentieth-century labour struggles. While strikers in the two cities shared similar experiences and confronted similar imaginings of the city, they faced different built environments. The comparative approach thus highlights the importance of considering spatial dynamics when studying strikers’ strategies. Journalists’ and other onlookers’ responses to picket lines, parades or mass meetings reflected normative understandings and expectations of workers’ behaviour, especially if those workers were young, women or ethnic minorities. The article considers the ways in which strikers in early twentieth-century London and Chicago transgressed contemporary perceptions of their cities by appropriating city space and by subverting behavioural norms in spaces where they did belong. I argue that the strikers drew attention to their struggles via their atypical use of the city streets and that occupying these spaces helped unify the strikers and thus strengthen the strike.

scholarly journals “Spirit of Russia” in the Song Lyrics About the City of Yelets

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-312
Author(s):  
Nataliya A. Trubitsina
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Native Land ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Song Lyrics ◽  
The City

<p>The paper attempts to substantiate the opinion of Professor I.&nbsp;A.&nbsp;Esaulov about the special &ldquo;spirit&rdquo; of Russia present in the urban space of the ancient provincial Yelets. The analysis uses the song lyrics of local poets of the early twentieth century, published in 1996 in the almanac &ldquo;Yeletskaya byl&rdquo;. The author comes to the conclusion that the Yelets poets in their works conveyed the unique flavor of their native land by means of contamination of the main cultural codes of the Yelets text&nbsp;&mdash; Yelets Orthodox, Yelets merchant, Yelets-a city of military glory. Local mythology played a&nbsp;major role in the formation of the Yelets text of culture. The appearance of the mother of God at Yelets to Khan Tamerlane, after which there was a miraculous escape from the ruin of Moscow and all Russia, became a &ldquo;starting&rdquo; event for the perception of Yelets as a sacred city under the patronage of the mother of God. The widespread use of Orthodox symbols in the song lyrics about Yelets emphasizes the predominance of the religious and spiritual component over the visual and secular landscape of the city.</p>

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