scholarly journals ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS AS AN EFFECTIVE MEANS OF PLANT PROTECTION AGAINST ACCREMONIOSIS

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
G. V. Tsekhmister ◽  
A. S. Kyslynska ◽  
A. A. Pavlenko
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Wort Agar ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Dark Green ◽  
Almost All

Objective. Screening of microorganisms — antagonists of the phytopathogenic fungus Acremonium cucurbitacearum. Methods. The antagonistic activity of microorganisms was investigated by the method of mixed (counter) cultures on wort agar. The appearance and type of relationships were registered using Simonian and Mamikonian modified scale. The primary screening of A. cucurbitacearum 502 antagonists was performed by the delayed antagonism method. Morphological and cultural characteristics of Triсhoderma sp. 017 were studied on wort agar. The fungus was grown for 10 days. Results. Almost all of the microorganisms under study were found to exhibit antagonistic properties against A. cucurbitacearum 502. In particular, among bacteria, Bacillus sp. 23 exhibited the highest antifungal activity and inhibited the growth of the pathogen even after 25 days of their compatible cultivation. Screening for micromycetes of the genera Trichoderma and Chaetomium showed that all the tested strains showed antagonistic activity to A. cucurbitacearum 502 to one extent or another. Following contact of Chaetomium fungi — C. globosum 377 and C. cochliodes 3250 with A. cucurbitacearum 502, they delayed growth of the latter, showing superparasitism at Day 25 and 15, respectively. Among the fungi of the genus Triсhoderma, strain Triсhoderma sp. 017 was characterized by the fastest growth and at Day 5 of cultivation showed superparasitism, arresting the growth of A. cucurbitacearum 502 and completely invading the colony of pathogen. Colonies of the fungus Trichoderma sp. 017 on wort agar show rapid growth, forming a white mycelium film and a dark green conidial zone. The optimum pH is 5.0. The mycelium consists of colourless, smooth, strongly branched hyphae, 2.5‒6.0 μm in diameter. Conidiophores are very branched in compact or loose pads, with a main axis, 3.5‒4.0 µm thick. Sterigmata form rings with 2‒3 sterigmata varying in size, 6.25‒15.0 × 2.5‒3.0 μm. Conidia are spherical 2.0‒3.0 × 3.5‒5.0 μm. Conclusion. Therefore, in order to protect plants from acremoniasis caused by the phytopathogen A. cucurbitacearum, we suggest the strain Triсhoderma sp. 017, which is characterized by the most rapid growth and active superparasitism. According to morphological and cultural characteristics, the fungus is classified as T. viride 017.

Why Do People Stay Poor?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Balboni ◽  
Oriana Bandiera ◽  
Robin Burgess ◽  
Maitreesh Ghatak ◽  
Anton Heil
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Choice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Poverty Traps ◽  
Asset Transfer ◽  
Small Livestock ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
Almost All

Abstract There are two broad views as to why people stay poor. One emphasizes differences in fundamentals, such as ability, talent, or motivation. The other, the poverty traps view, emphasizes differences in opportunities which stem from access to wealth. To test between these two views, we exploit a large-scale, randomized asset transfer and an 11-year panel of 6,000 households who begin in extreme poverty. The setting is rural Bangladesh and the assets are cows. The data supports the poverty traps view—we identify a threshold level of initial assets above which households accumulate assets, take on better occupations (from casual labor in agriculture or domestic services to running small livestock businesses), and grow out of poverty. The reverse happens for those below the threshold. Structural estimation of an occupational choice model reveals that almost all beneficiaries are misallocated in the work they do at baseline and that the gains arising from eliminating misallocation would far exceed the program costs. Our findings imply that large transfers which create better jobs for the poor are an effective means of getting people out of poverty traps and reducing global poverty.

scholarly journals Present-day breeding of legumes and groat crops in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-387
Author(s):  
V. I. Zotikov ◽  
S. D. Vilyunov
Keyword(s):  
Plant Protection ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

The production of pedigree seeds is not only an important but also a cost-effective means of increasing the yield and efficiency of agriculture. The genetic potential of varieties can be unlocked only by choosing those adaptive to the soil and climatic conditions in a particular region, using modern tools for plant protection, and applying balanced mineral nutrition. These are the most important factors determining the performance. In the course of breeding and genetic work, the Federal Scientific Center of Legumes and Groat Crops (FSC LGC) has created new soybean varieties, whose high biological and economic potentials are combined with resistance to stress factors. Despite the close relationship between productivity and growing season duration, the highly productive and early-ripening (100–115 days) soybean varieties raised at FSC LGC can yield 2.5 to 3.5 t/ha, the grain having high contents of protein (37–42 %) and fat (18–22 %), depending on the climatic conditions in a particular year of cultivation. They are less temperature-sensitive than other domestic or foreign varieties. It is important that our soybean varieties are not genetically modified. New pea varieties created at FSC LGC in 2015–2020 differ in growing season duration and morphological features. They are adaptable to the soil and climatic conditions of a region, which ensures the maximum realization of their potential. The main factor in increasing yields and stabilizing the production of buckwheat and millet grain in the Russian Federation is the creation and adaption of new earlyripening and high-yielding varieties of the determinate type adapted to the specific natural and climatic conditions of different regions of Russia.

Media usage of evacuees in a multichannel environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-378
Author(s):  
John William Cheng ◽  
Hitoshi Mitomo
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Information Dissemination ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Media Environment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake ◽  
Disaster Information ◽  
Media Channels ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Multichannel Media

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine structural and psychological factors that may affect disaster evacuees’ usage of different media channels in a multichannel media environment. Design/methodology/approach The present study uses the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake in Japan as the case study. It adopts a quantitative approach using structural equation modelling with data collected from an original questionnaire survey (n=744). Findings The results show that the evacuees’ usage of almost all media channels is positively related to the number of different types of media terminals they had. That said, those who were evacuated mandatorily tend to utilise internet-enabled media channels more. It is also found that traditional broadcast and internet-enabled media channels complement each other instead of displacing. Thus, multichannel appears to be an effective means for disseminating disaster information. However, it is also found that having access to a particular media channel does not necessarily mean that people will utilise it. Practical implications To fully utilise the multichannel media environment for disaster information dissemination, governments and media organisations also need to focus on the quality of the information being disseminated over both traditional broadcast and internet-enabled media channels. Originality/value Few studies have empirically examined factors that affect disaster evacuees’ usage of different media channels in a multichannel media environment. This study fills this gap and the findings may help governments and media organisations in utilising multiple media channels to disseminate disaster information.

The Paradox of Nineteenth-century Population Growth in Southeast Asia: Evidence from Java and the Philippines

1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman G. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Line Passing ◽  
Demographic Theory ◽  
Almost All

The paradox can be expressed simply: the population of nineteenth-century Southeast Asia apparently grew much more rapidly than precedent or demographic theory would have led us to expect. In the two areas for which we have the most and best data — Dutch Java and the Spanish Philippines — almost all the statistical evidence points to rates of natural increase reaching 1 per cent a year by the early nineteenth century and rising well above that level for most of the rest of the century. Though the evidence is much less clear for other countries in the region, it is generally compatible with a hypothesis of comparably rapid growth. In Siam, for example, the trend line passing through most nineteenth-century estimates reaches 1.3 per cent by the 1860s, 3 per cent by the 1890s.

scholarly journals Influence of plant protection methods on weediness and seed yield of meadow clover varieties in Primorskiy region

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-81
Author(s):  
О. M. Skalozub
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agronomic Practices ◽  
Fodder Crops ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

In the field of fodder production, in most cases, low-yielding, old-age grass stands are used. One of the reasons for this is the low availability of grass seeds. For example, over the past 20 years, the production of grass-clover seeds has reduced by 3.4 times. Therefore, priority should be given to the seed production of leguminous grasses (including meadow clover). A large infestation of the arable soil layer with seeds and buds of annual and perennial weeds in almost all arable land in the Primorskiy Region is the most critical factor in reducing the yield of cultivated crops. The development of practical techniques for clearing fields of weeds is one of the vital links in the technology of increasing the output of fodder crops. The research aims to establish the effect of agronomic practices of cultivation and means of protection on the seed yield of meadow clover in the natural and climatic conditions of the Primorskiy Region. Clover is a crop sensitive to herbicides, with a limited period of their application. Therefore, inter-row treatments were carried out before the rows were closed, and chemical treatments were applied before the budding phase to preserve wild pollinators and bees. The varieties Ogonek, SibNIIK-10 and regionalised Kommandor were evaluated. Experimental data on the impact of agronomic practices of meadow clover cultivation and plant protection methods on the weediness of its crops and the yield quality of seeds under the conditions of the Primorskiy region were obtained. The use of herbicides against the background of inter-row treatment during the second year of clover planting helped reduce the weed infestation from 58.3 to 70% and increase the seed yield by 1.1-1.3 times depending on the variety.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Native Wine Yeast as Biocontrol Agents Against Fungal Pathogens Related to Postharvest Diseases

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Reyes-Bravo ◽  
Andrea Acuña-Fontecilla ◽  
Ines Marlene Rosales ◽  
Liliana Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Postharvest Diseases ◽  
Antagonistic Microorganisms ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
The Impact

Changes in consumer expectations have led to increasing demand for novel plant protection strategies, in order to reduce the application of chemical products, reduce the occurrence of new pests and the impact that all these actions generate in the environment. In recent years there have been numerous investigations related to biological control and the use of microorganisms as new control strategies. As part of integrated disease management, antagonistic microorganisms have been investigated lately and presented great interest. Such microorganisms can be applied in conventional and in organic farming as biological control agents (BCA). Many of these microorganisms are present in the microbial ecology generating interactive associations between surrounding microorganisms. For these reasons, it has become necessary to search new natural antimicrobial agents as alternatives to synthetic and chemical products. It has been discovered that there are microorganisms, particularly yeasts, that have antagonistic activity and different mechanisms of action, indicating that they could be interesting candidates for the development of BCA. Here, we evaluate the antagonist effect of four endophytic yeast, Cryptococcus antarcticus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Cryptococcus terrestris and Cryptococcus oeirensis over the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Penicillium expansum and Geotrichum candidum in in vitro assays (inhibition zone diameter assay and confrontation assay).The results revealed that the four yeast strains evaluated showed antagonistic activity against the phytopathogens tested, suggesting that these yeasts produce compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi and, depending on the assay, the evaluated antagonist-yeasts have differential biocontrolling-effect against the postharvest pathogens tested.

scholarly journals Identification of Substances Produced by Cercospora brachiata in Absence of Light and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 680
Author(s):  
John K. R. P. Felisbino ◽  
Bruno S. Vieira ◽  
Alberto de Oliveira ◽  
Neiliane A. da Silva ◽  
Carlos H. G. Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Broth Microdilution ◽  
Actinomyces Naeslundii ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Almost All

Cercospora brachiata is a phytopathogenic fungus. To know more about the metabolites produced by this fungus, the objective of this work was to identify, isolate and characterize substances present in extracts of the growth broth and mycelium, using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). It was also objective to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the extracts. Among the compounds identified, fatty acids, esters, and steroids can be highlighted. The main compounds identified are 9-hexadecenoic, hexadecenoic, oleic, octadecanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, doceno-13-enoic, stearic, linoleic, and nonadecanoic acids present in almost all extracts. For the antibacterial activity, the broth microdilution method was used. The ethyl acetate extract of the mycelium presented inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against the bacterium Actinomyces naeslundii (100 μg mL−1) and Streptococcus sanguinis (200 μg mL−1). Finally, two steroids were isolated and identified in the hexane extract of mycelium: ergosta-6,22-dien-3β,5α,8α-triol and brassicasterol.

scholarly journals Endophytic Fungi as Potential Biological Control Agents against Grapevine Trunk Diseases in Alentejo Region

Biology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 420
Author(s):  
Angela Billar de Almeida ◽  
Jonathan Concas ◽  
Maria Doroteia Campos ◽  
Patrick Materatski ◽  
Carla Varanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Grapevine Trunk Diseases ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Trunk Diseases ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Endophyte Fungi ◽  
Endophytic Community

Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are the most widespread fungal diseases, affecting grapevines in all the major growing regions of the world, and their complete eradication is still not possible. Aiming to search alternatives to avoid the spread and high incidence of these diseases, the present work intended to molecularly identify the grapevine endophytic community, the phytopathogenic fungi associated with GTDs in vineyards within the Alentejo region, and to test potential antagonist microorganisms as biological control candidates against GTDs-associated fungi. Grapevine endophytic community showed a wide variety of fungi in GTDs’ asymptomatic and symptomatic plants, nine of them previously described as GTDs-associated fungi. GTDs prevalent fungi identified in symptomatic plants were Diaporthe sp., Neofusicoccum sp., and H. viticola. Almost all these fungi were also detected in asymptomatic plants, which shows the importance of investigating the interactions of fungal communities and confirms the need for early diagnosis of these diseases. Direct inhibition antagonism tests were performed among identified endophytes and GTDs phytopathogenic fungi, and all the endophyte fungi showed potential as biocontrol agents. Our findings suggest that endophytes are promising candidates for their use in biological control due to their antagonistic activity against the mycelia growth of some GTDs-associated fungi.

scholarly journals Ampullosine, a new Isoquinoline Alkaloid from Sepedonium ampullosporum (Ascomycetes)

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1000500
Author(s):  
Dang Ngoc Quang ◽  
Jürgen Schmidt ◽  
Andrea Porzel ◽  
Ludger Wessjohann ◽  
Mark Haid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Culture Fluid ◽  
Isoquinoline Alkaloid ◽  
Selected Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungus ◽  
Reaction Monitoring ◽  
Cladosporium Cucumerinum ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Deep Yellow ◽  
Almost All

A new isoquinoline alkaloid, ampullosine (3-methyl-isoquinoline-6-carboxylic acid, 1), was isolated from Sepedonium ampullosporum and characterized by spectroscopic analysis and chemical reactions. This compound is responsible for the deep yellow color of the culture fluid of this species. Moreover, the known compounds sepedonin (2) and anhydrosepedonin (3) were detected. Twelve strains belonging to eight species of Sepedonium have been screened for these three metabolites by LC/ESI-SRM (selected reaction monitoring). Ampullosine (1) could be detected in almost all species in Sepedonium, but not in the phylogenetically more distant species S. brunneum and S. tulasneanum. Anhydrosepedonin (3) showed antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum.

STUDY AND DETERMINATION OF DISEASES AND PESTS OF REPAIR RASPBERRY «BRYANSKOE DIVO» IN THE SOUTH-EAST OF KAZAKHSTAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 384 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
L. A. Zhailibayeva ◽  
S. N. Oleichenko ◽  
M. D. Esenalieva ◽  
I. Demirtas
Keyword(s):  
Causative Agent ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Laboratory Analysis ◽  
The South ◽  
Cultural Characteristics ◽  
Purple Spot ◽  
Research Institute

The intensity of diseases and pests was determined in LLP "Kazakh Research Institute of Plant Protection and Quarantine named after Zhazken Zhiembayev" in the test center of phytosanitary laboratory analysis for phytopathological and entomological examination. As a result of the analysis of entomological examination on the leaves of raspberries were found pests of the plant. No pests or nematodes were found in soil samples. On the basis of the symptoms of the disease and phytopathological analyses, it was found that the presented samples of raspberries are parasitic with purple spot, the causative agent of Didymella applanala, as well as secondarily inhabited by fungi of the genera Fuzarium, Aspergillius, Alternaria, Penicillium, Mucor. Classical phytopathological methods were used for the phytopathological diagnosis of raspberry disease. Determination of fungal and bacterial microflora was carried out on morphological and cultural characteristics of the colony of fungi and bacteria isolated in pure culture.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document