scholarly journals Thermal Analisys of the Increase in Ambient Temperature Due to Motor Vehicle Activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 751-754
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Living Things ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Specific Material ◽  
Temperature Heating ◽  
Earth Temperature

Global warming has become a problem of world wide, because it endangers living things. The consequences of global warming include the increase of the earth temperature and climate change. The increase of temperature (heating) in a city which is referred to urban heat island (UHI) is also the same problem in architecture. This research aimed to analyze the ambienttemperature of the UHI due to the motor vehicleactivities. Samples were taken from several locations: (1) Bahu Mall Parking area; (2) Manado Town Square 2 parking area; (3) along the Wolter Monginsidi street in front of Bahu Mall and (4) along the Piere Tendean street in front of Manado Town Square. This research used a quantitative method with a field survey. This research found that the ambient temperature increased when motor vehicles were stationary with engine on or moved. The temperature increased due to the heat from the engine and the reflection of the sun’s heat from the body of the vehicles. The heat level obtained from the survey was 34,8 0C to 39,4 0C. For this reason, a specific material for vehicle’s body is needed to prevent the increase of ambient temperature.

scholarly journals PERANCANGAN ALARM ANTI MALING PADA KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DALAM POSISI PARKIR MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR PIR (PASSIVE INFRARED RECEIVER) DAN SENSOR GETAR BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO R3

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhonny Hendra cipta Pangaribuan ◽  
Indra Gunawan ◽  
Heru Satria T ◽  
Sumarno . ◽  
Ika Okta Kirana
Keyword(s):  
Input Data ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Vibration Sensor ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Sensor Coverage ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Arduino Uno ◽  
Motorized Vehicles

Abstrak: Masyarakat merasa keamanan saat ini tidaklah kondusif, banyak perampokan dan penodongan terhadap kendaraan bermotor, khususnya di area parkir dan mengakibatkan kerugian materi yang bagi kelas masyarakat tertentu dinilai besar. Semakin meningkatnya kebutuhan masyarakat dalam penggunaan perangkat keamanan pada kendaraan bermotor mereka, terutama untuk sekarang ini belum banyak kendaraan yang di lengkapi sensor keamanan dari pabrikan pembuat kendaraan bermotor. Hal ini mendorong penulis untuk merancang perangkat pengaman pada kendaraan bermotor. Sistem pengaman ini menggunakan mikrokontroler Arduino Uno r3 yang dihubungkan dengan sensor PIR dan sensor SW-420 vibration sensor. Sensor PIR akan mendeteksi adanya pergerakan di sekitar kendaraan bermotor yang menyebabkan adanya perubahan tegangan. Perubahan tegangan dari sensor kemudian akan dijadikan sebagai data input oleh mikro kontroler dan diproses sehingga membuat LCD menyala serta buzzer/alarm berbunyi. Sistem pengaman ini mampu mendeteksi keberadaan manusia yang masuk dalam cakupan/coverage area sensor, maka suhu tubuh yang di pancarkan manusia akan di deteksi dan selanjutnya sensor akan aktif. Sedangkan sensor SW-420 akan mendeteksi getaran yang di timbulkan dari sentuhan atau getaran dari objek(manusia).Kata Kunci : Mikrokontroler, sensor PIR, buzzer, sensor SW-420 vibration.Abstract: The community feels that security at this time is not conducive. Many robberies and robbery of motorized vehicles, especially in the parking area, resulting in material losses, which are considered large for certain classes of society. Increasing needs of the community in the use of security devices on their motor vehicles, especially, for now, not many cars are equipped with safety sensors from manufacturers of motor vehicle manufacturers. This prompted the authors to design safety devices on motor vehicles. This security system uses an ARDUINO UNO R3 microcontroller connected to the PIR sensor and SW-420 vibration sensor. PIR sensor will detect any movement around the motorized vehicle, which causes a change in voltage. The sensor's voltage will then be used as input data by the microcontroller and processed so that the LCD will turn on, and the buzzer/alarm will sound. This safety system can detect humans who fall within the sensor coverage area, then the body temperature emitted by humans will be seen, and the sensor will then be active. In comparison, the SW-420 sensor will detect vibrations caused by touch or vibrations from objects (humans).Keywords: Microcontroller, PIR sensor, buzzer, SW-420 vibration sensor

scholarly journals “Streets of Fire” revisited: contact burns

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Areta Kowal-Vern ◽  
Marc R. Matthews ◽  
Karen N. Richey ◽  
Kathy Ruiz ◽  
Michael Peck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Heated Surface ◽  
Motor Vehicle Crash ◽  
Hospital Charges ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Unknown Reason ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Heat Indices

Abstract Background Pavement-street contact burns are rare. This study compared recent contact burns to those published in “Pavement temperature and burns: Streets of Fire” in 1995. The hypothesis was that there were a significantly increased number of pavement-street burns, as a result of increased ambient temperatures, and that motor vehicle crash (MVC) contact burns were less severe than pavements-street burns. Methods This was a retrospective burn center registry study of naturally heated surface contact burns during May to September from 2016 to 2018. Statistical analyses were performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Maximum Likelihood chi-squared for age, percent of total burn surface area (% TBSA), treatment, hospitalization, comorbidities, hospital charges, mortality, ambient, and surface temperatures (pavement, asphalt, rocks). Results In the 1995 study, median ambient temperatures were 106 (range 100–113) °F compared to the 108 (range 86–119) °F highest noon temperature in the current study. No ambient temperature differences were recorded on days with pavement burn admissions compared to days without these admissions. There were 225 pavement, 27 MVC, 15 road rash, and 103 other contact burns. The major injuries in the pavement group were due to being “down” (unknown reason), falls, and barefoot. Compared to the others, the pavement group was older, 56+ years, p < 0.001, and had smaller burns but similar length of stay. Fifty percent of the 225 pavement group patients with full-thickness burns required skin grafts. There were 13 (6%) fatalities in the pavement group vs 1 (4%) in the MVC group, p = 0.01. Fatalities were secondary to sepsis, shock, cardiac, respiratory, or kidney complications. Compared to survivors, the non-survivors had a significantly higher % TBSA (10% vs 4%), p = 0.01, and lower Glasgow Coma Scores (10 vs 15), p = 0.002. Conclusion There was a median 2 °F increase in ambient temperature since 1995. The increase in pavement burn admissions was multi-factorial: higher temperatures, population, and the number of older patients, with increased metropolis expansion, outreach, and urban heat indices. Pavement group was similar to the MVC group except for significantly older age and increased mortality. Morbidity associated with age contributed to increased mortality.

scholarly journals The Effects of Motor Vehicle Emissions on the Environment

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osman Simav ◽  
Banu Dokuzeylül ◽  
Mehmet Erman Or
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Catalytic Converter ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Otto Cycle ◽  
Living Things

The pollutants emitted in the surroundings of motor vehicle exhausts vary according to the type of engine cycle, the use of fuel and the use of catalytic converters. Harmful compounds emitted from internal combustion engine exhaust (IYM) exhausts; HC Hydro Carbon, CO Carbon Monoxide, NOx Nitrogen Oxides and Particulate substances. Without the Catalytic Converter, the pollutant value of a motor vehicle operating with the Otto cycle and using gasoline is the highest. Diesel Motor Vehicles, which work with the Diesel cycle later, are the cleanest of these vehicles, which use the Otto cycle and use LPG. It is estimated that more than half of the polluters that lead to air pollution in large cities come from exhausts of motor vehicles. HC Hydrocarbons cause cancers in living things, CO poisoning carbon monoxide living things, causing deaths in case of excessive respiration. NOx Nitrogen Oxides disrupt the balance of nature as acid rain. CO2, which is thought to cause less damage, causes greenhouse effect in the atmosphere, causing the climate to change and the average temperature to increase. This study is to examine the effects of air pollution caused by exhaust gases on domestic pets, plant cover and water and other environment in the city.

Complex Solution of Ecological and Economic Problems of Traffic Jams

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Oleksandr M. Matsenko ◽  
Yaroslav S. Kovalev ◽  
Olena M. Tkachenko ◽  
Yaroslava V. Chorna
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Traffic Lights ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Economic Sphere ◽  
Flows Over Time

The article explores the congestion level in traffic of motor vehicles and its negative environmental and economic consequences in case of Kiev. The amount of pollution from traffic jams in Kiev and the number of vehicles which got into them in 2009-2018 is analyzed. The loss of earnings on the side of automobile owners from their standby are calculated with corresponding quantitative expressions found and described. For the course of the research, the methods of system-structural and comparative analysis were used for analyzing the environmental and economic problems of modern automobile systems; methods of formal logical analysis were used for substantiating the innovative infrastructure of transport routes. Separately economic and statistical methods were used in the study for trends development, structure analysis, and estimation of the influence of road congestion on the environmental and economic sphere. Pearson test has indicated a close relationship between the number of cars in Kiev and the number of values from traffic jams in environmental and economic sphere. Solutions to this problem are offered in forms of automated traffic control systems, improvisation of organizational and technical methods for the distribution of traffic flows over time, namely reverse traffic, road junctions, smart traffic lights, road extension, and the transition to alternative modes of transport. In all countries of the world there are new research methods that affect pollutants from motor vehicles. It is proved that they are forced by the recipients. In addition, landscaping can improve landscape design, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, surface water runoff and noise pollution. In this regard the policy implication of the research are aimed to eliminate the negative consequences from the use of vehicles during traffic jams, and the necessary number of trees for planting in Kiev is calculated. Key words: motor transport, congestion, traffic jam, motor vehicle, greening, compensation effect, lost profits, losses.

scholarly journals Insect body size changes under future warming projections: a case study of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera)

Hydrobiologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rungtip Wonglersak ◽  
Phillip B. Fenberg ◽  
Peter G. Langdon ◽  
Stephen J. Brooks ◽  
Benjamin W. Price
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Future Warming ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Emergence Date ◽  
Average Body

AbstractChironomids are a useful group for investigating body size responses to warming due to their high local abundance and sensitivity to environmental change. We collected specimens of six species of chironomids every 2 weeks over a 2-year period (2017–2018) from mesocosm experiments using five ponds at ambient temperature and five ponds at 4°C higher than ambient temperature. We investigated (1) wing length responses to temperature within species and between sexes using a regression analysis, (2) interspecific body size responses to test whether the body size of species influences sensitivity to warming, and (3) the correlation between emergence date and wing length. We found a significantly shorter wing length with increasing temperature in both sexes of Procladius crassinervis and Tanytarsus nemorosus, in males of Polypedilum sordens, but no significant relationship in the other three species studied. The average body size of a species affects the magnitude of the temperature-size responses in both sexes, with larger species shrinking disproportionately more with increasing temperature. There was a significant decline in wing length with emergence date across most species studied (excluding Polypedilum nubeculosum and P. sordens), indicating that individuals emerging later in the season tend to be smaller.

scholarly journals Effect of Urban Heat Island and Global Warming Countermeasures on Heat Release and Carbon Dioxide Emissions from a Detached House

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 572
Author(s):  
Daisuke Narumi ◽  
Ronnen Levinson ◽  
Yoshiyuki Shimoda
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Urban Heat Island ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Heat Island ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Heating Season ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Cooling Effects

Urban air temperature rises induced by the urban heat island (UHIE) effect or by global warming (GW) can be beneficial in winter but detrimental in summer. The SCIENCE-Outdoor model was used to simulate changes to sensible heat release and CO2 emissions from buildings yielded by four UHIE countermeasures and five GW countermeasures. This model can evaluate the thermal condition of building envelope surfaces, both inside and outside. The results showed that water-consuming UHIE countermeasures such as evaporative space cooling and roof water showering provided positive effects (decreasing sensible heat release and CO2 emissions related to space conditioning) in summer. Additionally, they had no negative (unwanted cooling) effects in winter since they can be turned off in the heating season. Roof greening can provide the greatest space- conditioning CO2 emissions reductions among four UHIE countermeasures, and it reduces the amount of heat release slightly in the heating season. Since the effect on reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by UHIE countermeasures is not very significant, it is desirable to introduce GW countermeasures in order to reduce CO2 emissions. The significance of this study is that it constructed the new simulation model SCIENCE-Outdoor and applied it to show the influence of countermeasures upon both heat release and CO2 emissions.

Auditory Icons as Impending Collision System Warning Signals in Commercial Motor Vehicles

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (15) ◽  
pp. 1127-1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M. Belz ◽  
Gary S. Robinson ◽  
John G. Casali
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Collision System ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
Multiple Modalities ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Driving Task ◽  
Side Collision ◽  
Simulated Driving Task

This simulator-based study examined the use of conventional auditory warnings (tonal, non-verbal sounds) and auditory icons (representational, non-verbal sounds), alone and in combination with a dash-mounted visual display to warn commercial motor vehicle operators of impending front-to-rear and side collision situations. Driver performance was measured in the simulated driving task via brake response time in the front-to-rear collision scenarios and via a count of accident occurrence in the side collision scenarios. For both front-to-rear and side collision scenarios, auditory icons elicited significantly improved driver performance over conventional auditory warnings. Driver performance improved when collision warning information was presented through multiple modalities.

Seasonal changes in the body surface temperature of Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers

2014 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1476 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Y. Kim ◽  
S. J. Kim ◽  
J. H. Park ◽  
M. R. Oh ◽  
S. Y. Jang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Body Surface Temperature ◽  
Average Body

The present study aimed to gather basic information on measuring body surface temperature (BST) of cattle by using infrared thermography (IRT) and find out whether BST measurement is a useful method to detect thermal balance of livestock. Twenty-seven Hanwoo steers were examined in a field trial. The BST of five body regions (eye, nose, horn, ear, rear) was measured five times daily, with three replicates, during 3 days each season. Body surface temperature of cattle is directly affected by ambient temperature and humidity, and showed different ranges for each region. The BSTs of nose, horns and ears were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than those of eyes and rear area. Rear-area BST was significantly lower than eye-area BST when the ambient temperature was low (P < 0.05). Eye BST (EBST) was highest (P < 0.05) and the least variable of all BSTs measured. Therefore, the eye area of cattle was the most thermostable part of the body. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences among seasonal EBSTs of steers. The EBST range was highest in the summer (37.9–42.2°C), followed by autumn (34.3–37.4°C), spring (33.8–36.5°C) and winter (29.8–32.6°C). During extreme cold, EBST showed a large standard deviation. During conditions of extreme heat, EBST was above the average body temperature of cattle. The results of the present study indicated that BST well reflects the thermal circumstances surrounding animals and may be used as one of the effective tools for precision cattle farming.

On the spread of ultrafine particulate matter: A mathematical model for motor vehicle emissions and their effects as an asthma trigger

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle N. Rosado-Pérez ◽  
Karen Ríos-Soto
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Traveling Wave Solutions ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Diffusion Type

Asthma is a respiratory disease that affects the lungs, with a prevalence of 339.4 million people worldwide [G. Marks, N. Pearce, D. Strachan, I. Asher and P. Ellwood, The Global Asthma Report 2018, globalasthmareport.org (2018)]. Many factors contribute to the high prevalence of asthma, but with the rise of the industrial age, air pollutants have become one of the main Ultrafine particles (UFPs), which are a type of air pollutant that can affect asthmatics the most. These UFPs originate primarily from the combustion of motor vehicles [P. Solomon, Ultrafine particles in ambient air. EM: Air and Waste Management Association’s Magazine for Environmental Managers (2012)] and although in certain places some regulations to control their emission have been implemented they might not be enough. In this work, a mathematical model of reaction–diffusion type is constructed to study how UFPs grow and disperse in the environment and in turn how they affect an asthmatic population. Part of our focus is on the existence of traveling wave solutions and their minimum asymptotic speed of pollutant propagation [Formula: see text]. Through the analysis of the model it was possible to identify the necessary threshold conditions to control the pollutant emissions and consequently reduce the asthma episodes in the population. Analytical and numerical results from this work prove how harmful the UFEs are for the asthmatic population and how they can exacerbate their asthma episodes.

Effect of Changes in Ambient Temperature on Spontaneous Activity, Food Intake and Body Weight of Goldthioglucose-Obese and Nonobese Mice

1957 ◽  
Vol 188 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Fregly ◽  
N. B. Marshall ◽  
J. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Body ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Exposure To Cold ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Body Weights

Goldthioglucose-obese mice cannot adjust their food intake to meet the increased energy requirements due to cold. At all ambient temperatures above 15°C the spontaneous running activity of these animals is less than that observed for nonobese controls. Activity of obese mice is maximal at 19°C and minimal at 15°C or lower. Body weights decrease during exposure to cold. In contrast to that of obese mice, running activity of nonobese controls is maximal at an ambient temperature of 25°C but nearly ceases at 15°C or lower. The food intake of these animals increases in the cold and remains elevated even at temperatures at which activity decreases. The body weight of nonobese controls is either maintained constant or increases during exposure to cold air.

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