Growth Pattern and Trends in Startup Funding in INDIA

This paper presents the trend and growth pattern of startup ventures, their types and different stages of funding in India. The prime objective of this research was to study growth pattern of the startups and stages of funding received by these startups. The analysis has shown Indian start-up companies prefer primarily funding in four different stages, such as early stage, growth stage, expansion stage and bridge funding. The result has also shown that maximum funding was received in the expansion stage in the financial years. Bridge funding is becoming more and more prevalent, almost 10 per cent of deals. Further, it is noticed that the entrepreneurs find financial support from other funding sources, after the initial experimental phase. The results of chi-square test revealed that there is no significant association between stages of funding and level of development of startup. Further, the test also revealed no significant association between financing methods and professional qualification of promoters of startup.

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Analysis of Innovative Start-Up Companies – Case of Košice Region

Quality Innovation Prosperity ◽

10.12776/qip.v20i1.641 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 40 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Peter Džupka ◽

Slávka Klasová ◽

Viliam Kováč

Keyword(s):

Initial Phase ◽

Positive Impact ◽

Bank Loans ◽

Chi Square ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

Start Up ◽

Small Market ◽

Creative Solutions ◽

Chi Square Test

Purpose: Support policy for start-up companies is being developed nowadays in Slovakia, but so far there has hardly been any research focuses on this issue. Therefore, the aim of this article is to identify, what are the specific needs and funding sources of start-up companies according to their stage of development. Methodology/Approach: This paper used questionnaire empirical approach. The research was conducted in the Košice region. The sample of 47 innovative start-up companies was obtained and analysed using statistical measurements such as the Pearson’s chi-square test and the correspondence analysis method. Findings: The results reveal that start-up companies at their initial phase of development mostly use bank loans as a funding source of their activities, but they opt also business angel as their source of funding at start phase of development. The findings further discover relation between the stage of the development of start-up company and its specific need. Additionally, research probes that collaboration with other firms or universities has a positive impact on prosperity of the start-up company in terms of higher profitability and better access to funding. Research limitation/Implication: The Košice region is not an area, where representative survey in the field of start-up companies can be held nowadays. It relates to small market of innovative and creative solutions and goes with not so developed incentives to support start-up companies in their initial phase of development too. Thus, all the results and the outcomes coming from the dataset can be considered rather demonstrational than complex. Originality/Value of paper: We show the specific needs and funding sources for start-up companies in the Košice region according to their stage of development and thus identify, which aspects government representatives should pay attention to and what should be taken into consideration when designing policy initiatives oriented towards support of start-up prosperity. Furthermore, we bridge the gap between increased attention to analysis of start-up companies and no effort made to analyse them in the Košice region.

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COMMERCIAL BANKS AND THEIR EFFECT ON SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES FINANCING IN RWANDA: A CASE STUDY OF KIGALI CITY AND SOUTHERN PROVINCE

AGROFOR ◽

10.7251/agreng2101117e ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mutamuliza EULARIE ◽

Giramata AURORE

Keyword(s):

Financial Services ◽

Commercial Banks ◽

Small And Medium Enterprises ◽

Financial Industry ◽

Chi Square ◽

Southern Province ◽

Start Up ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Government ◽

Medium Enterprises

Commercial Banks worldwide are identified to be one of the key players in the financial industry that have positively affected individuals involved in business, and the economy at large, through the functions they perform in the economy. However, inadequate financing in the activities of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is still the major constraint faced by people involved in business activities. Even though the Government of Rwanda has made effort to improve the accessibility to credit, entrepreneurs still have some challenges to access financial services in order to improve their businesses. The purpose of this research was to assess the contribution of commercial banks in financing SMEs in Rwanda. A sample of 60 SMEs was selected in Kigali and Southern Province of Rwanda. Data was collected from the respondents through a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentage distributions. A Pearson Chi-Square Test was used to analyze the relationship between commercial banks and SMEs in Rwanda. The results indicated that the main purposes of loan application were start-up capital, working capital and expansion of businesses. The results also revealed that there was positive relationship between commercial banks and SMEs in Rwanda. The results revealed as well, that commercial banks in Rwanda played a crucial role in contribution to SME’s economic development and small and medium entrepreneurs who got credit from commercial banks expanded their businesses and increased their income.

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Clinical and Demographic Predictors of Mortality due to COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Study

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ◽

10.52403/ijhsr.20210511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 74-81

Author(s):

Ayushi Rajkumar Jain ◽

Doss Prakash ◽

Sheetal Swamy

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Mortality Rate ◽

Early Stage ◽

Major Complication ◽

Respiratory Arrest ◽

Chi Square ◽

High Risk Factors ◽

Demographic Predictors ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Common

The alarming statistics of COVID-19 surges up in 2021 throwing an enormous burden on the healthcare system across the world. According to WHO reports on 14th April 2021, globally 136,996,364 confirmed COVID-19 cases are reported across the continents, including 2,951,832 deaths. The state of Maharashtra reported the maximum number of cases of India including high mortality rate. This study was conducted to identify and describe the relation of different predictors (Age, gender, duration of hospital stay, presence of co morbidities) of mortality among the COVID-19 deceased patients by retrospectively analyzing the medical case records of 121 patients from a dedicated COVID hospital at Aurangabad from July 2020 to December 2020. Chi-square test was performed to assess the association between causes of death with different cluster of variables and their significance. This study helps us to identify risk factors that show association between various predictors and mortality rate in COVID-19 patients. Out of 121 deaths, 96 (79%) were male, 61 (49.6%) were in age group between 60-79 years, ARDS was one of the major complication in the deceased patients accounting 29.8% and cardio respiratory arrest was the common cause of death among the deceased patients with 85%. It was also observed that mortality rate was very higher in the initial five days of hospitalization with critical care support. Our result findings provide clinical inferences for physicians to identify high-risk factors with COVID-19 at a very early stage. Key words: COVID-19, Mortality rate, Demographic predictors, Co-morbidities, Cardio respiratory arrest.

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Correlation between Oncotype DX recurrence score and classical risk factors in early breast cancer.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e12011 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e12011-e12011

Author(s):

Fernando Namuche ◽

Rossana Esther Ruiz Mendoza ◽

Claudio J. Flores ◽

Alfredo Aguilar ◽

Henry Leonidas Gomez

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Early Stage ◽

Recurrence Score ◽

Risk Category ◽

Tumor Diameter ◽

Case Scenario ◽

Chi Square ◽

Er Positive ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Clinicopathological Variables

e12011 Background: OncotypeDx(ODX) predicts the likelihood of estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer (BC) recurrence and assesses the likely benefit from both hormonal therapy and chemotherapy. Many clinical scores that estimate the risk category of ODX are being tested. Ki67 is frequently incorporated into these assessments, although there is no standard cut-off for its use. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical files of 190 patients with early stage ER+ BC for whom ODX recurrence score (RS) was available from 2014 to 2016. Our objective was to find out the degree to which classical clinicopathological variables -as defined by St. Gallen(SG) 2015- could predict ODX risk category, also to determine an optimal Ki67 cut-off in order to establish an accurate classification. Chi square test was used. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 59 years (28-89). Mean tumor diameter was 15mm, 84.2% were intermediate grade. Mean expression of ER, PR and Ki67 were 87%, 53% and 22%, respectively. According to ODX 62.1% patients were low risk, 30.5% intermediate risk and 7.4% high risk. An overall concordance of 46.8% (73/190) was found between SG 2015 and the risk category of ODX (75.7% for low, 33.3% for intermediate and 23.9% for high RS). When changing SG Ki67 cutoffs to ≤20% (for low Ki67) and ≥30% (for high Ki67), an overall concordance of 56.3% (107/190) was found (69.6% for low, 47.3% for intermediate and 23.9% for high RS, with p=0.00) (Table 1). Conclusions: In best-case scenario, SG classical clinicopathological variables correctly classified 56.3% of patients of our series. Despite being a specialized center, the utility of classical clinicopathological variables for predicting ODX risk category is limited. [Table: see text]

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Acanthamoeba keratitis related to contact lens in a tertiary hospital in China

10.21203/rs.2.10315/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Weiwei Li ◽

Zhiqun Wang ◽

Jinghao Qu ◽

Yang Zhang ◽

Xuguang Sun

Keyword(s):

Confocal Microscopy ◽

Contact Lens ◽

Contact Lenses ◽

Early Stage ◽

Tap Water ◽

Acanthamoeba Keratitis ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Chi Square ◽

Soft Contact Lenses ◽

Chi Square Test

Abstract Backgroud To report the clinical and microbiological features of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) related to contact lens in a tertiary hospital in China. Methods In this retrospective study, medical results of 61 cases of AK related to contact lens were reviewed from January 2000 to December 2017. The data included patients’ demographics, lens type, history, risk factors, the disease stages, reports of corneal scrapings and culture, treatment. Moreover, the genotype identification of part of these isolates was carried out with a PCR assay and sequence analysis of the 18S ribosomal DNA gene. Results There were 64 eyes included in the study. And 32.8% of cases wore soft contact lenses, 67.2% of patients used overnight orthokeratology. In the cases (20eyes) of early stage, 65% (13 eyes) had positive results in Giemsa stained smears, trophozoites were seen in 7 eyes (35%) in 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) wet mounts. Six eyes (30%) were diagnosed by confocal microscopy together with clinical sign. In the orthokeratology patients, 87.8% (36/41) of cases rinsed the lenses and/or cases with tap water, while 55% of soft lens wearers wore their lens during showering. The genotype of 9 isolates was determined, all the strains belonged to genotype T4. In the orthokeratology related cases, patients required therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty after 2005 were less than before 2005 (Chi-square test, χ2= 4.209，P = 0.04). Conclusions More than two thirds of cases were associated with orthokeratology. The examinations of Giemsa stained smears, 0.9% NaCl wet mounts and confocal microscopy should be done for the highly suspected cases of early stage to help the early diagnosis. The rate of therapeutic keratoplasty was decrease after 2005 compare with before 2005 in the cases of orthokeratology.

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Current Legume Consumption in U.S. Adults: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2014 (P04-135-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz051.p04-135-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Thushanthi Perera ◽

Yumie Takata ◽

Gerd Bobe

Keyword(s):

Disease Prevention ◽

Caloric Intake ◽

Downward Trend ◽

Dry Beans ◽

Dietary Recommendations ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Dry Bean ◽

Funding Sources ◽

Chi Square Test

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate current legume consumption in U.S. adults by using cross-sectional data from the 2011–12 and 2013–14-year cycles of NHANES Methods Participants were grouped into non-legume consumers and consumers, which were further grouped into low mature legume consumers (<37.5 g/d, which are the dietary recommendations for mature legume consumption), marginal mature legume consumption (37.5–87.49 g/d, the latter being the cut-off point demonstrating nutritional and disease prevention benefits), and disease prevention mature legume consumption (≥ 87.5 g/d legume consumption). Groups were compared using a t-test (for comparison of legume consumers vs. non-consumers) or generalized least-squared means (for comparison among legume consumer groups) for continuous data and a chi-square test for categorical data. All tests were two-sided. Significance of group differences was determined to be at P ≤ 0.05. Results Legume consumption frequency in U.S. adults was low and showed a downward trend from 2011 to 2014 of 18.5% to 13.7% on a given day. The downward trend is primarily due to a decrease in dry bean consumption from 10.0% to 6.5%. The primary legume groups consumed were dry beans and green legumes; chickpeas and lentils were consumed by about 1% of participants at a given day. Legumes were mainly consumed as side or main dish (both primarily dry beans and green legumes) with a declining trend over time for using legumes as soup and main dish. 2.2% (2011–2012) and 1.8% (2013–2014) of NHANES participants ate at least 1 cup/d of mature legumes, 7.1% (2011–2012) and 5.3% (2013–2014) at least 0.5 cup/d of mature legumes, and 14.0% (2011–2012) and 10.7% (2013–2014) at least 37.5 g/d of mature legumes during the 2 surveying days after adjusting for caloric intake. Conclusions Legume consumption declined rather than increased in U.S. adults, warranting improved communication about the disease prevention benefits of regular legume consumption. Funding Sources None.

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Key Criteria and Competences Defining the Sustainability of Start-Up Teams and Projects in the Incubation and Acceleration Phase

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11236720 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (23) ◽

pp. 6720 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Monika Hudáková ◽

Hana Urbancová ◽

Lucie Vnoučková

Keyword(s):

Resource Planning ◽

Business Leaders ◽

Chi Square ◽

Use Of Resources ◽

Raising Awareness ◽

Start Up ◽

New Business ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Questionnaire Research ◽

Start Ups

This study investigates and identifies crucial and efficient competencies of start-up founders and new business leaders, together with the identification of crucial support provided by accelerator programs. These competencies are necessary as individuals and businesses increasingly focus on innovations, industry 4.0, and technologies. This requires an innovative set of entrepreneurs´ competencies to move businesses to the next level. The study gathered data by means of a quantitative questionnaire research and interviews conducted among start-up projects in accelerator programs over the past three years (2017–2019). In total, 158 start-ups were surveyed, and 38 successful teams were interviewed during this period. To analyze results, content analysis was used and Pearson’s chi-square test and the association test were employed using descriptive and two-dimensional statistics tools. The results identified key success criteria and competencies of successful start-up teams. These include knowledge of the ecosystem, resource planning and use, an ability to move from the initial stages, awareness of communication methods, and lobbying. Our findings are that key activities leading to the acceleration of projects are raising awareness among the target group, furthering the development of contacts, facilitating more efficient use of resources, and enabling the identification of barriers to the next phase of development and ways to remove them. The results may inspire other researchers to conduct studies under other conditions to further identify and understand these entrepreneurial competencies.

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Molecular Alterations in Lung Adenocarcinoma With Ground-Glass Nodules: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.724692 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Zihan Wei ◽

Ziyang Wang ◽

Yuntao Nie ◽

Kai Zhang ◽

Haifeng Shen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lung Adenocarcinoma ◽

Early Stage ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Genetic Alterations ◽

Ground Glass ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Chi Square ◽

Test Analysis ◽

Molecular Alterations ◽

Chi Square Test

Background and AimsNodular ground-glass lesions have become increasingly common with the increased use of computed tomography (CT), while the genomic features of ground-glass opacities (GGOs) remain unclear. This study aims to comprehensively investigate the molecular alterations of GGOs and their correlation with radiological progression.MethodsStudies from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, using PCR, targeted panel sequencing, whole exosome sequencing, and immunohistochemistry, and reporting genomic alterations or PD-L1 expressions in lung nodules presenting as GGOs until January 21, 2021 were included in this study. Chi-square test, random-effects model, and Z-test analysis were adopted to analyze the data.ResultsA total of 22 studies describing mutations in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) with GGOs were analyzed. EGFR was the most frequently mutative gene (51%, 95%CI 47%–56%), followed by TP53 (18%, 95%CI 6%–31%), HER2 (10%, 95%CI 0%–21%), ROS1 (6%, 95%CI 0%–18%), and KRAS (6%, 95%CI 3%–9%). The correlation between the frequency of EGFR mutation and radiological was observed and the differences were found to be not statistically significant in the subgroups, which are listed as below: radiological: gGGO 47.40%, 95%CI [38.48%; 56.40%]; sGGO 51.94%, 95%CI [45.15%; 58.69%]. The differences of the frequency of KRAS mutation in the different subgroups were also consistent with this conclusion, which are listed as: radiological gGGO 3.42, 95%CI [1.35%; 6.13%]; sGGO 12.27%, 95%CI [3.89%; 23.96%]. The pooled estimated rate of PD-L1 was 8.82%, 95%CI [5.20%–13.23%]. A total of 11.54% (3/26) of the SMGGNs were confirmed to be intrapulmonary spread by WES.ConclusionsSomatic genetic alterations are considered in early-stage GGO patients without distinct changes of the frequency following the progress of the tumor. This review sheds insight on molecular alterations in LUAD with GGOs.

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Childhood dental fear in children aged 7-11 years old by using the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale

Journal of Medicine and Life ◽

10.25122/jml-2020-0084 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 45-49

Author(s):

Sujata Rath ◽

◽

Debasmita Das ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Behavior Modification ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Early Stage ◽

Dental Fear ◽

Chi Square ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Male Patients ◽

Fear Survey Schedule ◽

Separation From Parents ◽

First Time

In children, dental fear is not only associated with fear of pain or invasive procedures, but it is also correlated with separation from parents or confronting unfamiliar people or environments. The Children’s Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) was developed to evaluate dental fear in children, and this scale is now used across the world for evaluating dental fear. The aim of this study was to evaluate dental fear in children between 7–11 years of age and to find out the association between caries and fear of dental treatment. A total of 300 subjects of both sexes were enrolled in the study. Prior to the oral examination, all patients’ attendants were informed about the study, and the subjects were asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding the CFSS-DS scale. The data obtained through the questionnaires were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. Fear scores were highest for “injections” (3.91±0.17), “dentist drilling” (3.91±0.10) and “choking” (3.65±0.82). It was also observed that subjects who had already visited a dental clinic or those who were familiar with the dental environment at an early stage of life were less anxious than patients who were receiving dental treatment for the first time. In this study, we found that female subjects were more anxious in comparison to male patients. Once the child’s fear is identified, the dentist can use various behavior modification techniques to eliminate fear, explain the steps, and use the instruments accordingly until fear has vanished.

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Consumers’ Awareness and Satisfaction towards Organic food products – A study in Coimbatore City

Think India ◽

10.26643/think-india.v22i3.8393 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 738-748

Author(s):

Miss. S. Yesodha ◽

Dr.N. Tamilchelvi

Keyword(s):

Early Stage ◽

Human Life ◽

Green Revolution ◽

Organic Food ◽

Food Products ◽

Health Issues ◽

Chi Square ◽

Level Of Satisfaction ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Economic Profile

Agriculture is very important sector in the Indian economy, it is most important activity which along with creating good food for the nation which creates employment to the majority of the population. There was acute shortage of agricultural output in the mid sixties, the green revolution which was mid sixties. Farmers are utilizing fertilizers for more cultivation, finally it is negative for human health. Many decease come to early stage of human life cycle, organic food production is traditional process. People turned to organic foods because of the health issues. Government given license for it, producers are printed the license and logo on the wrapper. Consumers should aware of organic food and these logo while purchase. The following are the objectives of the study (i) to present he socio economic profile of the sample respondents. (ii) to find the level of awareness and satisfaction of organic food products. (iii) to analysis the awareness and satisfaction of organic food products and (iv) to offer suggestions to the organic food consumers. Researcher adopted convenient sampling method to collect data the same time researchers consider all type of people. Researcher had taken 225 respondents as sample for this study. Percentage analysis used to present the demographic profile of the sample respondents. Chi square test applied to find the factors influence the awareness and satisfaction of organic food products. This study concluded that the awareness of organic food products are not enough in the study area, producers could use the technology and internet to create more awareness. The level of satisfaction is good enough in the study area, it shows that the organic food products are good quality and healthy.

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