scholarly journals Desain Kontrol PHOTOVOLTAIC BASED AUTOMATIC RICE THRESER MACHINE TO HELP FARMERS IN PANDEMI COVIC 19

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Ilmi Rizki Imaduddin Imaduddin
Keyword(s):  
Rice Fields ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Large Potential ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
A Current ◽  
Rice Processing

The rice thresher machine is an important part of the rice processing process. Before the harvesting process, the rice fields are drained for 7-10 days before the harvest period by using a sharp sickle to cut the base of the stems, then the harvest is stored in a container or lined place. The low application of cultivation technology can be seen from the large potential gap between production. With the creation of this system, the process of threshing rice from the stalks can be done automatically, so that this system is expected to be able to provide the process of threshing rice from the stalks to be faster, easier, more efficient and safe for workers. data from the presentation of rice tresher slender yields 223.17 S, at puly rpm the average value produced is 32.82 S, with an average voltage of 11 V and an average current of 0.18 A. 9.13 minutes, with initial grain weight of 15 kg with an average threshing yield of 6.6 kg, with a threshing capacity of 42.2 kg / hour. And the current and voltage data on the solar panel and the resulting charging, the highest voltage is 12 V with a current of 1.69 A which occurs at 12.30 Wib.

A new IR and sprinkler based embedded controller directed robotic arm for automatic cleaning of solar panel

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 905-921
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar Ghodki ◽  
Akhilesh Swarup ◽  
Yash Pal
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Robotic Arm ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Ir Sensor ◽  
Embedded Controller

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to design and develop an IR and sprinkler based embedded controller operated robotic arm for automatic dust removal system to mitigate the dust effect on the solar panel surface, since dust accumulation normally affected by real weather conditions is one of the serious concern for the deterioration of photovoltaic (PV) system output. Design/methodology/approach The system is a wet cleaning device which provides a cheap silicon rubber-based wiping operation controlled by the pulse width modulation-operated motors of robotic arm. The IEEE 1149.1-compliant mixed signal-embedded platform of C8051F226DK is involved to command the complete system. Findings A prototype of 30 WP system is capable of producing an inspiring average value of 11.26 per cent in energy increase, 13.63 per cent in PV module efficiency and 85.20 per cent in performance ratio of the system after 73 days of cleaning in summer season. In addition, a total of 1,617.93 W power; 1,0516.55 Wh energy; and 350.55 KWh/KWP final yield was found during the entire cleaning period. Originality/value A novel technique of the implementation of IR sensor and sprinkler in dust mitigation is proposed in this paper. The IR sensor is used as a versatile object which can manage the robotic arm setting and control the automatic switching between cleaning and charging, as well as identify the thermal condition of solar panel for overheating.

scholarly journals ENERGY IMPLEMENTATION OF SOLAR PANELS FOR REFRIGERATOR NEEDS LOAD FISHING RESULTS 80 WATT MAXIMUM CAPACITY 20 KG

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
A. YUNUS NASUTION ◽  
ADITYA PRATAMA
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Coefficient Of Performance ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Cooling Load ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Average Output ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Battery Capacity ◽  
Compressor Power

The initial problems of fishermen still use their semi-modern catches and still use ice cubes as a cooling medium, due to the lack of innovation in the development of the cooling media caught by fishermen. The implementation of solar panel energy is the beginning for the development of refrigerator power consumption caught by fishermen. The goal is to calculate the cooling load on the refrigerator, calculate the Coefficient of performance (COP) at the refrigerator and the loading factors at the refrigerator, where the average ambient temperature is 34 ℃ and the temperature to be achieved is 0℃, the fisherman results used in the study this is a shrimp with a capacity of 20 kg and the cooling time is 4 hours. Where the total cooling load value is 244.29 Watt, multiplied by 10% safety factor, so the overall cooling load is 268.72 Watts, refrigerant mass flow rate is 0.0012 Kg / s, the evaporator capacity is 261 Watt, compressor power is 15.6 Watt, The coefficient of performance (COP) value was 16.73 while for the refrigerant capacity was 0.074 Tons of refrigerant, the loading factors in the study were used to run a refrigerator with 80 Watt power for 4 hours, so that the total refrigerator load was 320 Wh (Watt hour) , to produce 320 Wh power is used 2 solar panel modules with a capacity of 50 Wp (Watt Peak), and uses a solar change controller (SCC) with a capacity of 10 A. The output power of the solar panel is influenced by the intensity of the sun's light emitted, from the test obtained an average value the average output of solar panels is 90.6 watts, while the total power generated in 11 test points is 536 watts, the type used is polycrystalline, solar panels battery and inverter capacity must be greater than the refrigerator power consumption, in this study used a 12V 35 Ah battery capacity and 500 Watt Inverter

scholarly journals ANALISA PEMBEBANAN PADA GENERATOR LISTRIK KAPAL PENANGKAP IKAN STUDI KASUS PADA KM. MARADONA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Bobby Demeianto ◽  
Riki Peri Ramadani ◽  
Iskandar Musa ◽  
Yuniar Endri Priharanto
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Fishing Vessel ◽  
Electric Generator ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Current Value

Efficiency value is a measure that can inform us that a machine that operates can be said to be efficient or not. This study aims to find the efficiency value of the electric generator on the fishing vessel KM. Maradona. In addition, this study also aims to find the average percentage value of electric current on each phase of the generator and also to find the average value of the percentage imbalance of load sharing in three-phase electrical installations in KM. Maradona. From the calculation, it is found that the percentage of imbalance of three-phase electrical installations KM. Maradona when the generator operates can reach 31.11%. From the calculation, it is also found that the average percentage load on the electric generator of KM. Maradona maximum value is 22.35% with an average current value of 25.50 Ampere. Directly proportional to the maximum average current value, the maximum electrical power value of KM. Maradona is only at 16.80 kVA with an efficiency value of 22.40%.

scholarly journals OPTIMALISASI PENERIMAAN INTENSITAS CAHAYA MATAHARI PADA PERMUKAAN PANEL SURYA (SOLAR CELL) MENGGUNAKAN CERMIN

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Soni A Kaban ◽  
Muhamad Jafri ◽  
Gusnawati Gusnawati
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Solar Panel ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Voltage Output ◽  
Flat Mirror ◽  
A Current

Abstrak Energi surya merupakan salah satu energi yang bias dikonversi menjadi energi listrik dengan menggunakan panel surya (photovoltaic solar). Pada penelitian ini, dirancang panel surya dengan cermin datar sebagai reflektor scanning dengan empat buah reflektor pada empat sisi panel surya. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai dalam penelitian ini yaitu untuk mendapatkan keluaran panel surya yang optimal menggunakan cemin sebagai media reflektornya dan mendapatkan konfigurasi penempatan cermin untuk meningkatkan keluaran arus dan tegangan panel surya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen dengan melakukan percobaan terhadap objek bahan penelitian dengan kemiringan reflektor cermin 30o, 45o, dan 60o. Dengan penambahan reflector cermin pada panel surya menyebabkan peningkatan keluaran panel surya pada pukul 12.00 Wita. Panel tanpa reflektor mengahasilkan Arus 2,1 Ampere, Tegangan 6,52 Volt. Panel reflektor 30o menghasilkan Arus 1,89 Ampere, Tegangan 6,25 Volt, Panel reflektor 45o, Arus 2,33 Ampere, Tegangan 6,15 Volt dan Panel reflektor Arus 3,02 Ampere, dan Tegangan 6,41 Volt.Kata kunci: Energi; fotovoltaik; panel surya; cermin. Abstract Solar energy is one of the energies that can be converted into electrical energy using solar panels (photovoltaic solar). In this study, a solar panel with a flat mirror as a scanning reflector was designed with four reflectors on the four sides of the solar panel. The objectives to be achieved in this study are to obtain optimal solar panel output using the mirror as a reflector medium and obtain a mirror placement configuration to increase the current and voltage output of the solar panels. The method used in this research is an experimental method by conducting experiments on the object of the research material with a mirror reflector tilt of 30o, 45o, and 60o. With the addition of a mirror reflector on the solar panel, it causes an increase in the output of the solar panel at 12.00 GMT+08. The panel without a reflector produces a current of 2.1 Ampere, a voltage of 6.52 volts. The 30o-reflector panel produces a current of 1.89 Amperes, a Voltage of 6.25 Volts, a 450 Reflector Panel, a Current of 2.33 Amperes, a Voltage of 6.15 Volts and a Current 3.02 Amperes of Reflector Panel, and a Voltage of 6.41 Volts. Keywords: Energy; photovoltaic; solar panel; mirror

Surgical Diathermy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Magee ◽  
Mark Tooley
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
The Body ◽  
Heating Power ◽  
Driving Voltage ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Heating Effect ◽  
Surgical Tool ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Current Densities ◽  
A Current

As discussed in Chapter 4, when a voltage is applied across a conductor, a current will flow. If the voltage is applied across the body via suitable electrodes the body becomes part of the circuit and a current will also flow, the magnitude depending on the properties of the tissues in its path, particularly the resistance. This current can cause heating or other physiological effects, depending on the frequency of the driving voltage. The effects of the domestic mains current flowing through the body was discussed in Chapter 6, but different effects occur as the frequency of the voltage is increased. As the frequency goes up, the heating increases but the tissue stimulation decreases and, at frequencies above 100 kHz (i.e. radio frequencies), the effect is entirely heating. This heating effect in the body by electric current is called diathermy, but the location, concentration and how this heat is used is dependant on the electrode design and the current concentration or current density at any point in the circuit. For a certain applied voltage, the average current throughout the circuit will be the same. The current density is the current per unit area, and so if the material in which the current passes is smaller, the heating effect increases. The resistance of the material is proportional to its size, so as the material becomes smaller then its resistance gets larger. The heating power is the product of the current squared and the resistance (power = I2 × R). Surgical diathermy (or electrosurgery) is where either one or both of the electrodes are very small, and it is used to cut and coagulate tissue. The smaller electrode can be made into a pointed surgical tool and localised heating will occur at the tip of the instrument. The smaller and more pointed the instrument is, the greater the current density will be at the tip. This electrode is classified as the active or live one. The current densities around this electrode can be as much as 10 A cm−2, and the total heating power typically around 200 W.

Electromigration Reliability of 96.5Sn–3Ag–0.5Cu Flip-Chip Solder Joints With Au/Ni/Cu or Cu Substrate Pad Metallization

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Shao Lai ◽  
Ying-Ta Chiu ◽  
Chiu-Wen Lee
Keyword(s):  
Flip Chip ◽  
Solder Joints ◽  
Average Current Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cu Substrate ◽  
Cu Metallization ◽  
Substrate Side ◽  
Current Stressing ◽  
Average Current ◽  
A Current

Designed experiments were conducted in this paper to study the effect of Au/Ni/Cu or Cu substrate pad metallization on the electromigration reliability of 96.5Sn–3Ag–0.5Cu flip-chip solder joints with Ti/Ni(V)/Cu under bump metallurgy (UBM) under a current stressing condition with an average current density of around 5 kA/cm2 at an ambient temperature of 150°C. Cross-sectional observations on current-stressed solder joints indicate that although Cu metallization results in severe voiding compared with Au/Ni/Cu metallization on the substrate side of the solder joint, the dominant failure has been identified as UBM consumption, and test vehicles with Cu metallization exhibit better electromigration reliability than those with Au/Ni/Cu metallization. The stronger durability against current stressing for test vehicles with Cu metallization may attribute to the lower UBM consumption rate due to the continuous Cu diffusion toward UBM as a result of the concentration gradient. The consumption of UBM is faster for test vehicles with Au/Ni/Cu metallization because Cu diffusion from the substrate pad is retarded by the Ni barrier.

scholarly journals Harvesting of Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium using different techniques

2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael de Araújo Lira ◽  
Lucas de Paula Corrêdo ◽  
Jimmy Soares ◽  
Mariana Machado Rocha ◽  
Antonio Teixeira de Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culture Medium ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Chlorella Sorokiniana ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Low Nitrogen ◽  
Flocculation Process ◽  
A Current

ABSTRACT: The harvesting process is a current challenge for the commercial production of microalgae because the biomass is diluted in the culture medium. Several methods have been proposed to harvest microalgae cells, but there is not a consensus about the optimum method for such application. Herein, the methods based on sedimentation, flocculation, and centrifugation were evaluated on the recovery of Chlorella sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium. C. sorokiniana BR001 was cultivated using a low-nitrogen medium to trigger the accumulation of neutral lipids and neutral carbohydrates. The biomass of C. sorokiniana BR001 cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a total lipid content of 1.9 times higher (23.8 ± 4.5%) when compared to the biomass produced in a high-nitrogen medium (12.3 ± 1.2%). In addition, the biomass of the BR001 strain cultivated in a low-nitrogen medium showed a high content of neutral carbohydrates (52.1 ± 1.5%). The natural sedimentation-based process was evaluated using a sedimentation column, and it was concluded that C. sorokiniana BR001 is a non-flocculent strain. Therefore, it was evaluated the effect of different concentrations of ferric sulfate (0.005 to 1 g L-1) or aluminum sulfate (0.025 to 0.83 g L-1) on the flocculation process of C. sorokiniana BR001, but high doses of flocculant agents were required for an efficient harvest of biomass. It was evaluated the centrifugation at low speed (300 to 3,000 g) as well, and it was possible to conclude that this process was the most adequate to harvest the non-flocculent strain C. sorokiniana BR001.

scholarly journals A Current Reconstruction Strategy Following the Operation Area in a 1-Shunt Inverter System

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Hwan Park ◽  
Dong-Youn Kim ◽  
Han-Beom Yeom ◽  
Yung-Deug Son ◽  
Jang-Mok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Noise ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Reconstruction Methods ◽  
Modulation Region ◽  
Average Current ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Current Reconstruction ◽  
A Current

To reduce the cost of the inverter system in home appliances, a method using a shunt resistor at the DC-link can be substituted for a method using two current sensors at the inverter output. However, the minimum time of the active vector is required to sample the accurate current using a 1-shunt resistor. Therefore, many studies have been conducted investigating current reconstruction methods in the unmeasurable region of the current. The conventional methods using voltage injection have some problems such as high THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) and acoustic noise, because the PWM pattern is shifted. In addition, the current reconstruction is inaccurate in a low modulation region. In this paper, the cause of the noise in conventional methods is analyzed and a simple current reconstruction method based on an average current estimation and a current reference is utilized for reducing acoustic noise. In an immeasurable area, especially a low modulation region, an intermittent PWM shift method is proposed to enhance the accuracy of the reconstructed current. Therefore, a control strategy that combines all of the mentioned methods is implemented for the entire operating range. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is verified through the experimental results and the results of sound measurement in an anechoic chamber are included to compare with the acoustic noise.

scholarly journals Growth Giant Prawns (Macrobracium Rosenbergii) With Different Stock Densities On The Minapadi System

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 1560-1565
Author(s):  
Mahendra Mahendra ◽  
Farah Diana ◽  
Dini Islama ◽  
Citra Dina Febrina
Keyword(s):  
Stocking Density ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Rice Productivity ◽  
Rice Plants ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

Minapadi is a fish rearing system in rice fields that is carried out with rice plants. This study aims to increase the income of farmers with high productivity of rice yields and increase the production of giant prawns. The method used is a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were: P1 = stocking density of 100 birds/plot, P2 = stocking density of 200 birds/plot, P3 = stocking density of 300 birds/plot. This research was conducted for 90 days. Parameters observed were rice productivity and growth. The results showed that the best treatment was P2 = stocking density of 200 birds/plot. by producing an average value of rice productivity of 5 kg/50 m2 and an average value of growth of giant prawns of 4.72%.    

scholarly journals PENGARUH VARIASI ARUS TERHADAP KEKUATAN IMPACT DAN KEKERASAN MATERIAL ST 37 MENGGUNAKAN PROSES PENGELASN GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (GTAW)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaeme Martins Kolo ◽  
I Nyoman Pasek Nugraha ◽  
Gede Widayana
Keyword(s):  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Arc Welding ◽  
Welding Process ◽  
Current Gain ◽  
Parent Metal ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Gas Tungsten Arc ◽  
Average Impact ◽  
Current Variation ◽  
A Current

Kekuatan hasil lasan dipengaruhi oleh tegangan busur, besar arus, kecepatan pengelasan, besarnya penembusan dan polaritas listrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat ketangguhan, kekerasan dan pengamatan struktur mikro material ST 37 yang dipengaruhi oleh variasi arus 90 amper, 110 amper dan 130 amper serta penelitian ini dapat memberikan bahan referensi bagi lingkup pendidikan teknik mesin dan sebagai acuan di dunia industri dalam menggunakan variasi arus pada proses pengelasan. Adapun jenis metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen. Adapun jenis variabel yang digunakan yaitu variabel bebas yang berupa variasi arus pengelasan 90 amper, 110 amper dan 130 amper dan variabel terikat berupa sifat mekanik hasil pengelasan. Dari hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dimana rata-rata ketangguhan impact pada variasi arus 90 amper memperoleh nilai impact 0,481 J/mm2, rata-rata ketangguhan impact pada variasi arus 110 amper memperoleh nilai impact 0,482 J/mm2 dan rata-rata ketangguhan impact pada variasi arus 130 amper memperoleh nilai impact 0,483 J/mm2. Dari hasil penelitian kekerasan vickers pada daerah logam las dengan variasi arus 90 amper memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 63,98 Kg/mm2, variasi arus 110 amper memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 87,44 Kg/mm2, dan variasi arus 130 amper memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 74,93 Kg/mm2. Kekerasan pada daerah HAZ dengan variasi arus 90 amper memperoleh nila rata-rata sebesar 54,58 Kg/mm2, variasi arus 110 amper memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 80,74 Kg/mm2 dan variasi arus 130 memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 70,61 Kg/mm2. Kekerasan pada daerah logam induk dengan variasi arus 90 amper memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 59,66 Kg/mm2, variasi arus 110 amper memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 89,94 Kg/mm2 dan variasi arus 130 memperoleh nilai rata-rata sebesar 78,91 Kg/mm2. Berdasarkan dari hasil yang telah didapatkan baik pada hasil ketangguhan impact dan kekerasan logam induk, HAZ dan daerah logam las dimana hasil ketangguhan impact yang lebih baik diperoleh dari memvariasikan arus 130 amper di bandingkan dengan variasi arus 90 amper dan variasi arus 110 amper dan tingkat kekerasan yang lebih baik diperoleh dari memvariasikan arus 110 amper dibandingkan dengan variasi arus 90 amper dan variasi arus 130 amper dari proses pengelasan Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW). Kata Kunci : Kata kunci : variasi arus, ketangguhan impact dan Kekerasan, Material ST 37 The strength of the weld is influenced by the arc voltage, the magnitude of the current, the speed of welding, the magnitude of the penetration and the electrical polarity. This study aims to determine the level of toughness, hardness and observation of microstructure ST 37 material influenced by current variations of 90 amperes, 110 amperes and 130 amperes and this study can provide reference materials for the scope of mechanical engineering education and as a reference in the industrial world in using variations Current in the welding process. The type of method used in this study is the experimental method. The types of variables used are independent variables in the form of welding current variations of 90 amperes, 110 amperes and 130 amperes and the dependent variable in the form of mechanical properties of welding. From the results of the research that has been done where the average impact toughness on the variation of 90 amperes current gain value of 0.481 J/mm2, the average impact toughness on the variation of 110 amperes current gain value of 0.482 J/mm2 and the average impact toughness on variation A current of 130 amperes obtains an impact value of 0.483 J/mm2. From the result of research of vickers hardness on weld metal area with variation of 90 amperes current get average value equal to 63,98 Kg/mm2, variation of 110 amperes current get average value equal to 87,44 Kg/mm2, and variation of current of 130 amperes obtain Average value of 74.93 Kg/mm2. Hardness in the HAZ region with a current variation of 90 amperes obtains an average of 54.58 Kg/mm2, a 110 amperes current variation obtains an average value of 80.74 Kg/mm2 and a current variation of 130 obtains an average value of 70,61 Kg/mm2. Hardness in the parent metal region with a current variation of 90 amperes obtains an average value of 59.66 Kg/mm2, a 110 amperes current variation obtains an average value of 89.94 Kg/mm2 and a current variation of 130 obtains an average value of 78,91 Kg/mm2. Based on the results obtained both on impact toughness and hardness of parent metal, HAZ and weld metal areas where better impact toughness results obtained from varying the current of 130 amperes in comparison with the variation of 90 amperes current and 110 amperes current variation and the level of hardness Preferably obtained from varying the 110 ampere current compared to the current variation of 90 amperes and the current variation of 130 amperes of the Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) welding process. keyword : Keywords: current variation, impact toughness and Hardness, Material ST 37

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