Communities self-sufficient in fuels for humans,transport and electrical needs

2011 ◽  
pp. 466-470
Author(s):  
Peter Charles Jais
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
The Self ◽  
Small Community ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Automotive Fuel ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The World

In view of the present problems facing the world with respect to fossil fuels (pollution and global warming, availability and price), the possibility was studied of a small community becoming self-sufficient in sugar, automotive fuel (ethanol) and electricity, all from renewable biomass (sugarcane). The study was carried out, based on a real project that is presently installed on similar lines. The fuel needs of a community of 100,000 people were quantified in terms of sugar, ethanol, and electricity. A mass and energy balance was calculated to determine the amounts of cane and trash needed to produce the sugar, ethanol and electricity by generation and cogeneration. The results showed that 100 t of cane per hour can supply sufficient sugar and electrical energy for a community of 100,000 people and run their cars on 96% (by volume) ethanol (no mix with gasoline) and still be able to export surplus ethanol. The self-sufficiency is for the whole year and not only the crop period. The overall results show that, when compared with the importation of ‘fuels’, the project is positive.

scholarly journals Catalytic Production of Jet Fuels from Biomass

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Antonio Díaz-Pérez ◽  
Juan Carlos Serrano-Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Liquid Hydrocarbon ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Renewable Source ◽  
The World

Concerns about depleting fossil fuels and global warming effects are pushing our society to search for new renewable sources of energy with the potential to substitute coal, natural gas, and petroleum. In this sense, biomass, the only renewable source of carbon available on Earth, is the perfect replacement for petroleum in producing renewable fuels. The aviation sector is responsible for a significant fraction of greenhouse gas emissions, and two billion barrels of petroleum are being consumed annually to produce the jet fuels required to transport people and goods around the world. Governments are pushing directives to replace fossil fuel-derived jet fuels with those derived from biomass. The present mini review is aimed to summarize the main technologies available today for converting biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels with a molecular weight and structure suitable for being used as aviation fuels. Particular emphasis will be placed on those routes involving heterogeneous catalysts.

Comparative Analysis on Characteristics of Gasoline & Gasoline Methanol Blend

2012 ◽  
Vol 588-589 ◽  
pp. 111-114
Author(s):  
Venkata Kalyan Chivukula ◽  
M.V. Aditya Nag
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Automotive Fuel ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
The World ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
Positive Properties ◽  
High Octane

Researchers, environmentalists, and policy makers are keen to reduce the dependency on use of fossil fuels towards climate change. Various alternatives are being implemented for alternate sources of energy for transportation sector; Biofuels can reduce the dependency on the import of the fossil fuels. Different kind of biofuels are available compositions are alcohols, ethers, esters etc. Commonly available biofuels are ethanol, methanol and biodiesel. They can be produced from various thermo-chemical and bio-chemical processes. Methanol has been gaining momentum as a potential alternative for traditional fossil fuels in transportation sector. There is an increased trend in the development of methanol as a fuel around the world. This paper deals with the study of the use of methanol as an automotive fuel. Methanol has certain positive properties on the vehicle’s performance. However, methanol cannot be used directly as a fuel in the vehicles due to volatility and compatibility issues. But it could be used as a blend with the gasoline for its characteristics such as high octane number and lower emissions. Blending of methanol with gasoline will have affect on the properties of blend, this paper discusses about the change in properties and its effects on engine.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Climate Change on Nigerian Ecosystems: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-291
Author(s):  
B. E. Ikumbur ◽  
S. Iornumbe
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Climatic Variations ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
The World ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Climate change is the single biggest environmental issue facing the world today. It has become a great challenge to our generation and its impact is felt in almost every society in the world. Nigeria is one of the most vulnerable countries in Africa. Nigeria as a developing nation with a population of about 200 million people is likely to be adversely impacted by climate change due to its vulnerability and low coping capabilities. Climate change is evidently linked to human actions, and in particular from the burning of fossil fuels and changes in global patterns of land use. The impacts of human activities, as well as those of natural phenomena on global warming, climate change, and the environment, were presented and discussed. Various manifestations of its impact are evident in Nigeria, which includes temperature rise, increase in draught, and scarcity of food instigated by irregularities in rainfall, over flooding, and so on. This paper examines the concepts of global warming and climate change; its impact on the Nigeria ecosystems. It highlights the climate change-related risks and hazards the nation could face if best practices are not employed to prevent and mitigate its impact. Two sets of measures have been advocated for confronting climate change, these are mitigation and adaptation measures. The review explores possible adaptation strategies that are required to respond to the climatic variations and suggests ways that these adaptation strategies can be implemented.

1. What are renewables?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Nick Jelley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

‘What are renewables?’ defines renewable energy and provides a brief history of its use. It focuses on energy generated by solar, wind, and hydropower. These energy sources are renewable, in the sense that they are naturally replenished within days to decades. Only a few years ago, giving up our reliance on fossil fuels to tackle global warming would have been very difficult, as they are so enmeshed in our society and any alternative was very expensive. Nearly all of the sources of energy up to the 18th century were from renewables, after which time the world increasingly used fossil fuels. They powered the industrial revolution around the globe, and now provide most of our energy. But this dependence is unsustainable, because their use causes global warming, climate change, and pollution. Other than hydropower, which grew steadily during the 20th century and now provides almost a sixth of the world’s electricity demand, renewable energy was a neglected resource for power production for most of this period, being economically uncompetitive. But now, renewables are competitive, particularly through the support of feed-in tariffs and mass production, and governments are starting to pay more attention to clean energy, as the threat of climate change draws closer. Moving away from fossil fuels to renewables to supply both heat and electricity sustainably has become essential.

scholarly journals KETAHANAN PANGAN PADA ERA GLOBALISASI DAN OTONOMISASI

Agro Ekonomi ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sri Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
The Self ◽  
World Population ◽  
Rice Market ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
Stock Policy

Food security deals with food availability, accesscibility and stability. Food availability can be from domestic production and import. Although the production of cereals in developing countries almost equal to the production in developed countries, the much greater population of almost 79 % of the world population, the self sufficiency rate of cereals in developing countries is only 91% and to be net importer, while the self sufficiency rate of the developed countries, are more than 100 % (108 %). There are some exception for several developing countries to be big rice exporters such like Thailand, Vietnam, India, China and Pakistan.Cereal staple foods in developing countries is dominated by rice especially in East and South Asia, includes Indonesia. International rice market is characterized with oligopolistic since only six big exporting countries supllying the international rice market.After experiencing rice self sufficiency in 1984 – 1994 Indonesia have been net rice importer again, even in 1998 21% of marketed rice ini the world market were imported by Indonesia. There should be a policy to increase production to a certain rate of rice self sufficiency that will not influence the world rice market equilibrium.The food accessibility depend closely on the wider economic condition such as income distribution, poverty and unemployment, Government intervention is needed toreduce instability including to protect from the international market instability by flexible tariff. Stabilizing the seasional price fluctuation by floor price and ceiling price policy combined with buffer-stock policy had been successful. However, there should be a modified policy toward more liberized without import monopoly

Hydrogen

2020 ◽  
pp. 168-194
Author(s):  
Athule Ngqalakwezi ◽  
Diakanua Bevon Nkazi ◽  
Siwela Jeffrey Baloyi ◽  
Thabang Abraham Ntho
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
Remedial Actions ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Emission Of Greenhouse Gases

Global warming is a pertinent issue and is quintessential of the environmental issues that the world is facing, and thereby, remedial actions and technologies that aim to alleviate this issue are of paramount importance. In this chapter, hydrogen has been discussed as an alternative energy that can potentially replace traditional fuels such as diesel and gasoline. The storage of hydrogen as a gas, liquid, and solid was discussed. The key issues in hydrogen storage were also highlighted. Furthermore, regulations and legislations concerning the emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels-based sources were discussed.

Planet Earth

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
John Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Atmospheric Concentrations

The pressure on planetary resources is substantially driven by increases in energy demands that have been mostly met by the combustion of fossil fuels. The basis of the warming in the troposphere is explained starting from the molecular structure of atmospheric components and their resulting rotational and vibrational spectra. From the absorptions in the infrared, the radiative efficiencies of atmospheric gases can be established. The residence times of gases in the atmosphere is explained on the basis of their atmospheric chemistry. Taking these factors together with atmospheric concentrations, the Global-Warming and -Temperature Potentials can be derived. The overall energy balance in the atmosphere is shown and the resulting net radiative forcing. The principle of the sustainability triangle is explained showing that reduction in radiative forcing may be achievable by a summation of contributions.

Conclusion: From Secular Theology to the Enlightenment

2018 ◽  
pp. 346-364
Author(s):  
Amos Funkenstein
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Secular Theology ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Systematic Knowledge

This concluding chapter considers how the secular theologians of the seventeenth century gave way to a new generation of savants whose posture was often anti-theological, sometimes also anti-religious, occasionally even atheistic. It seems as though the secular theology of the seventeenth century was bound to dig its own grave, because it often stressed, however ambiguously, the self-sufficiency of the world and the autonomy of mankind. The chapter shows how belief in the open character systematic knowledge was already part of the intellectual profile of many seventeenth-century thinkers; the Enlightenment added to it, in a manner of speech, the demand for social action, for the deliberate preaching of knowledge as the only means for the amelioration of the human condition.

Effect of Fuel Pilot Dose Parameters on Efficiency of Dual-Fuel Compression Ignition Engines Fuelled with Biogas

2016 ◽  
Vol 817 ◽  
pp. 19-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir Wierzbicki ◽  
Michał Śmieja ◽  
Maciej Mikulski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Dual Fuel ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Compression Ignition Engine ◽  
Gaseous Fuels ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines

Increasing the share of renewable electrical energy in the overall energy balance is one of the major challenges of humanity. It is primarily connected with global warming and increasing environmental pollution. One of the ways to counteract this problem is to promote the importance of renewable fuels, including gaseous fuels which are relatively low in carbon.This paper presents the effects of selected parameters of a pilot dose of diesel fuel on the efficiency of a dual-fuel compression ignition engine. The dose of gaseous fuel powering the engine was a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide in varying proportions.

“Neither Eastern nor Western, Iranian”: How the Quest for Self-Sufficiency Helped Shape Iran’s Modern Nationalism

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-104
Author(s):  
Rudi Matthee
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Self ◽  
Cultural Assumptions ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The World ◽  
Western Imperialism ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Economic Perceptions

Abstract This essay identifies an historically-enduring Iranian insistence on self-sufficiency—which can be summed up, in a superordinate manner, as the idea that the world needs Iran more than Iran needs the world. Economically, this insistence is reflected in a (rhetorical) quest for self-reliance in production; politically, it tends to be articulated in an instinctive anti-(neo)colonial, often defiant stance vis-à-vis the world; and culturally, it is often expressed as a claim to civilizational grandeur, indeed uniqueness. The origins of this conceit have to be sought in antecedents combining economic perceptions with cultural assumptions that long precede Western imperialism and modern nationalism. These, in turn, are grounded in patterns of thought that reflect specific pre-modern physical and geopolitical conditions which go back to pre-Islamic notions of paradisiacal abundance as much as to economic realities encapsulated by Aristotle’s idea(l) of the self-sufficient household. I also argue that the notion evolved over time even as it retained its moral core. What was an instinctive dismissal of the outside world as dispensable, after 1800 became a self-conscious stance against foreign encroachment, real or imagined. In the course of the twentieth century, a quest for material autarky coupled with an insistence on cultural exceptionalism became an integral part of modern Iranian nationalism.

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