scholarly journals Immune Response towards COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 1197-1201
Author(s):  
Muhammad Akram ◽  
Waqas Ahmed ◽  
Abolfazl Jafari-Sales ◽  
Nilgun Kusculu ◽  
Mounir M Bekhit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Natural Response ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Components ◽  
Source Retrieval

Background: As the world witnessed the outbreak of coronavirus illness 2019 (COVID-19), a disorder developed as a result of a novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), increasing genetics with healthcare evidence suggest a corresponding leadership to SARS as well as the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Aim: The aim of this review is to highlight Immune response of human body toward COVID-19. Materials and methods: This was a narrative review. A comprehensive literature search was done using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and EMBASE using the keywords, Immune Response; COVID-19; Vaccination; SARS-Cov-2; ACE2; Coronavirus; MERS. Results: A flow of viral components passes to the body by means of nostrils, mouth and eyes. SARS-CoV-2 is in a position to continue to become unnoticed extended than numerous influenza or coronaviruses. Its proteins can accomplish entry by unlocking the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein in the lung cells; viruses also possess antigens furthermore recognize that these are what cries the immunity into movement via making antibodies. Investigators demonstrate an extensive variety of immune cells respond to COVID-19 along with valuable source retrieval, discovering that might want to notify the manufacturing of a viable vaccination. Conclusion: The body's natural response to a viral infection is a non-invasive intrinsic response in which macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells limit the virus's progression and may even prevent it by multiplying symptoms. This non-invasive solution is accompanied by an elastic response in which the body produces radicals that primarily adjust to the herpes virus.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of the Potential of Heparin to Inhibit the Viral Entry of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Entry ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ligand Docking ◽  
Binding Potential ◽  
Docking Simulations ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Components ◽  
High Degree

Heparin is an anticoagulant medicine that prevents the formation of harmful blood clots in the vessels. Following the outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), heparin has helped to improve the health of affected patients beyond its anticoagulant effects. The potential antiviral activity of heparin has attracted speculation due to its highly sulfated profile, which allows it to have a high binding affinity to a wide range of viral components. Heparin’s successful binding to the ZIKA virus, human immunodeficiency virus, as well as the SARS CoV and MERS CoV spike proteins have demonstrated its potential to inhibit the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the body. A high degree of sequence homology also enables heparin to have inhibitory binding potential on viral components. The SARS-CoV-2 virus exhibits significant differences in its spike glycoprotein (SGP) sequence compared to other coronaviruses. The SGP sequence in SARS-CoV-2 contains additional potential glycosaminoglycan (GAG) binding domains that may drive differences in the attachment and entry process of the virus. Findings from unbiased computational ligand docking simulations, pseudotyped spike protein experiments, and cell to cell fusion assays have also opened possibilities to investigate the antiviral properties of heparin in clinical trials

scholarly journals FUNCTION AND MECHANISM OF ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME-2 RECEPTOR TO TRANSPORT SARS-COV-2 INTO THE HOST CELLS―A REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (Spl-1-SARS-CoV-2) ◽  
pp. S190-S201
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
◽  
Muhammad Iqbal Sarfaraz ◽  
Muhammad Iqbal Husnain ◽  
Nimra Sardar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Lung Failure ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Severe Lung

Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread across the world. SARS-CoV-2 is viewed as a continuous global health threat resulting in an alarming number of fatalities worldwide. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) has been recognized as one of the vital receptors for the SARS-CoV-2, leading to viral entry into the host cells. It also helps many other receptors, which initiate the entry of SARS-CoV-2 in the host body. A variety of proteins and enzymes are involved in triggering the transport mechanism. The route of viral infection depends on the distribution and expression of receptors, as the virus reaches the cell by binding to cell receptors to complete intracellular replication, virus release, and cause cytotoxicity. In addition to alveolar lung tissues, ACE2 also plays a pivotal role in other organs. Due to the abundant presence in lung cells, SARS-CoV-2 mostly affects the lungs and causes their destruction. The spike protein utilizes the digestion of ACE2, which strongly contributes to the pathogenesis of severe lung failure. Different experiments show that ACE2 not only helps the virus to migrate in the host cell but also allow us to fight against this pandemic disease. This review article summarizes the current progress that highlights the critical biological functionalities and mechanisms of ACE2 as the novel receptor to transport SARS-CoV-2 into host cells matrix.

scholarly journals Post-COVID-19 Outbreak of Severe Kawasaki-like Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Sadia Shakeel ◽  
Mohamed Azmi Ahmad Hassali
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cardiac Complications ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Inflammatory Syndrome ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Different Parts

With the continuation of the second wave of a novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which is likely to be even more devastating, there are several associated health problems. COVID-19 is usually mild and non-fatal in children. However, in rare cases, children could severely be affected, and clinical manifestations may differ from adults. A multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare but serious complication associated with COVID-19, initiated by an overactive immune response in kids that usually hits weeks after exposure to the COVID-19. MIS-C is a disorder in which inflammation could occur in different parts of the body. The disease puts pressure on the heart, as blood vessels leading towards the heart get inflamed and incapable of carrying adequate blood, hence producing cardiac complications in children hospitalised with MIS-C. The problem seems to be associated with COVID-19 in children; however, the association between MIS-C and COVID-19 is still unidentified. There is very little understanding of what triggers the MIS-C, which necessitates a rigorous mapping of the disease and associated risk elements for better disease management and navigating through this crisis.

The molecular mechanism by which vitamin D protects against COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-104
Author(s):  
Ljubiša Mihajlović ◽  
Milica Mihajlović ◽  
Vladan Mihajlović
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Normal Function ◽  
The Body ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Ace2 Gene

The SARS-CoV2 virus, which causes COVID-19, exerts its pathophysiological effect by intensively binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor (ACE2) on the host cells. By blocking the ACE2 receptor, the physiological functions of the cell are inhibited, which are important for the normal function of various organs, and especially for the protection of the lungs. Therefore, the number of functionally active ACE2 receptors is extremely important for the body's resistance to COVID19. More receptors equal greater resistance of the host. An increased number of ACE2 receptors gives the body more time to mobilize an adequate immune response. Experience to date from the immediate fight against COVID19 has confirmed this rule: (A) women are generally more resistant (the ACE2 receptor gene is on the X chromosome, and women have two X chromosomes), (B) younger people are more resistant to the virus (ACE2 expression decreases with age), (C) patients with chronic diseases are more sensitive (have a reduced number of ACE2). Therefore, an increase in the number of ACE2 receptors is extremely important for the body's protective power in the fight against the SARS-CoV2 virus. Vitamin D increases the expression of the ACE2 gene, which increases the number of ACE2 receptors, which can be of significant aid in the fight against COVID-19.

Glucose Calibration Modeling in Blood with Spline Regression Approaching to Non-Invasive Tools

2018 ◽  
pp. 144-149
Author(s):  
Ria Hayatun Nur ◽  
Indahwati A ◽  
Erfiani A
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Cubic Spline ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spline Regression ◽  
Linear Quadratic ◽  
Important Thing ◽  
Non Invasive

In this globalization era, health is the most important thing to be able to run various activities. Without good health, this will hinder many activities. Diabetes mellitus is one of the diseases caused by unhealty lifestyle.There are many treatments that can be done to prevent the occurrence of diabetes. The treatments are giving the insulin and also checking the glucose rate to the patients.Checking the glucose rate needs the tools which is safety to the body. This research want to develop non invasive tool which is safety and do not injure the patient. The purpose of this research is also finding the best model which derived from Linear, Quadratic, and Cubic Spline Regression. Some respondents were taking to get the glucose measuring by invasive and non invasive tools. It could be seen clearly that Spline Linear Regression was the best model than Quadratic and Cubic Spline Regression. It had 70% and 33.939 for R2 and RMSEP respectively.

Comparative docking of SARS-CoV-2 receptors antagonists from repurposing drugs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micael Davi Lima de Oliveira ◽  
Kelson Mota Teixeira de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
High Modulation ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Receptors ◽  
Theoretical Results

According to the World Health Organisation, until 16 June, 2020, the number of confirmed and notified cases of COVID-19 has already exceeded 7.9 million with approximately 434 thousand deaths worldwide. This research aimed to find repurposing antagonists, that may inhibit the activity of the main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as partially modulate the ACE2 receptors largely found in lung cells, and reduce viral replication by inhibiting Nsp12 RNA polymerase. Docking molecular simulations were performed among a total of 60 structures, most of all, published in the literature against the novel coronavirus. The theoretical results indicated that, in comparative terms, paritaprevir, ivermectin, ledipasvir, and simeprevir, are among the most theoretical promising drugs in remission of symptoms from the disease. Furthermore, also corroborate indinavir to the high modulation in viral receptors. The second group of promising drugs includes remdesivir and azithromycin. The repurposing drugs HCQ and chloroquine were not effective in comparative terms to other drugs, as monotherapies, against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Can Mandated BCG Vaccine Promote herd Immunity against Novel Coronavirus? A Potential Solution at Hand to Tackle Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Ashok Arasu ◽  
Pavithra Balakrishnan ◽  
Thirunavukkarasu Velusamy ◽  
Thiagarajan Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factor ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Bcg Vaccine ◽  
Intestinal Cells ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Wuhan City ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Lung Epithelial ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is an emerging pandemic that poses a severe threat to global public health. This pandemic started from the Wuhan City of Hubei Province in China, and is speculated to have originated from bats and spread among humans with an unknown intermediate transmitter. The virus binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is abundantly expressed on various human cells, including lung epithelial and intestinal cells, thereby entering into these cells and causing infection. It is transmitted to other humans through airborne droplets from infected patients. Presently there are no specific treatments or vaccines that are available to curtail the spread of this disease. There are few indirect reports that explain the potential importance of the mandated BCG vaccine as a protective factor against COVID-19. There is a speculation that a live attenuated vaccine (BCG vaccine) can be beneficial against COVID-19 to develop the initial immune response, and can also spread in the community, thereby boosting herd immunity to fight against COVID-19. This review summarizes the conclusions of various reports on the BCG vaccine, and is an attempt to establish BCG-vaccination mediated herd immunity as an effective instant intermediate approach in curbing COVID-19 spread in highly populous countries.

Role of key point Mutations in Receptor Binding Domain of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bipin Singh
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Spike Glycoprotein ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Genomic Similarity

: The recent outbreak of novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or 2019-nCoV) and its worldwide spread is posing one of the major threats to human health and the world economy. It has been suggested that SARS-CoV-2 is similar to SARSCoV based on the comparison of the genome sequence. Despite the genomic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARSCoV, the spike glycoprotein and receptor binding domain in SARS-CoV-2 shows the considerable difference compared to SARS-CoV, due to the presence of several point mutations. The analysis of receptor binding domain (RBD) from recently published 3D structures of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 (Yan, R., et al. (2020); Wrapp, D., et al. (2020); Walls, A. C., et al. (2020)) highlights the contribution of a few key point mutations in RBD of spike glycoprotein and molecular basis of its efficient binding with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).

scholarly journals Pediatric COVID-19 and the Factors That May Mitigate Its Clinical Course

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. e137-e140
Author(s):  
Mosaad Abdel-Aziz ◽  
Nada M. Abdel-Aziz ◽  
Dina M. Abdel-Aziz ◽  
Noha Azab
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Features ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Compulsory Vaccination ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Radiographic Data

AbstractThe clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vary from mild flu-like symptoms to severe fatal pneumonia. However, children with COVID-19 may be asymptomatic or may have mild clinical symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate clinical features of pediatric COVID-19 and to search for the factors that may mitigate the disease course. We reviewed the literature to realize the clinical features, laboratory, and radiographic data that may be diagnostic for COVID-19 among children. Also, we studied the factors that may affect the clinical course of the disease. Fever, dry cough, and fatigue are the main symptoms of pediatric COVID-19, sometimes flu-like symptoms and/or gastrointestinal symptoms may be present. Although some infected children may be asymptomatic, a recent unusual hyperinflammatory reaction with overlapping features of Kawasaki's disease and toxic shock syndrome in pediatric COVID-19 has been occasionally reported. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronvirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleic acid testing is the corner-stone method for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Lymphocyte count and other inflammatory markers are not essentially diagnostic; however, chest computed tomography is highly specific. Factors that may mitigate the severity of pediatric COVID-19 are home confinement with limited children activity, trained immunity caused by compulsory vaccination, the response of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors in children is not the same as in adults, and that children are less likely to have comorbidities. As infected children may be asymptomatic or may have only mild respiratory and/or gastrointestinal symptoms that might be missed, all children for families who have a member diagnosed with COVID-19 should be investigated.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Diagnostic Performance of a Novel COVID-19 PETIA in Comparison to Four Routine N-, S- and RBD-Antigen Based Immunoassays

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1332
Author(s):  
Alexander Spaeth ◽  
Thomas Masetto ◽  
Jessica Brehm ◽  
Leoni Wey ◽  
Christian Kochem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Viral Responses ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
High Consistency

In 2019, a novel coronavirus emerged in Wuhan in the province of Hubei, China. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) quickly spread across the globe, causing the neoteric COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is commonly transmitted by droplet infection and aerosols when coughing or sneezing, as well as high-risk exposures to infected individuals by face-to-face contact without protective gear. To date, a broad variety of techniques have emerged to assess and quantify the specific antibody response of a patient towards a SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we report the first comprehensive comparison of five different assay systems: Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (CLIA), Electro-Chemiluminescence Immunoassay (ECLIA), and a new Particle-Enhanced Turbidimetric Immunoassay (PETIA) for SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, we also evaluated the suitability of N-, S1- and RBD-antigens for quantifying the SARS-CoV-2 specific immune response. Linearity and precision, overall sensitivity and specificity of the assays, stability of samples, and cross-reactivity of general viral responses, as well as common coronaviruses, were assessed. Moreover, the reactivity of all tests to seroconversion and different sample matrices was quantified. All five assays showed good overall agreement, with 76% and 87% similarity for negative and positive samples, respectively. In conclusion, all evaluated methods showed a high consistency of results and suitability for the robust quantification of the SARS-CoV-2-derived immune response.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document