An eight-year study of Shigella species in Beijing, China: serodiversity, virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistance

Introduction: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of serotypes, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella spp. in Beijing, China, from 2004 to 2011. Methodology: Real-time PCR assays were used to detect virulent genes, and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to evaluate antimicrobial resistance. Results: Among the total of 1,652 Shigella isolates, S. sonnei (57.1%) was the predominant species, followed by S. flexneri (42.3%), S. dysenteriae (0.4%), and S. boydii (0.2%). Nineteen serotypes were discovered among S. flexneri strains. The virulence gene ipaH was the most frequent, followed by sen and set. The presence of set showed significant difference in two dominant serogroups, S. flexneri and S. sonnei. Over 90% of Shigella isolates showed resistance to at least three drugs with widened spectrum. High-level antimicrobial resistance to single and multiple antibiotics was more common among S. sonnei than S. flexneri. Conclusion: There was an obvious serotype change and a dramatic increase of antibiotic resistance in Shigella prevalence in Beijing.

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Characterization of cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coli isolated from broiler farms in Ecuador

10.1101/462994 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Vinueza-Burgos ◽

David Ortega-Paredes ◽

Cristian Narváez ◽

Lieven De Zutter ◽

Jeannete Zurita

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Latin American ◽

Production Systems ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Latin American Countries

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AR) is a worldwide concern. Up to a 160% increase in antibiotic usage in food animals is expected in Latin American countries. The poultry industry is an increasingly important segment of food production and contributor to AR. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, AR patterns and the characterization of relevant resistance genes in Extended Spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC E. coli from large poultry farms in Ecuador. Sampling was performed from June 2013 to July 2014 in 6 slaughterhouses that slaughter broilers from 115 farms totaling 384 flocks. Each sample of collected caeca was streaked onto TBX agar supplemented with cefotaxime (3 mg/l). In total, 176 isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial resistance patterns by the disk diffusion method and for blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaCMY, blaSHV, blaKPC, and mcr-1 by PCR and sequencing. ESBL and AmpC E. coli were found in 362 flocks (94.3%) from 112 farms (97.4%). We found that 98.3% of the isolates were multi-resistant to antibiotics. Low resistance was observed for ertapenem and nitrofurantoin. The most prevalent ESBL genes were the blaCTX-M (90.9%) blaCTX-M-65, blaCTX-M-55 and blaCTX-M-3 alleles. Most of the AmpC strains presented the blaCMY-2 gene. Three isolates showed the mcr-1 gene. Poultry production systems represent a hotspot for antimicrobial resistance in Ecuador, possibly mediated by the extensive use of antibiotics. Monitoring this sector in national and regional plans of antimicrobial resistance surveillance should therefore be considered.

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Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Morocco

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.806 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (12) ◽

pp. 804-809 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Farida Ohmani ◽

Khadija Khedid ◽

Saad Britel ◽

Aicha Qasmaoui ◽

Reda Charof ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽

Gastrointestinal Infections ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Resistance Rates

Introduction: Salmonella enterica is recognised worldwide as one of the major agents of human gastrointestinal infections. The aim of the present work is to ascertain the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 150 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from humans in Morocco during the period from 2000 to 2008. Methodology: Antimicrobial resistance determination was performed by disk diffusion method using seven antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was determined for nalidixic acid-resistant (NAR) isolates using E-test strips. Results: Sixty-one (42%) isolates were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobial agent. The largest numbers of resistant isolates were observed for nalidixic acid with 53 isolates (36%) followed by ampicillin with 7 isolates (5%), tetracycline with 6 isolates (4%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole with 2 isolates (1%).The resistant isolates were grouped in seven different resistance patterns of which two isolates were resistant to three antibiotics. Among the 53 (36%) NAR isolates, 37 (76%) had a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Resistance rates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from Morocco are generally low but the resistance to nalidixic acid is worryingly common. Continual surveillance of antibiotic resistance is of primary importance.

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Molecular Detection of blaOXA-type Carbapenemase Genes and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns among Clinical Isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii

Global Medical Genetics ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1740019 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maghsoud Kafshnouchi ◽

Marzieh Safari ◽

Amir Khodavirdipour ◽

Abbas Bahador ◽

Seyed Hamid Hashemi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

Dominant Gene ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phylogenetic Tree Analysis ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Treatment Regimens ◽

Class D ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

New Treatment

Abstract Acinetobacter baumannii is a bacterium found in most places, especially in clinics and hospitals, and an important agent of nosocomial infections. The presence of class D enzymes such as OXA-type carbapenemases in A. baumannii is proven to have a key function in resistance to carbapenem. The aim of the current study is to determine the blaOXA-type carbapenemase genes and antimicrobial resistance among clinically isolated samples of A. baumannii. We assessed 100 clinically isolated specimens of A. baumannii from patients in intensive care units of educational hospitals of Hamadan, West of Iran. The A. baumannii isolates' susceptibility to antibiotics was performed employing disk diffusion method. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the blaOXA-24-like , blaOXA-23-like , blaOXA-58-like , and blaOXA-51-like genes. The blaOXA-23-like , blaOXA-24-like , and blaOXA-58-like genes' prevalence were found to be 84, 58, and 3%, respectively. The highest coexistence of the genes was for blaOXA-51/23 (84%) followed by blaOXA-51/24-like (58%). The blaOXA-51/23- like pattern of genes is a sort of dominant gene in resistance in A. baumannii from Hamadan hospitals. The highest resistance to piperacillin (83%) and ciprofloxacin (81%) has been observed in positive isolates of blaOXA-23-like . The A. baumannii isolates with blaOXA-58-like genes did not show much resistance to antibiotics. Based on the results of the phylogenetic tree analysis, all isolates have shown a high degree of similarity. This study showed the high frequency of OXA-type carbapenemase genes among A. baumannii isolates from Hamadan hospitals, Iran. Thus, applying an appropriate strategy to limit the spreading of these strains and also performing new treatment regimens are necessary.

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Frequency and Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci from Wild Birds in Spain. Detection of tst-Carrying S. sciuri Isolates

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8091317 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1317

Author(s):

Laura Ruiz-Ripa ◽

Paula Gómez ◽

Carla Andrea Alonso ◽

María Cruz Camacho ◽

Yolanda Ramiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Meca Gene ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Wild Birds ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Phenotype ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and diversity of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) species from wild birds in Spain, as well as to analyze the antimicrobial resistance phenotype/genotype and the virulence gene content. During 2015–2016, tracheal samples of 242 wild birds were collected in different regions of Spain for staphylococci recovery. The species identification was performed using MALDI-TOF. The antimicrobial resistance phenotype and genotype was investigated by the disk diffusion method and by PCR, respectively. The presence of the virulence genes lukF/S-PV, tst, eta, etb, etd and scn was investigated by PCR. Moreover, CoNS carrying the mecA gene were subjected to SCCmec typing. Of the tested animals, 60% were CoNS-carriers, and 173 CoNS isolates were recovered from the 146 positive animals, which belonged to 11 species, with predominance of S. sciuri (n = 118) and S. lentus (n = 25). A total of 34% of CoNS isolates showed a multidrug resistance phenotype, and 42 mecA-positive methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS) were detected. The isolates showed resistance to the following antimicrobials (percentage of resistant isolates/antimicrobial resistance genes detected): penicillin (49/ blaZ, mecA), cefoxitin (24/ mecA), erythromycin and/or clindamycin (92/ erm(B), erm(C), erm(43), msr(A), mph(C), lnu(A), lsa(B), vga(A) and sal(A)), gentamicin and/or tobramycin (5/ aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, ant(4′)-Ia), streptomycin (12/str), tetracycline (17/ tet(K), tet(L), tet(M)), ciprofloxacin (4), chloramphenicol (1/ fexA), fusidic acid (86/ fusB, fusD) and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (1/ dfrK). None of the isolates harbored the lukF/S-PV, eta, etb, etd and scn genes, but two S. sciuri isolates (1%) carried the tst gene. Wild birds are frequently colonized by CoNS species, especially S. sciuri. We identified scavenging on intensively produced livestock and feeding on landfills as risk factors for CoNS carriage. High proportions of MRCoNS and multidrug resistant CoNS were detected, which coupled with the presence of important virulence genes is of concern.

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Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Factors of Campylobacter coli Isolated from Chicken in Côte d’Ivoire

Annual Research & Review in Biology ◽

10.9734/arrb/2020/v35i1130302 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 86-92

Author(s):

Goualié Gblossi Bernadette ◽

Bakayoko Souleymane ◽

Konan Marie-Pierre Laure

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Virulence Factors ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Campylobacter Coli ◽

Hand Detection ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Genotypic Analysis

Aims: Campylobacters species are major causes of gastroenteritis in human. The main risk factor of infection is consumption of contaminated or by cross-contaminated poultry meat. The aims of this study were to analyze antimicrobial profile and virulence factors associated to Campylobacter coli isolated from chicken’s ceaca in commercial slaughter in Abidjan. Methodology: A total of 336 chicken ceaca samples were collected from market of two municipality of Abidjan and were examined by conventional microbiological methods and molecular test using PCR. The antibiotic susceptibility tests of the isolates were determined by disk diffusion method the presence of virulence genes was examined using simple PCR method. Results: From these samples, 210/336 (62.50%) were positives for Campylobacter. Among the isolates, 53 strains confirmed as C. coli by using PCR detection were used for phenotypic and genotypic analysis. Of these strains, 51/53 were positive for one or more antibiotics molecules tested. The highest rate of antimicrobial resistance was found for nalidixic acid 51/53 (96.22%), tetracyclin 49/53 (92.45%) and ciprofloxacin 38/53 (71.69%). Moreover, MDR including 3, 4, 5 and 6 antibiotics families was detected in 11/53 (20.75%) of isolates. On the other hand, detection of virulence gene shows presence of cadF gene in 86.01% of isolates while 82.21% were positive for the three cdt (A, B and C) genes. Conclusion: We reported in this study the presence of high pathogenic Campylobacter coli contamination of the studied chickens. Molecular identification of the bacteria was performed and determination of high resistance to antimicrobials of the fluoroquinolone family was revealed.

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Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Salmonella typhimurium and Enteritidis Strains Isolated from Human, Food, and Environmental Samples of Broiler Meat Production Chain in Punjab

International Journal of Agriculture and Biology ◽

10.17957/ijab/15.1833 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (02) ◽

pp. 263-269

Author(s):

Shakera Sadiq

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Meat Production ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽

Broiler Meat ◽

Over The Counter ◽

Production Chain ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

High Level

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health issue worldwide due to extensive use in agriculture, food, and veterinary medicine. The rate of antimicrobial resistance varies with different antibiotics and serotypes but Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is one of the most widespread serotypes which is comparatively more susceptible to antimicrobial resistance followed by S. Typhimurium. A total of 71 Salmonella strains (S. Typhimurium, n=45; S. Enteritidis, n=26) isolated from humans, food and the environment were used in the study. Both isolates were confirmed through PCR by targeting their specific spy and sdf genes respectively. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility against 10 antibiotics used. An exponentially high level of resistance was found in S. Typhimurium strains. The highest level of resistance was found against amoxicillin (97.78%) followed by tetracycline (95.56%), gentamicin (93.33%), trimethoprim (86.67%), streptomycin (84.44%), nalidixic acid (77.78%), sulphafurazole (64.44%), ampicillin (62.22%), chloramphenicol (46.67%) and least resistance was found against ciprofloxacin (31.11%). Four penta MDR (ACSSuT) and two tetra MDR (ASSuT) resistance patterns were found S. Typhimurium strains. In S. Enteritidis strains, a high level of resistance was found against sulphonamides and streptomycin (92.31%) with the least resistance against ciprofloxacin (11.54%). Two penta MDR (ACSSuT) and six tetra MDR (ASSuT) resistance patterns were found. The presence of high antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic S. Typhimurium and Enteritidis in the broiler meat production chain is alarming. Immediate action and appropriate measures are required to control over the counter and irrational use of antibiotics both in poultry and humans. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

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PREVALENCE OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA (P. AERUGINOSA) AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERNS AT A PRIVATE HOSPITAL IN SANA'A, YEMEN

Universal Journal of Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.22270/ujpr.v3i4.177 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Ali Alyahawi ◽

Abdul Monem Alhomidi ◽

Nawal Al-Henhena

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽

Treatment Regimens ◽

Resistance Patterns

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is clinically significant and opportunistic pathogenthat causes infections in hospitalized patients. Antibiotic resistance is a major concern in clinical practice. The ongoing emergence of resistant strains that cause nosocomial infections contributes substantially to the morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients. Objective of present study was to estimate the prevalence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa isolates from hospitalized patients. The study was performed at microbiology department of a local hospital in Sana’a, Yemen. All the patients' samples of hospital departments from January, 2017 to December, 2017 were included. A Total of 2079 samples were collected during the study period. Among them, 193 strains of Pseudomonas spp. were isolated. One hundred ninety three isolates of P. aeruginosa were isolated from different clinical specimens and fully characterized by standard bacteriological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of each isolates was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. Majority of P. aeruginosa were isolated from Sputum, followed by urine specimens. The isolate pathogen showed the highest sensitive to Meropenem (85.5%), followed by Amikacin (80.5%), Imipenem (80.0%), and Piperacillin/tazobactam (77.2). The highest frequency of resistance (96.2%) was observed with amoxicillin /clavulinic Acid followed by cefuroxime 94.6%, ampicillin/ sulbactam 94.5%, Co-Trimoxzole 80.5%, and norfloxacin 54%. The result confirmed the occurrence of drug resistance strains of P. aeruginosa. Meropenem, imipenem, and amikacin, were found to be the most effective antimicrobial drugs. It therefore calls for a very judicious, appropriate treatment regimens selection by the physicians to limit the further spread of antimicrobial resistance P. aeruginosa.

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Pattern of antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacilli in surgical site infections in in-patients and out-patients at an apex trauma Center: 2013–2016

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.4103/jlp.jlp_80_18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (04) ◽

pp. 432-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nidhi Bhardwaj ◽

Surbhi Khurana ◽

Minu Kumari ◽

Rajesh Malhotra ◽

Purva Mathur

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Hospital Stay ◽

Surgical Site Infections ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Mueller Hinton Agar

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem worldwide especially among the surgical site infections (SSIs). SSI is becoming more serious due to hospital-acquired infections/nosocomial infections, which further leads to the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. To investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns among Gram-negative bacteria in SSI in in- and out-patients the present study was designed. METHODOLOGY: During the 4 years (January 2013–December 2016), the antimicrobial resistant pattern was studied in the admitted patients and in the patients who were followed up to the outpatients department (OPD) after discharge. Antimicrobial resistance pattern testing was done by the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar and by E-test for ten antibiotics according to The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines for Gram-negative bacilli. RESULTS: A total of 2,447 strains were isolated from the studied population on over the period of 4 years. Of 2447, 1996 (81%) were isolated from patients who had SSI during the hospital stay, and 451 (18%) were from patients who attended the OPD after discharge. In the outpatients, who followed up in the OPD for the SSI, Escherichia coli (148), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (93), whereas in the patients who develop SSI during their hospital stay, Acinetobacter baumannii (622), E. coli (424), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (315) were found to be common. A very high resistance pattern was observed in both the studied groups; however, a higher resistance pattern was seen in in-patients as compared to outpatients. CONCLUSION: In our study, we have reported resistance pattern in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the patients who were came for the follow as well as in the inpatients. For the outpatients, it can be concluded that it could be a community-acquired infection which is also an alarming condition for our society.

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Non-typhoidalSalmonellain Calabria, Italy: a laboratory and patient-based survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017037 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. e017037 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Valentina Mascaro ◽

Claudia Pileggi ◽

Maria Crinò ◽

Yolande Therese Rose Proroga ◽

Maria Rosaria Carullo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Active Surveillance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

The European Union ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Region Data ◽

Foodborne Outbreaks ◽

Biochemical Identification

IntroductionAlthough there has been a decrease in the number of cases of salmonellosis in the European Union, it still represents the primary cause of foodborne outbreaks. In Calabria region, data are lacking for the incidence of human non-typhoid salmonellosis as active surveillance has never been carried out.ObjectiveTo report the results of a laboratory and patient-based morbidity survey in Calabria to describe the incidence and distribution ofSalmonellaserovars isolated from humans, with a focus on antimicrobial resistance patterns.MethodsPositive cultures from human samples were collected from every laboratory participating in the surveillance, with a minimum set of information about each isolate. A questionnaire was then administered to the patients by telephone interview to assess the potential risk exposures.Salmonellaisolates underwent biochemical identification, molecular analysis by PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by the disk-diffusion method.ResultsDuring a 2-year period, 105 strains ofSalmonellaspp were isolated from samples of patients with diarrhoea, with the highest isolation rate for children aged 1–5 years. The standardised rate was 2.7 cases per 1 00 000 population. The most commonSalmonellaisolates belonged to monophasic variant ofS.Typhimurium (S.4,[5],12:i:-) (33.3%), followed byS. Typhimurium (21.9%). 30.5% of the isolates were susceptible to all microbial agents tested and the most common pan-susceptible serotype wasS.Napoli (100%).S. 4,[5],12:i:- was resistant to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamides and tetracyclines in 42.9% cases, while resistance to quinolones was seen in 14.3% of the isolates.ConclusionsThe results provide evidence that an active surveillance system effectively enhancesSalmonellanotifications. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance, including resistance to quinolones and multiresistance, enforces the need to strengthen strategies of surveillance and monitoring of antimicrobial use.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Various Meat Types in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana

International Journal of Food Science ◽

10.1155/2020/8877196 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Frederick Adzitey ◽

Prince Assoah-Peprah ◽

Gabriel A. Teye ◽

Anou M. Somboro ◽

Hezekiel M. Kumalo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Guinea Fowl ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Tamale Metropolis ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Local Chicken

Meats are important potential sources of foodborne pathogens including Escherichia coli. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from meats in the Tamale metropolis of Ghana. Isolation of Escherichia coli was done using the procedure according to the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual. Antibiotic resistance patterns in the Escherichia coli isolates were determined by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 8 antibiotics. The overall prevalence of Escherichia coli in the meat samples was 84.00% (189/225). Mutton (88.89%), guinea fowl (88.89%), beef (86.67%), local chicken (80.00%), and chevon (75.56%) were contaminated by Escherichia coli. The average coliform count was 4.22 cfu/cm2 and was highest in guinea fowl (4.94 log cfu/cm2) and lowest in local chicken (3.23 log cfu/cm2). The Escherichia coli isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin (85.00%), tetracycline (73.33%), and ampicillin (71.67%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.13 to 1. The Escherichia coli isolates exhibited 23 antimicrobial resistance patterns with resistant pattern TeAmpE (tetracycline-ampicillin-erythromycin) being the most common. Multidrug resistance was 68.33% (41/60) among the Escherichia coli isolates. The results showed that Escherichia coli was commonly present in the various meat types and exhibited multidrug resistances, necessitating efficient antibiotic stewardship guidelines to streamline their use in the production industry.

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