Multidrug Resistant Gene(S) Harboring On A 20 Kb Plasmid In Salmonella typhi That Causes Typhoid-Enteric Fever

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 911-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abdul Hye Khan ◽  
Asif Hasan Chowdhoury ◽  
M. Ashik Mosaddik ◽  
M. Shajahan
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Gene

scholarly journals Enteric Fever in Mediterranean North Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 753-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalifa Sifaw Ghenghesh ◽  
Ezzedin Franka ◽  
Khaled Tawil ◽  
Momtaz Wasfy ◽  
Salwa F. Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Population Based ◽  
North African ◽  
African Region ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean

Typhoid fever is endemic in the Mediterranean North African countries (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt) with an estimated incidence of 10-100 cases per 100,000 persons. Outbreaks caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi are common and mainly due to the consumption of untreated or sewage-contaminated water. Salmonella enterica Paratyphi B is more commonly involved in nosocomial cases of enteric fever in North Africa than expected and leads to high mortality rates among infants with congenital anomalies. Prevalence among travellers returning from this region is low, with an estimate of less than one per 100,000. Although multidrug resistant strains of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi are prevalent in this region, the re-emergence of chloramphenicol- and ampicillin-susceptible strains has been observed. In order to better understand the epidemiology of enteric fever in the Mediterranean North African region, population-based studies are needed. These will assist the health authorities in the region in preventing and controlling this important disease.

scholarly journals Antibiogram of Salmonella Isolates from Blood with an Emphasis on Nalidixic Acid and Chloramphenicol Susceptibility in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Coastal Karnataka: A Prospective Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 074-077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Kumar Shetty ◽  
Ichlampady Nagaraj Shetty ◽  
Zevita Venisha Furtado ◽  
Beena Antony ◽  
Rekha Boloor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
First Line ◽  
Periodic Analysis ◽  
Paratyphi B

ABSTRACT Background: Enteric fever is caused by the serotypes Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Salmonella Paratyphi C. After emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonellae Ciprofloxacin, a fluorquinolone antibiotic was the first-line therapy. Treatment failure was observed with Ciprofloxacin soon and such strains showed in-vitro resistance to Nalidixic acid. Recent reports suggest re-emergence of Chloramphenicol sensitive strains and increasing Nalidixic acid resistance. This study is aimed at detecting the current trend in the antibiogram of Salmonella isolates from blood culture in coastal Karnataka, with an emphasis on antibiotic susceptibility of Nalidixic acid and Chloramphenicol and evaluate, if there is a need to modify the strategies in the antibiotic therapy for enteric fever. Materials and Methods: Blood samples received for culture in the laboratory between June 2009 and August 2011 was cultured in Brain Heart infusion broth, bile broth or in a commercial BACTEC culture media. The growth from blood cultures were processed for identification and antibiotic susceptibility as per standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility for Ampicillin, Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Nalidixic acid were noted. Results: Out of 9053 blood culture specimens received, Salmonella was isolated from 103 specimens. There were 85 Salmonella Typhi isolates, 16 Salmonella Paratyphi A and two Salmonella Paratyphi B. Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A showed the highest resistance to Nalidixic acid. Salmonella Typhi showed highest susceptibility to Ceftriaxone and Salmonella Paratyphi A to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and Chloramphenicol. Two isolates were multidrug resistant. One Salmonella Paratyphi A was resistant to Ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Routine screening of Nalidixic acid susceptibility is practical to predict fluorquinolone resistance in Salmonella and preventing therapeutic failure while treating with it. It is worthwhile to consider replacing fluorquinolones with Chloramphenicol or Ceftriaxone as the first line of therapy for enteric fever. Periodic analysis of Salmonella antibiogram should be done to formulate the best possible treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Kathmandu : Two Years Study and Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (157) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Malla ◽  
P Kansakar ◽  
Serichantalergs Serichantalergs ◽  
M Rahman ◽  
S Basnet
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Tetracycline Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Plasmid Analysis ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever

Enteric fever is prevalent in developing countries including Nepal, where it still remains as a major healthproblem. Appropriate antibiotics are essential for the treatment of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Aprospective study was carried out to characterize the epidemiological features of enteric fever in Kathmandu,Nepal and to analyse the recent trend of antimicrobial resistance pattern of the Salmonella isolated from thecases of enteric fever from different hospitals in Kathmandu during June, 2002 to June, 2004. A total of 1469Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi ‘A’ isolates collected during this period from five different hospitallaboratories situated in Kathmandu were studied. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of the isolates towardsAmpicillin (10mcg), Chloramphenicol (30mcg), Cotrimoxazole (25mcg), Ciprofloxacin (5mcg) and Ceftriaxone(5mcg) were determined by standard disc diffusion technique and Agar dilution technique were used todetermine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicoland Ceftriaxone. All the isolates tested were found to be sensitive to Ceftriaxone and Ciprofloxacin, the mostcommonly used antibiotic for treatment of enteric fever in Nepal. Of the total isolates studied, 15.5% from2002, 8% from 2003 and 3.45% from 2004 were found to be multidrug resistant (exhibiting resistance towardsAmpicillin, Chloramphenicol and Cotrimoxazole). Of the total multi drug resistant Salmonella isolates, 92%were Salmonella typhi. All the multidrug resistant isolates were also further tested for susceptibilities towardsTetracycline (30mcg), Nalidixic acid (30 mcg), Streptomycin (10units), Gentamycin (25mcg), Azithromycin(15mcg), Kanamycin (30mcg), Neomycin (30mcg). 50% of the multi drug resistant Salmonella typhi werealso resistant to Tetracycline. Plasmid analysis revealed that all of the Mutidrug resistant Salmonella typhiisolates with Tetracycline resistance harbored a large molecular weight (147 Kb) plasmid.Key Words: Enteric fever, Salmonella, Antibiotic, Plasmid, Multidrugresistant

Enteric Fever (Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A & B)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audino Podda
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Live Attenuated Vaccine ◽  
Middle Income

Typhoid and Paratyphoid fevers (collectively, enteric fever) are indistinguishable, acute generalized febrile infections caused by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A and Paratyphi B sensu stricto. Enteric Fever is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), where social and sanitary conditions are poor. In 2017, approximately 14.3 million cases of disease and 135,900 deaths were reported. Antibiotic treatment reduces severity and duration of disease. However, the emergence of several multidrug resistant strains (MDR) and, more recently, of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of S. Typhi has decreased treatment options. Due to significant disease burden and increasing antimicrobial resistance, particularly in South/South-East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, it is essential to implement vaccination campaigns with safe and effective vaccines. Three vaccine types are available against S. Typhi: the live attenuated vaccine (Ty21a), the unconjugated Vi polysaccharide vaccine (Vi-PS) and the typhoid conjugated vaccine (TCV), while no vaccine is yet available against S. Paratyphi strains. Most recently licensed and WHO prequalified TCVs can be used for immunization of infants starting at 6 months of age. Field trials in endemic Asian and African countries have shown that TCV has a >80% clinical efficacy.

scholarly journals Phylogenomics and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi A, B and C in England, 2016–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Anne Chattaway ◽  
Amy Gentle ◽  
Satheesh Nair ◽  
Laura Tingley ◽  
Martin Day ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Health Management ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Global Public Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Recent Emergence

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to first- and second-line treatment regimens of enteric fever is a global public-health problem, and routine genomic surveillance to inform clinical and public-health management guidance is essential. Here, we present the prospective analysis of genomic data to monitor trends in incidence, AMR and travel, and assess hierarchical clustering (HierCC) methodology of 1742 isolates of typhoidal salmonellae. Trend analysis of Salmonella Typhi and S. Paratyphi A cases per year increased 48 and 17.3%, respectively, between 2016 and 2019 in England, mainly associated with travel to South Asia. S. Paratyphi B cases have remained stable and are mainly associated with travel to the Middle East and South America. There has been an increase in the number of S. Typhi exhibiting a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile and the emergence of extensively drug resistant (XDR) profiles. HierCC was a robust method to categorize clonal groups into clades and clusters associated with travel and AMR profiles. The majority of cases that had XDR S. Typhi reported recent travel to Pakistan (94 %) and belonged to a subpopulation of the 4.3.1 (H58) clone (HC5_1452). The phenotypic and genotypic AMR results showed high concordance for S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, B and C, with 99.99 % concordance and only three (0.01 %) discordant results out of a possible 23 178 isolate/antibiotic combinations. Genomic surveillance of enteric fever has shown the recent emergence and increase of MDR and XDR S. Typhi strains, resulting in a review of clinical guidelines to improve management of imported infections.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Typhoidal Salmonella in Nepal: Surveillance for Enteric Fever, 2016-2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-169
Author(s):  
Rajeev Shrestha ◽  
Navin Adhikari ◽  
Sailesh Pradhan ◽  
Ritu Amatya ◽  
Basudha Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
First Line ◽  
The Status ◽  
Culture Positive

Background: Enteric fever (caused by Salmonella enterica) has been associated with poor hygiene and is endemic in the South-Asian countries. The increase in resistance to first line antimicrobials has been observed, while the emergence of multi/extremely drug resistance cases have been identified in several countries. The objective of this study is to analyze the current trend of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates in Nepal, and to identify the status of multi- and extremely- drug resistant isolates.Methods: We recruited individuals at study hospitals with suspected enteric fever between September 2016 and August 2019 and performed blood cultures. The Salmonella isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and the antimicrobial resistance trend was evaluated.Results: 1438 positive blood culture isolates were studied for antimicrobial resistance. 88% were culture positive for Salmonella Typhi and 12% for Salmonella Paratyphi. Multidrug resistant S. Typhi cases appeared mostly in December 2018 and January 2019, while there were no multidrug resistant S. Paratyphi cases. Also, extremely drug resistant S. Typhi cases were not observed during the study period. Conclusions: The Salmonella isolates were mostly susceptible to first-line antimicrobials, cephalosporins and others. Many fluoroquinolones non-susceptible Salmonella were obtained, nevertheless their overall trend seems to be declining. In addition, the S. Paratyphi total cases are reducing since September 2017. Among S. Typhi isolates, only few were multidrug resistant and there were no extremely drug resistant isolates. Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance; enteric fever; multi-drug resistant; Nepal; Salmonella; typhoid

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CULTURE POSITIVE ENTERIC FEVER

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Manish Kulshrestha ◽  
Dr. Anjali Kulshrestha
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bone Marrow Culture ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Culture Positive

INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture positive cases were included. The patients with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method using antibiotic discs. The analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out as per CLSI interpretative guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 82 culture positive cases were included in the present study. 80 culture isolates were from blood culture and 2 from the bone marrow culture. Salmonella entericasubspecies enterica serovartyphi (S typhi) was isolated from 67 (81.70%) patients while Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarparatyphi (S paratyphi A) was isolated from 13 (15.85%) cases and 2 (2.44%) were Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarschottmuelleri (S paratyphi B). Of the 82 cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, one (1.2%) case each was resistant to Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 2 (2.4%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 10 (12.2%) were resistant and to cotrimoxazole 3 (3.7%) were resistant. CONCLUSION: In a culture positive cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Multidrug resistant isolates were 65(79.3%).

Linear plasmids in Klebsiella and other Enterobacteriaceae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Hawkey ◽  
Hugh Cottingham ◽  
Alex Tokolyi ◽  
Ryan R Wick ◽  
Louise M Judd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmid Stability ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Linear Plasmid ◽  
Extrachromosomal Dna ◽  
Linear Plasmids ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
And Function

Linear plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA that have been found in a small number of bacterial species. To date, the only linear plasmids described in the Enterobacteriaceae family belong to Salmonella, first found in Salmonella Typhi. Here, we describe a collection of 12 isolates of the Klebsiella pneumoniae species complex in which we identified linear plasmids. We used this collection to search public sequence databases and discovered an additional 74 linear plasmid sequences in a variety of Enterobacteriaceae species. Gene content analysis divided these plasmids into five distinct phylogroups, with very few genes shared across more than two phylogroups. The majority of linear plasmid-encoded genes are of unknown function, however each phylogroup carried its own unique toxin-antitoxin system and genes with homology to those encoding the ParAB plasmid stability system. Passage in vitro of the 12 linear plasmid-carrying Klebsiella isolates in our collection (which include representatives of all five phylogroups) indicated that these linear plasmids can be stably maintained, and our data suggest they can transmit between K. pneumoniae strains (including members of globally disseminated multidrug resistant clones) and also between diverse Enterobacteriaceae species. The linear plasmid sequences, and representative isolates harbouring them, are made available as a resource to facilitate future studies on the evolution and function of these novel plasmids.

scholarly journals Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A elaborate distinct systemic metabolite signatures during enteric fever

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elin Näsström ◽  
Nga Tran Vu Thieu ◽  
Sabina Dongol ◽  
Abhilasha Karkey ◽  
Phat Voong Vinh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
First Time

The host–pathogen interactions induced by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A during enteric fever are poorly understood. This knowledge gap, and the human restricted nature of these bacteria, limit our understanding of the disease and impede the development of new diagnostic approaches. To investigate metabolite signals associated with enteric fever we performed two dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOFMS) on plasma from patients with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A infections and asymptomatic controls, identifying 695 individual metabolite peaks. Applying supervised pattern recognition, we found highly significant and reproducible metabolite profiles separating S. Typhi cases, S. Paratyphi A cases, and controls, calculating that a combination of six metabolites could accurately define the etiological agent. For the first time we show that reproducible and serovar specific systemic biomarkers can be detected during enteric fever. Our work defines several biologically plausible metabolites that can be used to detect enteric fever, and unlocks the potential of this method in diagnosing other systemic bacterial infections.

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