Antibacterial Activity and Toxicological Evaluation of Semi Purified Hexane Extract of Urtica dioica Leaves

Abstract Squid is one of the export commodities in Indonesia. In general, the use of squid meat, while the ink is only as waste. In fact, Squid ink contain bioactive compound that potential as anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic,anti-microbial and anti-malaria agents. The purpose of the study is to determine the types of secondary metabolite compounds contained in n-hexane extract of Loligo sp. ink using maceration method to determine its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. The results of secondary metabolite compounds obtained from the n-hexane extract of Loligo sp. ink are alkaloid, saponins, glycosides and phenol. The results of antibacterial test against E. coli using the disc method obtained the average of inhibition zone diameter at the concentration of 4% is 6.3 mm (intermediate), concentration of 8% is 7.83 mm (intermediate), concentration of 16% is 14.5 mm (susceptible) and concentration of 32% is 10.83 mm (intermediate). The antibacterial activity in n-hexane extract of Loligo sp. ink is optimal at the concentration of 16% against E. coli bacteria.

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Study of Biological Activity and Chemical Constituent of Annona Reticulata

Journal of Institute of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/jist.v21i1.16068 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 157-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bimala Subba ◽

Pramod Aryal

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Column Chromatography ◽

Authentic Sample ◽

Chemical Constituent ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Ic50 Value ◽

Annona Reticulata

The methanol and hexane extract of leaf of Annona reticulata, vernacularly known as ‘Sareefa’ were subjected to biological assay and column chromatography respectively. Column chromatography of the hexane extract of the leaf of A. reticulata resulted in the isolation of one pure compound PF1. The compound PF1 was suggested as β-sitosterol by comparing TLC, IR and melting point with authentic sample. The antibacterial activity against two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (gram positive) and Escherichia coli (gram negative) was done by agar well diffusion method and Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) was observed. The ZOI obtained ranged from 8 to 12 mm. The methanol extract of leaf showed moderate antibacterial activity on comparison with standard antibiotic streptomycin. The Antioxidant activity of the extract was tested using scavenging activity of DPPH (1, 1-Diphenyl-2- Picrylhydrazyl) radical method. The IC50 value of A. reticulata was found (41 µg/ml). The standard compound has shown IC50 value as 120 µg/ml. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the extract was positively associated with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract. This study revealed that methanolic leaf extract of A. reticulata comprise effective potential source of natural antioxidant, which might be helpful in preventing the progress of various oxidative stresses.Journal of Institute of Science and TechnologyVolume 21, Issue 1, August 2016, page: 157-163

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Comparison of In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Epaltes divaricata and Vetiveria zizanioides against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Scientifica ◽

10.1155/2020/8239053 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Hasanga Rathnayake ◽

Manikkuwadura Hasara Nethmini De Zoysa ◽

Ruwani Punyakanthi Hewawasam ◽

Weerasinghe Mudiyanselage Dilip Gaya Bandara Wijayaratne

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Water Extract ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Vetiveria Zizanioides ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

Mic Value

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital- and community-acquired infections worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the antibacterial activity of the two medicinal plants Epaltes divaricata and Vetiveria zizanioides against strains of MRSA which were isolated from patients with skin and soft tissue infections. Hexane, ethanol, and water extracts of E. divaricata (whole plant) and V. zizanioides (roots) were prepared. Clinical isolates of MRSA strains (n = 20) were used for the study. Bacterial susceptibility was tested using a disc diffusion assay. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by a broth microdilution method. Vancomycin was used as the positive control. Hexane, ethanol, and water extracts of E. divaricata showed inhibitory zones against MRSA. Except for water extract, both hexane and ethanol extracts of V. zizanioides showed inhibitory zones. MIC ranges of hexane, ethanol, and water extracts in E. divaricata were 0.012–0.32 mg/mL, 0.019–2.4 mg/mL, and 0.019–0.48 mg/mL, respectively. Respective MIC ranges of hexane and ethanol extracts of V. zizanioides were 0.003–0.032 mg/mL and 0.019–2.4 mg/mL. The hexane extract of V. zizanioides inhibited 55% of the selected MRSA strains at a relatively low MIC value of 0.012 mg/mL. The hexane extract of both plants demonstrated inhibition of 75% of MRSA strains at a MIC value of 0.064 mg/mL. Ethanol extract of V. zizanioides and E. divaricata, respectively, inhibited 70% and 45% of MRSA strains at the MIC of 0.096 mg/mL, whereas water extract of E. divaricata inhibited 80% of MRSA strains at the same MIC. Both E. divaricata and V. zizanioides were equally effective against MRSA at a MIC of 0.064 mg/mL. But V. zizanioides was more effective since the hexane extract inhibited more than 50% of MRSA strains at significantly a lower MIC value of 0.012 mg/mL. Fractionation, purification, and identification of active compounds will warrant further evaluation of the therapeutic potential of both plant extracts.

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Isolation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of Ergosta-5, 7, 22-triene-3β, 14α – diol (22Z) from Kenyan Ganoderma lucidum

Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research ◽

10.9734/ajacr/2020/v5i130127 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 48-57

Author(s):

Ebrahim Sande ◽

Danstone Lilechi Baraza ◽

Selline Ooko ◽

Peter Kuloba Nyongesa

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Methicillin Resistance ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Significant Activity ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Disc Diffusion Method

Aims: To determine the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Kenyan Ganoderma lucidum. Study Design: Structural determination of the isolated compound was done using spectral evidences and in comparison with literature. The antibacterial properties of the compound was done using disc diffusion method. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, between January and November, 2019. Methodology: Sequential extraction of dried samples of Kenyan G. lucidum were done using solvents hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Chromatographic separation of hexane extract of Ganoderma lucidum was done using spectroscopic data. The compound was assayed against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Methicillin–Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pyogenes. Standard antibiotic namely; ampicillin was used as the control. Disc diffusion method was used and zones of inhibition, after respective incubation periods, were used to quantify antibacterial activity. Results: From hexane extract of Ganoderma lucidum, Ergosta-5, 7, 22-triene-3β, 14α – diol (22Z) was isolated. Ethylacetate and methanol extracts produced a mixture of complex compounds. Ergosta-5,7,22-triene-3β,14α-diol (22Z) exhibited significant activity against Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (p=0.022) and Streptococcus pyogenes (p = 0.05). The most sensitive microbe was Streptococcus pyogenes. Conclusion: One major compound, Ergosta-5, 7, 22-triene-3β, 14α – diol (22Z) was isolated, characterized and antibacterial activity determined.

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The Antioxcidant, Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity of Kesambi (Schleichera Oleosa (Lour) Oken) Brak Extracts

Jurnal Jamu Indonesia ◽

10.29244/jji.v4i3.96 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Puspita Sari

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Ethyl Acetate ◽

Toxicity Test ◽

Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Agar Diffusion ◽

Schleichera Oleosa

Abstract This study aimed to compare antioxidant, antibacterial and toxicity tests of various types of kesambi tree bark extract (Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken). The research stages included extraction of kesambi stem skin from Mancak Serang sub-district with multilevel maceration techniques using 3 solvents: Methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. The extract was then tested for antioxidant activity, antibacterial, and toxicity. The results of antioxidant testing using the DPPH method, antibacterial with agar diffusion method, and toxicity test with BSLT method, the results showed that ethyl acetate extract had better antioxidant activity (IC50 7,723 ppm.) compared to extract of methanol (IC50 7,801 ppm), and n-hexane extract (IC50 8,568 ppm). Antibacterial activity showed the ability to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus aureus compared to Escherichia coli at a concentration of 10000 ppm, and the results of the toxicity test showed that ethyl acetate extract had better activity (LC50 305,17 ppm) than n-hexane extract (LC50 374, 96 ppm) and methanol extract (LC50 431,26 ppm).Keywords: DPPH, BSLT, Agar Diffusion, Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken

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Isolation of Flavonoids from Anaphalis Busua and their Antibacterial Activity

Journal of Institute of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/jist.v25i1.29415 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

M. Rajbhandari ◽

U. Lindequist

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Preparative Hplc ◽

Direct Bioautography

Anaphalis busua (Buch-Ham ex D. Don) is traditionally used to treat cuts and wounds. In the agar dilution method, the hexane extract of the aerial part of A. busua exhibited potent antibacterial activity with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 25 μg/ml against Bacillus subtilis and 500 μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus. For the isolation of antibacterial compounds, the hexane extract was fractionated by silica gel and Sephadex LH 20 column chromatography. The direct bioautography method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the fractions. The active fractions were finally purified by semi-preparative HPLC on C18 Phenomenex column under gradient condition. Four flavones derivatives of 3,5-dihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxyflavone (1), 3,5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (alnusin) (2), 3,5,7-trihydroxy-8-methoxyflavone (3) and pinocembrin (4) were isolated, and their structures were established by 1H, 13C, DEPT-135, and ESI-MS spectroscopy. These compounds were isolated for the first time from A. busua. The fatty acid profile of the hexane extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) by silylation with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoro-acetamide. Pinocembrin showed antibacterial activity with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 60 μg/mL against Bacillus subtilis and 420 μg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus.

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Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants used in South African Traditional Medicine

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2019.22240 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (11) ◽

pp. 2623-2627

Author(s):

M.A. Makhafola ◽

L. Middleton ◽

M.T. Olivier ◽

O.O. Olaokun

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Medicinal Plants ◽

Traditional Medicine ◽

South African ◽

Withania Somnifera ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

African Traditional Medicine ◽

Cytotoxicity Activities ◽

Mic Value ◽

Lippia Javanica

Five plants were investigated for their antibacterial and cytotoxicity activities, namely: Lantana rugosa, Lippia javanica, Lippia wilmsii, Hilliardiella elaeagnoides and Withania somnifera. Four organisms and liver cells were used to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of the extracts from these plants. All the extracts showed antibacterial activity with the MIC ranging from 0.04 ± 0.04 mg/mL to 11.46 ± 9.66 mg/mL. The acetonic extract of L. javanica exhibited the highest antibacterial activity with MIC value of 0.04 ± 0.04 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa and 0.28 ± 0.35 mg/mL against S. aureus. Aqueous and acetonic extracts of L. wilmsii (LC50 > 1000 μg/mL) and the hexane extract of L. javanica (LC50 > 1000 μg/mL) were the least cytotoxic. While acetonic extract of L. javanica (0.01 ± 0.64 μg/mL) and hexane extract of L. wilmsii (0.03 ± 0.31 μg/mL) were the most cytotoxic.

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COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES LEAVES EXTRACTS OF CERBERA MANGHAS AND LEAVES EXTRACTS OF AZADIRACHTA INDICA AGAINST KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11s3.30030 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (15) ◽

pp. 51

Author(s):

Muhammad Yanis Musdja ◽

Markhamatul Aeni ◽

Ira Djajanegara

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Azadirachta Indica ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Antibacterial Activities ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Methanol Extracts ◽

Neem Leaves ◽

Mango Leaves ◽

Cerbera Manghas

Objective: This study aims to determine the potential of neem (Azadirachta indica, Juss) leaves and sea mango (Cerbera manghas, Linn.) leaves against Klebsiella pneumonia. Methods: Hexane and methanol extracts of neem leaves (A. indica, Juss) and hexane and butanol extracts of sea mango leaves (C. manghas, Linn.) were tested antibacterial against K. pneumonia using paper disc and dilution methods, measured the inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), as a comparison used ampicillin.Results: The MIC values for the butanol extract and hexane extract of sea mango leaves against K. pneumoniae were 1.124276 and 1.45958 mg/mL, respectively. While the MBC value of both of them had the same value, i.e. 2 mg/ml. The hexane and methanol extracts of neem leaves did not have potentially against the growth of K. pneumonia. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study have been obtained, that extracts butanol and hexane extract of leaves of sea mango (C. manghas, Linn.) have antibacterial activity strong enough against K. pneumonia, where, extracts butanol leaves of sea mango has antibacterial activity that is more powerful than the extract hexane leaf sea mango, while the methanol extract and hexane extracts of neem (A. indica, Juss) leaves have weak activity against K. pneumonia.

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ISOLATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE COMPOUNDS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES TESTS FROM HEXANE EXTRACT OF STEM BARK MELOCHIA UMBELLATA (HOUTT) STAPF VAR. DEGRABRATA K

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.25464 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 457 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Usman Usman ◽

Muh Amir M ◽

Nunuk Hariani Soekamto ◽

Ahyar Ahmad ◽

Maulidiyah Maulidiyah

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Secondary Metabolite ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Inhibitory Effect ◽

Hexane Extract ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Separation And Purification ◽

Inhibitory Zone

Objectives: This research aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of stem bark extract Melochia umbellata (Houtt) Stapf var. degrabrata.Methods: M. umbellata stem bark was extracted by maceration using methanol solvent. Separation and purification were done by partitioning, fractionation with chromatography, and recrystallization. Antibacterial activity test of hexane extract and third isolate from the bark of M. umbellata was done by agar diffusion method against bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Results: Phytochemical test showed that the hexane extracts of bark M. umbellata containing alkaloids and triterpenoids. Isolate D is a triterpenoid group compound, while FKa and FKb are steroid group compound. The hexane extract had the highest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis bacteria with inhibitory zone diameter 12.0 mm. Isolate D has a weak inhibitory effect on all test bacteria. The highest diameters inhibition zone of isolated FKa compound against B. subtilis and S. aureus bacteria was 18.0 mm and 13.0 mm, respectively, whereas, the highest diameter inhibition of zone FKb compound against B. subtilis bacteria with inhibitory zone was 12.0 mm.Conclusion: The FKa compound from the bark of M. umbellata has the potential to be antibacterial because the compound is able to inhibit bacterial growth with ˃14 mm obstacle zone, especially against B. subtilis bacteria.

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