Science as Design

2012 ◽  
pp. 224-242
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The Difference

The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate that traditional science is a kind of design. Scientific research can be viewed as a type of reverse engineering. Alternatively, one could entertain a highly hypothetical thought about how an engineer would have designed the world as we experience it. The artifact nature of scientific knowledge can be seen in different sciences through examples. Mathematics is the domain of the purely abstract, where the difference between the invented and discovered disappears. History of Astronomy provides examples of how the sense of beauty led the scientists to invent early models involving celestial bodies. Creativity and inventiveness are often needed in Physics to construct artifacts involving the unobservable. Purpose and corresponding design distinguishes Biology, which focuses on living forms displaying high levels of sophistication in their organization.

scholarly journals Reorientasi Gerakan Feminisme Islam; Sebuah Upaya Membangun Kesetaraan Perempuan

FIKROTUNA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ABD WARITS
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Arbitrary Action

In the history of women's life, the woman has never cracked from the wild cry of helplessness. Woman always become victim of men’s egoism, marginalized, hurt, unfettered, fooled and never appreciated the presence and role. This situation troubles many intellectual Muslims who have perspective that Islam teaches equality, equality for all human beings in the world. The difference in skin color, race, tribe and nation, as well as gender does not cause them to get the status of the different rights and obligations. The potential and the right to life of every human being and the obligation to serve the Lord Almighty is the same. Indeed, all human beings, as caliph in the world, have the same obligation, namely to prosperity of life in the world. No one is allowed to act arbitrarily, destroying, or hurt among others. They are required to live side by side, united, and harmonious, help each other and respect each other. However, that "demand" never becomes a reality. The differences among human identities become a barrier and the cause of divisions. For them, those who are outside environment, different identities are "others" who rightly do not need them "know". The difference of identity has become a reason to allow "hurt" each other. Several intellectual Muslims who recognize the wrong (discrimination against women), and then they attempt to formulate a movement for women's liberation. All the efforts have been done on the basis of awareness that arbitrary action by any person can never be justified. They also realize, that the backwardness of women are "stumbling block" that will lead to the resignation of a civilization. However, this struggle found a lot of challenges; including the consideration of "insubordination" to conquer the power of men, despite it had done by using many strategies. Starting from the writing of scientific book and countless fiction themed women has been published in order to give awareness of equality between men and women. This paper seeks to reexamine the process of the empowerment struggle to give a brand new concept, so that the struggle of women empowerment is not as insubordination and curiosity process in an attempt to conquer the male. Through approach of literature review and observations on the relationship between men and women, the writer finally concluded that the movement of Islamic feminism is not a movement to seize the power of men, but an attempt to liberate women from oppression so that they get the rights of their social role, giving freedom for women to pursue a career as wide as possible like a man, without forgetting a main duty as a mother: to conceive, give birth and breastfeed their children.

scholarly journals FROM PROMETHEUS TO AMRAN: ON THE CHAINED HERO IN THE OSSETIAN EPIC

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Р.Н. АБИСАЛОВА
Keyword(s):  
Greek Mythology ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
National Myths ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Difference

В статье рассмотрен один из мотивов осетинского Даредзановского эпоса – мотив прикованного героя, еще в древности вошедший в мифологию, фольклор, литературу многих народов и получивший название «мотив Прометея». Образ Прометея относится к «вечным образам» мировой художественной культуры. История прикования и освобождения Прометея и в древнегреческой мифологии, и в трагедии Эсхила позиционируется как топонимически привязанная к Кавказу. Именно здесь сюжет о наказанном Богом и прикованном богатыре получил распространение в национальных мифах и эпических преданиях – грузинских, осетинских, кабардинских, абхазских, вайнахских, армянских и др. Эти лаконичные предания об Амиране-Амране, по мнению Вс.Ф. Миллера, – кульминационные во всех источниках, рассказывающих об этом герое. Рассмотрены как древнегреческий Прометей, так и кавказские, в первую очередь осетинские, прикованные герои, представленные в работах Вс.Ф. Миллера, Г.Н. Потанина, Дз. Гатуева, Д.А. Калоевой, З.Г. Тменовой, Ю.А. Дзиццоты, Х.Ф. Цгоева и др. Образ Амирана сравнивается с соответствующими ему героями кавказских эпосов. При всей схожести мотивов богоборчества и наказания героя прикованием к скале или столбу нельзя не отметить отличия осетинского Амирана от остальных. В Даредзановских сказаниях он героическая личность, истинный богатырь, совершающий множество подвигов, побеждающий великанов, помогающий всем нуждающимся. Сын племянницы Бога, герой близок к народу, он побеждает врагов не только ради демонстрации силы, ловкости, хитрости, но и для спасения родных и друзей. В отличие от большинства кавказских прикованных героев, освобождение Амирана не предвещает гибель мира, напротив, осетинский Амиран, в случае освобождения, даст людям свободу и счастье. Многие мотивы в преданиях об Амране соотносятся с мотивами Нартовского эпоса. Амиран-Амран приравнивается к любимым героям осетинской Нартиады – Сослану, Батразу, Урузмагу, Шатане. В работе его образ рассмотрен для подтверждения объективной закономерности подобной репрезентации осетинского героя. The article deals with one of the motives of the Ossetian Daredzanian epic − the motive of the chained hero, which in ancient times entered the mythology, folklore, literature of many peoples and was called the "Prometheus motive". The image of Prometheus belongs to the "eternal images" of world art culture. The history of the chaining and liberation of Prometheus, both in ancient Greek mythology and in the tragedy of Aeschylus, is positioned as toponymically tied to the Caucasus. It was here that the plot about the God-punished and chained hero became widespread in national myths and epic legends − Georgian, Ossetian, Kabardian, Abkhaz, Vainakh, Armenian, etc. These laconic legends about Amiran-Amran, according to Vs.F. Miller, are culminating in all the sources telling about this hero. Both the ancient Greek Prometheus and the Caucasian, primarily Ossetian, chained heroes presented in the works of Vs.F. Miller, G.N. Potanin, Dz. Gatuev, D.A. Kaloeva, Z.G. Tmenova, Yu.A. Dzizzoity, Kh.F. Tsgoev and others. The image of Amiran is compared with the corresponding heroes of the Caucasian epics. With all the similarity of the motives of fighting against God and the punishment of the hero by being chained to a rock or a pillar, one cannot fail to note the difference between the Ossetian Amiran and the others. In Daredzan's legends, he is a heroic person, a true hero who performs many feats, conquers giants, and helps all those in need. The son of the niece of God, the hero is close to the people, he defeats enemies not only for the sake of demonstrating strength, dexterity, cunning, but also to save family and friends. Unlike most of the Caucasian chained heroes, the release of Amiran does not portend the death of the world, on the contrary, the Ossetian Amiran, if liberated, will give people freedom and happiness. Many motives in the legends about Amran correlate with the motives of the Nartov epic. Amiran-Amran is equated with the favorite heroes of the Ossetian Nartiada - Soslan, Batraz, Uruzmag, Shatana. In the work, his image is considered to confirm the objective regularity of such a representation of the Ossetian hero.

scholarly journals INNOVATIVE BLENDED LEARNING METHODOLOGY IN TEACHING IT STUDENTS ENGLISH FOR PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmyla Lazorenko
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Blended Learning ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Teaching English ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Research Technology ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Effective Models

The purpose of this article is to analyze the history of the methodology and the concept of Blended Learning, give examples, systematize, classify and identify the most effective models of blended learning in teaching English to IT students based on the study of their research and use in higher education all over the world. The article proves the necessity of finding innovative technologies for the effective teaching of a professionally oriented foreign language in the field of Information Technologies. Methodical literature, speeches, reports and reports at modern educational conferences, forums are analyzed. The article shows the advantages and disadvantages of using these models, offers examples of research technology Blended Learning. The difference between traditional, distance and blended learning is characterized and shown. Examples are given and models of blended learning are shown schematically. The specifics of the organization of work with one of the resources in the context of blended learning are considered.

scholarly journals Jazz Avant-Garde by Cecil Taylor

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 466-481
Author(s):  
Pavlo Holotenko
Keyword(s):  
Main Idea ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Free Jazz ◽  
Modern Culture ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Jazz Music ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Difference

The relevance of the subject. Jazz music is a vivid, unique and distinctive phenomenon of the world culture, which is a grand achievement of many-years musical practice of humanity. In the context of the artistic culture of the modern information society, jazz art plays an essential part and is really quite interesting. The creative activity of jazz performers has always attracted the attention of the audience, caused a diverse reaction and today has many supporters in different parts of the world. Since the middle of the XX century, more and more trends have begun to emerge in jazz music, which led to the understanding of philosophical and psychological issues, in particular, ethical, aesthetic, social and other aspects. In this connection, new styles began to form in jazz, which in fact represented the emergence of the next, radically new stage in the evolution of jazz art. In the second half of the XX century there appeared jazz avant-garde – an entirely new cultural phenomenon that has its own history and philosophy, genre and style. In musicology, this concept can also be called “abstract jazz”, “new jazz”, “free jazz”, etc. It is clear that this trend is at the crossroads of two separate types of art – musical avant-garde and jazz, so it attracts admirers from both sides. Compared to traditional classic jazzmen, many prominent musicians of jazz avant-garde are still little known. Among them are composer and pianist Cecil Taylor, who was a compelling opponent of jazz traditions. His style is unique, his music is one of the most striking examples of musical avant-garde in the history of art. Nowadays, the scientific literature has no fundamental works devoted entirely to the analysis of C. Taylor’s avant-garde art. This circumstance also enhances the relevance of studying specific features of C. Taylor’s performing style. The purpose of the research is to determine peculiarities of Cecil Taylor’s creative style and related techniques of music speech. Achieving the goal involves solving the following tasks: to determine the difference between artistic systems of classic and avant-garde jazz; to outline the main informative paradigms of C. Taylor’s creative work; to analyze the technology of expressive means of C. Taylor’s music; to reveal the significance of C. Taylor’s avant-garde activity and to identify its place in the world of modern artistic culture. Research methods. The research is based on the interaction of scientific approaches, the most important of which are: analytical, which involves elaboration of musical means of expressiveness and composition technique of sounds organization; comparative, used to compare specific features of artistic systems of jazz mainstream and avant-garde; semantic, necessary for defining the content of music pieces, their meanings, images, mood; biographical, with the help of which certain facts of the musician’s biography are specified for a better understanding of his creative personality. Results of the study confirm the fact that in the world of artistic culture Cecil Taylor is one of the greatest representatives of the radical musical avant-garde. The basis of his art is the so-called “aesthetics of opposition”, the central idea of the artistic system of jazz avant-garde, according to which any artistic truth categorically established for all others cannot exist. In this context, the individualization of style, the relativity of all aesthetic ideals and the unlimited spectrum of expressive possibilities are stated, which is conditioned by the optimal disclosure of the figurative and emotional content of the piece. At the same time, the central object of the avant-garde jazz denial is the concept of the classic jazz art, based on the so-called “aesthetics of identity”. Its main idea is to adhere to structural stamps in order to maximally approach the stylistic aesthetic ideal. Such an ideal is the given classical theme-standard. Actually, this is an artistic truth for the jazz mainstream, to which one should aspire. Avant-gardists did not agree with this situation, for them it was nothing more than imposing personal whims by adherents of jazz traditions. The main informative paradigms of C. Taylor’s avant-garde art are antiromanticism, realistic pessimism and dystopia. The essence of anti-romanticism is to deny the domination of sentimentality, subjectivity, dreaminess and escape from reality, typical for romanticism. In their place, the primacy of rationalism, collectivity and pursuit of objectivism are established. Realistic pessimism is a worldview where, basing on tragic experience attention is focused on negative aspects, which leads to a belief in the eternal dominance of evil all over the world. Anti-utopia is recognition of the deception of utopia, the denial of the achievement of social ideals and the possibility of creating the world of justice. The main means of expressiveness of this ideological content in C. Taylor’s works are atonality, disharmony and percussive pianism. Conclusions. According to the research findings, we conclude that Cecil Taylor made a significant contribution to the development of modern culture. He was a compelling opponent of jazz traditions, always remained an uncompromising fighter for new jazz. Cecil Taylor is a virtuoso pianist and prominent improviser, one of the best representatives of avant-garde jazz in the world. Cecil Taylor discovered a new bright side of musical art and stimulated the public to redefine spiritual values and view of world as a whole. His work attracts and will attract attention of all those who are interested in contemporary art.

scholarly journals Fenomena Multikulturalisme Dalam Musik: Sebuah Telaah Elemen Elemen Musikal Non Barat dalam Karya Komposer Musik Barat

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Esy Maestro
Keyword(s):  
American Music ◽  
World Music ◽  
The Political ◽  
Music Culture ◽  
African American Music ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
History Of Literature

The study of the music phenomenon has long been an important discussion due to its role in upholding the accretion of the history of literature of the world of music. Among the two poles music’s idealism, which is between European and American, they both have different opinion about multiculturalism. The multiculturalism in the Europe is the unification of the music culture with the lowest integrity level between the music cultures which possibly experience the multicultural process. It means, with the music culture base which just established like music classic, so that the multicultural process will cannot be seen easily from the music which recommended, because its interference usually dissolved is the music substance which intrinsically used, at rhythmic, melodies, form and others.  Meanwhile the multiculturalism phenomenon in the America will offers the explicit structures, which accurately occurs the powerful and influential multiculturalism process. This thing also based on the heterogeneous America’s people as the interference of many cultures by means of the difference music. The multiculturalism music in America also develop faster because in its accretion it influence with the political period and the crime-infested unsafe makes the countries which moves to America feels that they the same. So, it is not surprise if the performance of the African-American music or the America’s World Music will demonstrate the music multiculturalism process which actual and has been growth for a long time. Keywords: the music, multiculturarism, America and Europe

Roman Catholic Contacts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurjen A. Zeilstra
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
World Council Of Churches ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
The World ◽  
World Council ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The 1960S

Chapter 8 deals with Visser ’t Hooft’s lengthy campaign to have the Roman Catholic Church join the World Council of Churches. It traces developments from the beginning when Protestant ecumenicity was firmly rejected, to the later history from the 1960s onwards. It explores Visser ’t Hooft’s contacts with the Dutch Roman Catholics Jo Willibrands and Frans Thijssen and early attempts at rapprochement, including the creation of the Joint Working Group. The chapter discusses the difference in agendas, and developments during and arising from the Second Vatican Council. It then relates the history of ecumenical relations with the Roman Catholic Church in connection with the Roman Catholic movement under successive popes away from membership of the World Council.

scholarly journals Science of Translation Today: Change of Scientific Paradigm

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolay Garbovskiy ◽  
Olga Kostikova
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Present State ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Translation Studies ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Scientific Paradigms ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The present article is devoted to analyzing the present state of the Russian science of translation and its historical perspective. The rationale behind this article is the fact that in Russian academic community there is a persisting viewpoint that research in translation studies is an auxiliary and applied area of linguistics and that science of translation does not exist at all because it is diluted in pluridisciplinary continuum and, which is essential, does not have scientific paradigms. We will attempt to understand whether this opinion is true, and in order to do it we will examine history of scientific knowledge about translation activity and analyze the present state of the discipline that is known at present as “science of translation” in Russia. Thus, the article addresses two intertwined tasks: to prove that Russian theory of translation has scientific paradigms and to characterize research in translation studies in Russia in historical perspective and demonstrate its close interrelation with science of translation in the world.

scholarly journals INTERPRETATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD IN THE CONTEXT OF KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-99
Author(s):  
Vakulyk I. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Knowledge Development ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
The World ◽  
Cognitive Experience ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Current Science ◽  
Descriptive Method

The scientific picture of the world enters into constant interaction with cognitive experience. And changes in the structure of informational space change behavioral patterns and criteria of influence of environment on individuals are determined. The purpose of this work is to review individual branches of scientific knowledge as a component of the scientific picture of the world and to identify characteristic figures of scientific research of the XV-XVI centuries as an epoch of "flight" of thought. The descriptive method of the investigated phenomenon is used in the work. The purpose of the research is to form a reliable and verified knowledge of the scientific picture of the world of the stated period, to identify the value potential of the representatives of different branches of knowledge, because it is impossible to relieve the phenomenon of current science and set the prospects for its further development without analysis and interpretation of the sources from the previous centuries. The scientific picture of the mentioned period shows the discordance of ideas and the scale of their theoretical and practical implementation (from philosophy to art). The author highlights the most characteristic features of the scientific picture, which contributed to the appearance of new lines of research, a new necklace base on which the scientific thinking of the next centuries was built.

scholarly journals Paradigma Islam tentang Pengembangan Pendidikan Islam

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 426
Author(s):  
Maskuri Bakri
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
System Method ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Perspective

The main purpose of this article is to portray Islam as a paradigm of higher religious education. This paper is a result of a long research initially aimed at finding new perspective on the development of teaching and learning process in Indonesia. The paper finds that the Holy Qur’ân is ample with references on education at all level. It is actually a book of education. The history of Islam has shown that the system, method, and materials of education in the Islamic world are all derived from it. It is this that the paper is interested to discuss. In doing so, it takes into account the conventional distinction between the religious and natural science as far as education is concerned. While the Qur’ân does not make a clear-cut distinction between the two sciences, the difference between the two does serve as a meaningful entry—at least methodologically—into the world of education. The paper goes on to classify some Islamic universities in Indonesia along the line of this distinction. It finds that some of these universities believe in this distinction, while others do not. This belief will in turn shape the way these universities design their vision and carry on their mission.

scholarly journals The problem of novelty in legal science: to the question on methodological aspects of studying legal doctrines

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
Vladimir Sergeevich Gorban
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
Methodological Aspects

The subject of this research is the problem of interpretation of continuity and novelty in carrying out historical-philosophical and problematic-theoretical reconstructions of legal doctrines of the past and modernity. The absence of due knowledge on the origin, history of acquisition and application of theoretical ideas of the past often leads to significant modifications, distortions and loss of historical linkage within the legal picture of the world. The repetition of legal ideas and theoretical constructs of the past is natural, but firstly it can and should be viewed as a methodological prerequisite for searching of approaches and means to substantiate the interests to certain aspects of law, and secondly, for ensuring scientific value of modern research, it must be clarified not by the conventionality of scientific knowledge, but based on the reconstruction of origin, application and valid meaning and designation of ideas. The methodology leans on the comparative analysis of legal ideas of the past and modernity in synchronic and diachronic angle. The novelty of the conducted research consists in interpretation of the problem of novelty in legal science based on the requirement for preservation of continuity in terms of their historical-philosophical and problematic-theoretical reconstruction. At the same time, such requirement reveals in a number of specific reconstructions and examples of utilization of methodological approaches for their conduct.

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