Consumer Behavior Perspective for Fairness Creams

2014 ◽  
pp. 95-106
Author(s):  
Yasser Mahfooz ◽  
Faisal Mahfooz
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
General Population ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Product Line ◽  
The Status ◽  
Fair Skin

The market for fairness creams around the globe was an untouched territory till mid-1970s. No cream was available which could claim an effect on the fairness of skin. The first product for this market was Fair & Lovely (Fair & Lovely) by Hindustan Unilever Ltd (Hindustan Unilever Ltd.:HUL) which was launched in India in 1975. It was a turning point for the fairness cream business and several companies followed soon. Fair & Lovely didn’t take much time to become a household name with more and more women putting their trust in the product for giving them the much needed fair skin they always desired. A product which started as another addition to the product line, acquired the status of a super brand by 2004. It became a part of the customer’s persona. In a society where the general population is genetically brown in skin color, yet has resentment to it; fair color of skin is an obsession and is equated with beauty, happiness and success. This craze for fair skin is marketed aggressively and a range of products are available in the market, which gratify the likes of teenagers as well as grown women. The following case on the product Fair & Lovely gives a background of the market for fairness creams in India and focuses on different aspects of behavior of women as consumers of this product.

Slave Women and Their Descendants among the Upper Classes in Tetouan, Morocco (1859–1956): Between Recognition and Conflict

2020 ◽  
pp. 036319902096739
Author(s):  
Josep Lluís Mateo Dieste
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Slave Women ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Determinant Factor

In the Arab world, the recognized children of elite men and slave women could adopt the status of their father, ignoring the slave origin of the mother, owing to a system of patrilineal transmission. This regime co-existed with negative stereotypes toward slaves and blackness, despite the very fact that—as this study of notable families in Tetouan between 1859 and 1956 demonstrates—skin color was not the determinant factor to form part of this group. Rather, it was based on the social definition of filiation, leading to legal disputes between family members to delineate the boundaries of kinship.

scholarly journals Reorientasi Gerakan Feminisme Islam; Sebuah Upaya Membangun Kesetaraan Perempuan

FIKROTUNA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
ABD WARITS
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Arbitrary Action

In the history of women's life, the woman has never cracked from the wild cry of helplessness. Woman always become victim of men’s egoism, marginalized, hurt, unfettered, fooled and never appreciated the presence and role. This situation troubles many intellectual Muslims who have perspective that Islam teaches equality, equality for all human beings in the world. The difference in skin color, race, tribe and nation, as well as gender does not cause them to get the status of the different rights and obligations. The potential and the right to life of every human being and the obligation to serve the Lord Almighty is the same. Indeed, all human beings, as caliph in the world, have the same obligation, namely to prosperity of life in the world. No one is allowed to act arbitrarily, destroying, or hurt among others. They are required to live side by side, united, and harmonious, help each other and respect each other. However, that "demand" never becomes a reality. The differences among human identities become a barrier and the cause of divisions. For them, those who are outside environment, different identities are "others" who rightly do not need them "know". The difference of identity has become a reason to allow "hurt" each other. Several intellectual Muslims who recognize the wrong (discrimination against women), and then they attempt to formulate a movement for women's liberation. All the efforts have been done on the basis of awareness that arbitrary action by any person can never be justified. They also realize, that the backwardness of women are "stumbling block" that will lead to the resignation of a civilization. However, this struggle found a lot of challenges; including the consideration of "insubordination" to conquer the power of men, despite it had done by using many strategies. Starting from the writing of scientific book and countless fiction themed women has been published in order to give awareness of equality between men and women. This paper seeks to reexamine the process of the empowerment struggle to give a brand new concept, so that the struggle of women empowerment is not as insubordination and curiosity process in an attempt to conquer the male. Through approach of literature review and observations on the relationship between men and women, the writer finally concluded that the movement of Islamic feminism is not a movement to seize the power of men, but an attempt to liberate women from oppression so that they get the rights of their social role, giving freedom for women to pursue a career as wide as possible like a man, without forgetting a main duty as a mother: to conceive, give birth and breastfeed their children.

The Newborn's Spo2: A Routine Vital Sign Whose Time Has Come?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-162
Author(s):  
Gerald H. Katzman
Keyword(s):  
Vital Sign ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Peripheral Circulation ◽  
Circulation Type ◽  
Level Of Consciousness ◽  
The Status

Presently, it is recommended that temperature, heart and respiratory rates, skin color, adequacy of peripheral circulation, type of respiration, level of consciousness, tone, and activity be monitored every 30 minutes until the newborn's condition has remained stable for 2 hours.1 Skin color, as the single suggested screen for level of oxygenation, is probably not an adequate indicator of the status of oxygenation. Indeed, the concept of "subcyanotic anoxia"2 is not new. Cyanosis may not be obvious when desaturation is mild.

scholarly journals Enduring Lessons and Opportunities Lost from the San Fernando Earthquake of February 9, 1971

1997 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Earthquake Hazard ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
The Status ◽  
Future Earthquake ◽  
San Fernando ◽  
Recent Earthquakes

Twenty-five years have passed since the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971. The paper reviews the lessons learned and not learned from this notable event. Most of the major lessons were reported within a few weeks of the earthquake by a panel appointed by the National Academies of Sciences and of Engineering. In this paper, the status of each of the eighteen general lessons cited by the panel is reviewed, plus two additional lessons selected from other studies of the earthquake. The lessons learned ranged broadly and concerned measures needed to reduce future earthquake hazards, as well as recommended scientific and engineering efforts. Although all of the lessons learned were not heeded, the San Fernando earthquake represented a turning point in public awareness and in actions taken to reduce earthquake hazard. Recent earthquakes have shown, however, that much remains to be done.

scholarly journals Great Saying اِنَّمَا بُعِثتُ مُعَلِمًاand Status of Teachers in Muslim Countries: A Comparative Study of Past and Present for Future Improvement

rahatulquloob ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
Dr. Syed Aftab Alam
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Status ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
White Skin ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Improvement ◽  
The Status

The Divine teachings of Islam are proved as reliable and eternal by advanced scientific researches. The first revelation of Islam is logically asserted the importance of knowledge acquisition. Prophet Muhammad PBUH proud to be a teacher rather than to be the Last Prophet, Mercy for all Universes, only Returner of heavens, First Governor of Islamic State or Ever Conqueror of Wars, etc. Islam said that there is no any distinction among human beings on the basis of being an Arab or a non-Arab, not on black or white skin color, not due to the status of tribe but a scholar has a great potential of knowledge. It can be proved through the study of history that whenever a society gave a high status to their scholars and teachers, it got respectably high status among the other nations of the world. This phenomenon is also ascertained accurate among the present societies of the world again. This article revolves around the evidences of best days of Muslims till present downfall and the status of teachers in those & present Muslim societies. Resultantly, it is concluded that if any country give high status to their teachers, it will achieve the high status among the world.

scholarly journals The Meanings of Fair Skin in Eight Unilevers Skin-whitening Advertisements in Indonesia

K ta Kita ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-242
Author(s):  
Bella Tysha Gunawan ◽  
Jenny Mochtar
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Whitening ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
Fair Skin

Human skin color ranges from the darkest to the lightest. However, the culture and the power of media, especially advertisements, convince all women to embrace fair skin as the idealized self. This study aims to find how fair skin is represented in the selected eight Unilever’s skin-whitening advertisements and how this representation reflects consumerism. In conducting this study, I used the theory of representation and consumerism to find the symbolic meanings of consumerism. The finding showed that there were two meanings that are represented by the skin-whitening advertisements, such as youthfulness and success. In conclusion, those eight skin-whitening products were sold not just as products, but also as their symbolic meanings that lead women to youthfulness and success.Keywords: fair skin, skin-whitening advertisements, meanings, youthfulness, success, consumerism

scholarly journals Lost in Translation – Typographic variation in loanword surrounded punctuation positions

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-343
Author(s):  
Paul Rössler
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Punctuation Mark ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lost In Translation ◽  
Early 18Th Century

Abstract In German printings of the early 18th century, the shift from the hitherto dominant sentence-dividing punctuation mark, the virgule, to the comma, takes place astonishingly rapidly. It is also astonishing that until recently, research has barely devoted itself to this phenomenon, even though it is at least a turning point in the history of the highest-frequency punctuation mark in German writing. The paper examines to what extent the transition from the use of the virgule to the comma is carried out in a phase-specific manner. Previous samples have indicated the influence of the font choice on the choice of punctuation: Printers or typesetters in the early 18th century set the comma especially in the environment of the Antiqua script, which is used to graphically label non-native words or syntagms. Is this a kind of “gateway” to the comma? By means of a corpus analysis in micro-diachronic sections, the status of the virgule/comma variation will be associated with the typographic variation in terms of the use of Latin Antiqua type and the German type.

scholarly journals Utilization of Complementary and Alternative Medicine among Korean Elite Athletes: Current Status and Future Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Bo-Young Youn ◽  
Seongwan Ju ◽  
Shinhyoung Joo ◽  
Hoseok Kang ◽  
Kiyoung Jeon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
General Population ◽  
Alternative Medicine ◽  
Complementary And Alternative Medicine ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
National Team ◽  
The Status ◽  
Complementary And Alternative

The objective of the study was to explore the status of usage of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among Korean elite athletes. A survey was emailed to all Korean national sports federations recognized by the International Olympic Committee and the Olympic Council of Asia. A total of 705 Korean elite athletes participated in this study. The athletes had to be any of the following to participate in this survey: elite intercollegiate athletes, professional athletes, and national team athletes. 83.3% of the participants stated that they have previously experienced Korean medicine (KM). Compared to the general population in Korea, athletes had more experience (general population = 73.8%). The participants without experience mentioned that they either did not need any KM treatments (39.8%) or lacked information (39.8%) regarding KM treatments. The primary reason for the utilization of KM was the effectiveness of treatments. Therefore, 70.8% of the participants have mentioned recommending KM to others. Generally, athletes are worrisome that the consumption of herbal medicine may not be doping-free; however, it is vital to note that 62% of the participants expressed that prescribed herbal medicine is safe. Overall, this research demonstrates a high prevalence of KM usage by intercollegiate, professional, and national team athletes in Korea. Hence, this study’s results may serve as the foundation in future research directions for promoting KM among Korean elite athletes.

A Call to Action: The Need for a Cultural Psychological Approach to Discrimination on the Basis of Skin Color in Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1131-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim Bettache
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Scholarly Work ◽  
Psychological Approach ◽  
Cultural Meanings ◽  
Asian Continent ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Fair Skin

A strong preference for fair skin appears to be the norm across the Asian continent and may pervade many aspects of social life. Yet scholarly work on this ubiquitous phenomenon is rare within psychological science. This article is a call for a psychological investigation into colorism in Asia. I argue that colorism has firm systemic roots as a result of the sociohistorical trajectories of different Asian societies that have attached cultural meanings to skin color. Consequently, similarities and differences in such trajectories may account for variability in the expression of colorism within contemporary Asian societies. Directions for a cultural psychological approach to colorism are suggested.

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