Rural Health Issues and Their Investigation in a GIS Environment

2011 ◽  
pp. 287-304
Author(s):  
Jackie Mills
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Neighborhood Characteristics ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Gis Environment

The previous chapters have provided a background in factors related to infant and maternal health and the various ways these individual and neighborhood characteristics can be studied in a GIS environment. Though rich in information for approaching investigations in urban areas, this book has yet to delve into these issues from a rural perspective, wherein some of the salient variables differ and certainly these data require additional understanding for use with GIS. Therefore, this chapter introduces some of the topics that could be included in health investigations in rural areas, along with some of the caveats for working with and interpreting the GIS results.

scholarly journals ASHAs in rural India, the ray of hope for diabetes care

2014 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 018-024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bharathi Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Diabetes Care ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Social Health ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Grass Root ◽  
Multi Stakeholder

AbstractOut of 1.21 billion population of India, 69% of them live in rural areas. There is a wide disparity in the distribution of health infrastructure and services in rural areas as compared to that of urban areas. The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) launched in 2005, aimed to bridge this gap has introduced Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), as health activists into the rural health care. ASHA is an acronym for Accredited Social Health Activists and she has been so far instrumental in facilitating institutionalised delivery, child immunisation, ensuring family planning, besides organising village nutrition day. She has been the vital link between the community and the health care. India, as a nation that is progressing is trying to combat communicable diseases significantly but it is also witnessing the surfacing of a different problem. There is an increasing prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including diabetes which poses a big economic burden so much so that NCDs have been labelled as ′a health and developmental emergency′. Diabetes competes with other health concerns in a struggle to secure government health funding. In this resource-limited context, innovative methods are required to reach out to people at grass root levels. ASHA, which means hope in Sanskrit, can be true to her name in providing increased access to diabetes care to the rural population, if adequately trained and empowered. A multi-stakeholder approach through a public-private-people partnership (PPPP) is needed to tackle the issue with this kind of magnitude. The current review focuses on providing suggestions on utilising ASHAs′ services in spreading awareness on diabetes and ensuring that people with diabetes (PWD) receive optimal diabetes care.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic and Geographical Inequalities in Births by Caesarean Section Persist in the Context of Free Maternal Health Care: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Survey of Southwestern and North Central, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Idowu Ajayi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Maternal Health ◽  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Health Care Service ◽  
Maternal Health Care ◽  
Monthly Income

Background User fee exemption for maternal and child health care service policy was introduced with a focus on providing free caesarean sections (CS) in Nigeria from 2011 to 2015. This policy had a positive impact on access to facility-based delivery, but its effect on socioeconomic and geographical inequality remains unclear. This study’s main objective is to examine access to birth by CS in the context of free maternal health care. Specifically, the study examines socio-demographic and geographical inequality in access to birth by CS among women who gave birth between 2011 and 2015 under the free maternal health care policy using a population-based survey data obtained from two of the six main regions of the country. Methods Data were obtained from 1227 women who gave birth during the period the policy was in operation selected using cluster random sampling between May and August 2016. Adjusted and unadjusted binary logistic regression models were used to examine whether there is socio-demographic and geographical inequality in access to birth by caesarean section. Results The overall caesarean section rate of 6.1% was found but varies by income (14.1% in monthly income of over $150 versus 4.9% in income of $150 and below), education (11.8% in women with higher education versus 3.9% among women with secondary education and less) and place of residence (7.8% in urban areas versus 3.6% in rural areas). Women who earn a monthly income of $150 or less were 48% less likely to have a birth by CS compared to those who earn more. Compared to women who were educated to tertiary level, women who had secondary education or less were 54% less likely to have birth by caesarean section. Conclusion This study shows that inequality in access to CS persists despite the implementation of free maternal health care services. Given the poor access to facilities with capabilities to offer CS in most rural areas, free maternal healthcare policy is not enough to make birth by CS universally accessible to all pregnant women in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Exploring the constraints regarding maternal health in reproductive age among the rural women in Bangladesh

Mediscope ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Akkur Chandra Das
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Maternal Health ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Health Related

The study evaluated the constraints of maternal health in reproductive age in the rural Bangladesh. The study used qualitative approach to gather information where individual in-depth interviews adopted for data collection among women aged 15-49 years old. The overall study revealed that rural women faced many maternal health related complications and problems in their reproductive age such as hemorrhage, sepsis, hypertensive diseases of pregnancy, obstructed labour and complications of abortion, etc. Maternal health situation still in rural areas was not developed in comparison to the situation of urban areas of Bangladesh and there was not available women’s health care accesses for their emergency; low education level, low per capita income, many family members, early marriage and pregnancy, number of pregnancies, poor nutrition and lack of family support status resulted in low status of maternal and child health in the rural areas of Bangladesh. Adequate measures should be taken for providing proper health care services in rural areas of Bangladesh for better maternal health status.Mediscope Vol. 3, No. 2: July 2016, Pages 1-10

scholarly journals Socio Demographic Determinants of Delivery Practice in Rural Women of Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meherunnessa Begum ◽  
Khondoker Bulbul Sarwar ◽  
Nasreen Akther ◽  
Rokshana Sabnom ◽  
Asma Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Health ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
At Home

Background: Every year, world wide, 200 million women become pregnant. The development of urban areas allowed women to receive more care and treatment. However, in rural areas such measures are not available to every woman. Data on delivery practice of rural woman may help the social and public health planners and decision makers to minimize and prevent maternal mortality and morbidity ensuring safe motherhood.Objective: The aim of the study was to observe the delivery practice of rural women of Bangladesh. Materials and method: A cross-sectional study was conducted and data were collected from Dhamrai upazila, Dhaka, Bangladesh in April 2008. Total 159 women of reproductive age group at least having one child were selected purposively to elicit information on various demographic, socioeconomic, cultural and selected programmatic variables including maternal health care and delivery practices. Results: Among the respondents about 55% were literate. Majority (80%) of the respondents delivered at home and most of the them (71%) felt that home delivery was comfortable where as about 29% of the respondents were compelled to deliver at home due to family decision and financial constraint. Among the deliveries about 82% occurred normally and 18.2% were by cesarean section. A considerable percentage of deliveries (49%) were attended by traditional birth attendants. Blade was used for cutting umbilical cord in majority of the cases (74%) who delivered at home. Most of the respondents (90%) took ante natal check up and about 74% were vaccinated by tetanus toxoid. Conclusion: The results of the study suggest that a lot of work is still to do for the policy makers and health planners to target, plan, develop and deliver maternal health services to the rural women of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dmcj.v1i2.15917 Delta Med Col J. Jul 2013;1(2):42-45

Determinants of early marriage among female adolescent in Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarni Maniar Berliana ◽  
Putu Arry Novelina Kristinadewi ◽  
Praba Diyan Rachmawati ◽  
Rista Fauziningtyas ◽  
Ferry Efendi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Media Campaign ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
National Education ◽  
The Status

Abstract Background While studies on reproductive health issues are discussed widely, until recently early marriage among adolescent has not received enough attention across stakeholders in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the determinants of early marriage among female adolescents in Indonesia. Methods This study employs data from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) 2012 on females aged 15–19 years (n = 7207). The analytical methods used to determine factors of early marriage were chi-square and multiple logistic regression. Results The results from this research revealed that four determinants are significantly related to early marriage among female adolescent. Females who have not completed primary school tend to be involved in an early marriage more often than those who graduated from high school. Furthermore, underprivileged females tend to get married earlier than those with a high socio-economic status. Additionally, females living in rural areas are more prone to early marriage than those living in urban areas. Finally, well-informed females tend not to get married as early as females who do not have access to media information. Conclusion A stakeholder policy is required that promotes the status of females by improving access to national education, particularly for females in rural areas and those who live in poverty. Marketing and advertising media campaign targeting adolescent are needed to ensure greater access to information.

scholarly journals Mental health in rural areas: experience in south Cambridgeshire

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 280-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Smith ◽  
R. Ramana
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
Care Provision ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Deprivation

Mental health morbidity is perceived as being predominantly urban based. Little is known about the health of the UK's rural residents. This paper summarises existing knowledge of rural health and social indicators. There is a relative dearth of information in this area making the application of urban-based (and biased) factors perhaps unreliable. Some rural areas have levels of deprivation similar to urban areas, even using urban-biased factors, though they encounter specific problems of service provision and accessibility. Currently, there seems to be no valid method of measuring rural deprivation and comparing it with urban deprivation. We highlight this inequality by describing discrepancies in day care provision between urban and rural areas.

Nepal: country report on children’s environmental health

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Pathak ◽  
Tara Gaire
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Live Births ◽  
Children’S Environmental Health ◽  
Children Under 5

AbstractAlthough Nepal is a country rich in natural beauty, along with an abundance of natural resources, the children of this diverse nation still face several serious health issues arising from their own environment (water pollution, air pollution, chemical pollution, solid waste issues and drainage issues). Nepal also ranks as a highly vulnerable country to the adverse impacts of climate change. Children are more vulnerable to various infections for immunological, physiological and social reasons. Their inherent immunity diminishes within months after birth. There are risk factors for the development of various diseases, e.g. unsafe drinking water and lack of sanitation, which contribute to diarrheal diseases, trachoma, hookworm and amoebic dysentery; another risk factor is indoor air pollution. The infant mortality rate (IMR) is higher in rural areas with 55 per 1000 live births, compared to urban areas with 38 per 1000 live births. Likewise, the under-5-year-old mortality rate (MR) in rural areas is 64 and that in urban areas is 45 per 1000 live births. Around 12% of the population suffer from chronic respiratory diseases, according to a recent study exploring the situation in Kathmandu. Pneumonia is a leading cause of mortality among children under 5 years of age in Nepalese hospitals. Children under 5 are more prone to the ill effects of polluted environments because of their less well-developed immune system. In addition, the school environment is not sufficiently healthy due to the distribution of unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation supply systems. In Nepal, mainly in the 20 Terai districts, arsenic contamination of groundwater is a public health problem. Underground water is used as drinking water in those areas, but without purification – the estimate is that around 0.5 million people live at the risk of arsenic poisoning. Within a span of 200 km from north to south, the climate of Nepal varies from arctic to tropical. The annual average air pollution concentration is 5 times above the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines, which poses a serious health risk to hundreds of thousands of Nepalese people: 133 out of 1,000,000 deaths each year are related to air pollution. Dramatically, Kathmandu city is a silent killer to walk around due to air pollution, and its air quality is ranked as the worst out of 180 countries, according to the 2018 Environmental Performance Index. However, insufficient studies have been conducted to explore children’s environmental health issues. It is therefore essential to carry out more scientific studies to explore the issues of children’s environmental health as environmental health problems in children are serious in the Nepalese context.

scholarly journals Temporal Differences of Urban-Rural Human Biometeorological Factors for Planning and Tourism in Szeged, Hungary

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronja Vitt ◽  
Ágnes Gulyás ◽  
Andreas Matzarakis
Keyword(s):  
Cold Stress ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Thermal Dynamics ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Heat And Cold Stress ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The University

Heat load and cold stress can provoke annoyance and even health issues. These climatic situations should be avoided by tourists and locals to prevent negative experiences. Thermal comfort indices are required, as they combine meteorological and thermophysiological parameters. The Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) is easy to understand and interpret also for nonexperts like tourists or decision-makers. The Hungarian Meteorological Service and the University of Szeged run an urban and a rural weather station close to Szeged, which build the basis for the human biometeorological analysis for a twelve-year period between 2000 and 2011. The maximum, mean, and minimum air temperature of both stations were compared to detect the differences of thermal dynamics. Heat and cold stress are quantified by analyzing the PET frequencies at 14 CET. The air temperature of urban areas is on average 1.0°C warmer than rural areas (11.4°C). Heat stress is more frequent in urbanized areas (6.3%) during summer months at 14 CET, while thermal acceptance is more frequent for surrounding rural areas (5.9%) in the same period. The Climate-Tourism/Transfer-Information-Scheme is a possibility to present the meteorological and human biometeorological data which is interesting for decision-making and tourism in a well-arranged way.

scholarly journals Training for Rural Radiology and Imaging in Sub-Saharan Africa: Addressing the Mismatch Between Services and Population

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Kawooya
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Plain Radiography ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Training Interventions ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Training

The objectives of this review are to outline the needs, challenges, and training interventions for rural radiology (RR) training in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Rural radiology may be defined as imaging requirements of the rural communities. In SSA, over 80% of the population is rural. The literature was reviewed to determine the need for imaging in rural Africa, the challenges, and training interventions. Up to 50% of the patients in the rural health facilities in Uganda may require imaging, largely ultrasound and plain radiography. In Uganda, imaging is performed, on an average, in 50% of the deserving patients in the urban areas, compared to 10–13 % in the rural areas. Imaging has been shown to increase the utilization of facility-based rural health services and to impact management decisions. The challenges in the rural areas are different from those in the urban areas. These are related to disease spectrum, human resource, and socio-economic, socio-cultural, infrastructural, and academic disparities. Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, for which information on training intervention was available, included: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Zambia, Ghana, Malawi, and Sudan. Favorable national policies had been instrumental in implementing these interventions. The interventions had been made by public, private-for-profit (PFP), private-not-for profit (PNFP), local, and international academic institutions, personal initiatives, and professional societies. Ultrasound and plain radiography were the main focus. Despite these efforts, there were still gross disparities in the RR services for SSA. In conclusion, there have been training interventions targeted toward RR in Africa. However, gross disparities in RR provision persist, requiring an effective policy, plus a more organized, focused, and sustainable approach, by the stakeholders.

scholarly journals Why does the undergraduate education in Ecuador fall short to train skills for rural health? A qualitative study

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Galo Sánchez del Hierro
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Focus Group ◽  
Rural Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Skills Training ◽  
Undergraduate Curriculum ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The University

<p><em>Background and Objectives</em></p><p>Since 1970, Ecuador establishes mandatory rural health service as a requirement for licensing work. Medical education is based in the hospital with little contact with rural areas. There is little information on the training and skills needs of recent graduated doctors. The research focuses on the perceptions of rural doctors on obstetric skills needed in rural areas. The aim of our study was to describe how the basic doctor in rural areas addresses training and teaching in obstetric skills needed in rural areas during undergraduate medical education.</p><p><em>Methods</em></p><p>A qualitative research project was performed using focus group discussions involving 23 rural doctors who work in rural and marginal urban areas in Southern Ecuador.  We identified themes that came from the data collected in the focus group and we selected those which are of interest for the readers in a detailed analysis. Rural doctors responded the following question: How do you feel with obstetric skills training at the University where you studied? </p><p><em>Results</em></p><p>The majority of participants describe two predominant themes: the undergraduate theoretical teaching process of obstetrical skills and the practice experiences during the clinical attachment. Not all required skills are taught and internalize during undergraduate rotations including internship.</p><p><em>Discussion</em></p><p>There is no definition of the recent graduate profile that determines a standard for medical education. Rural doctors expressed lack of knowledge and practice for the obstetrical skills that they were required to perform. There is an urgent need to identify a baseline undergraduate curriculum that meets the country needs.</p>

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