Application of Design of Experiments in Biofuel Production

Biofuels emerge as an alternative to mitigate climate change. In this sense, four biofuels generations have been proposed to produce clean and renewable fuels. To achieve this, the development of these fuels requires an extensive and rigorous experimental work that will bring optimal results in short time periods. Hence, to accelerate the development of clean fuels, the Design of Experiments (DoE) methodologies are a useful tool to improve the operational conditions such as temperature, time, pressure, and molar ratios. Several authors have studied and optimized the different biofuel production systems using Factorial Designs and Response Surface Design methods and statistical analysis with reliable results. This chapter reviews and classifies the results obtained by these investigations and demonstrates the scopes and limitations of the application of DoE.

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Understanding biofuel production systems from an economic and environmental perspective

10.31274/etd-180810-5413 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Longwen Ou

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Biofuel Production

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A Modelling Framework for the Conceptual Design of Low-Emission Eco-Industrial Parks in the Circular Economy: A Case for Algae-Centered Business Consortia

Water ◽

10.3390/w13010069 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 69

Author(s):

Aldric S. Tumilar ◽

Dia Milani ◽

Zachary Cohn ◽

Nick Florin ◽

Ali Abbas

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Carbon Capture ◽

Fossil Fuel ◽

Production Systems ◽

Flow Analysis ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Industrial Symbiosis ◽

Modelling Framework ◽

Low Emission ◽

Energy Exchanges

This article describes a unique industrial symbiosis employing an algae cultivation unit (ACU) at the core of a novel eco-industrial park (EIP) integrating fossil-fuel fired power generation, carbon capture, biofuel production, aquaculture, and wastewater treatment. A new modelling framework capable of designing and evaluating materials and energy exchanges within an industrial eco-system is introduced. In this scalable model, an algorithm was developed to balance the material and energy exchanges and determine the optimal inputs and outputs based on the industrial symbiosis objectives and participating industries. Optimizing the functionality of the ACU not only achieved a substantial emission reduction, but also boosted aquaculture, biofuel, and other chemical productions. In a power-boosting scenario (PBS), by matching a 660 MW fossil fuel-fired power plant with an equivalent solar field in the presence of ACU, fish-producing aquaculture and biofuel industries, the net CO2 emissions were cut by 60% with the added benefit of producing 39 m3 biodiesel, 6.7 m3 bioethanol, 0.14 m3 methanol, and 19.55 tons of fish products annually. Significantly, this article shows the potential of this new flexible modelling framework for integrated materials and energy flow analysis. This integration is an important pathway for evaluating energy technology transitions towards future low-emission production systems, as required for a circular economy.

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Kinetics of Non-Enzymatic Synthesis of Dipeptide Cbz-Phe-Leu with AOT Reversed Micelles

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9061003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 1003

Author(s):

Michiaki Matsumoto ◽

Tadashi Hano

Keyword(s):

Enzymatic Synthesis ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Side Reactions ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Ph Dependency ◽

Optimum Water Content ◽

Short Time ◽

Kinetics Of ◽

Aot Reversed Micelles

The non-enzymatic synthesis of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucine (Cbz-Phe-Leu) from lipophilic N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-phenylalanine (Cbz-Phe) and hydrophilic L-leucine (Leu), by N, N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) as a condensing agent, was carried out using a reversed micellar system composed of bis(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT) as a surfactant and isooctane. We successfully synthesized Cbz-Phe-Leu in a short time and investigated the effects of its operational conditions, the DCC concentration, w0, and the pH on the kinetic parameters and the maximum yields. For dipeptide synthesis, we had to add an excess of DCC with the substrates because of the side reactions of Cbz-Phe. From the pH dependency of the reactivity, a partially cationic form of Leu was better for a synthesis reaction because of the enrichment of Leu at the interface by anionic AOT. The optimum water content on the dipeptide synthesis was w0 = 28 due to the competition of the peptide synthesis and the side reactions. The maximum yield of Cbz-Phe-Leu was 0.565 at 80 h under optimum experimental conditions.

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Use of design of experiments to optimize the production of microbial probiotic biofilms

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.4826 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e4826 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Barbara Speranza ◽

Arcangelo Liso ◽

Maria Rosaria Corbo

Keyword(s):

Design Of Experiments ◽

Growth Phase ◽

Lactobacillus Reuteri ◽

Model Organism ◽

Cellular Growth ◽

Effects Of Ph ◽

Probiotic Strains ◽

Maximum Cell ◽

Short Time ◽

Control Samples

Here, we describe the production of a probiotic biofilm through three intermediate steps: (1) measurement of the adhesion capacity of 15 probiotic strains to evaluate their tendency to form biofilm on different surfaces (stainless steel, glass, and polycarbonate); (2) evaluation of the effects of pH, temperature, cellular growth phase, agitation, and presence of surfactants on probiotic biofilm formation (BF) through the Design of Experiments (DoE) approach; (3) study of the effects of pH, temperature and surfactants concentration on probiotic BF using the Central Composite Design. Finally, we show that biofilms pre-formed by selected probiotics can delay the growth of pathogens, such asListeria monocytogeneschosen as model organism. Among the tested strains,Bifidobacterium infantisDSM20088 andLactobacillus reuteriDSM20016 were found to be as the probiotics able to ensure the greatest adhesion (over 6 Log CFU cm2) to the surfaces tested in a very short time (<24 h). Cellular growth phase and agitation of the medium were factors not affecting BF, pH exerted a very bland effect and a greater tendency to adhesion was observed when the temperature was about 30 °C. The results obtained in the last experimental phase suggest that our probiotic biofilms can be used as an efficient mean to delay the growth ofL. monocytogenes: the λ phase length, in fact, was longer in samples containing probiotic biofilms (0.30–1.02 h) against 0.08 h observed in the control samples. A reduction of the maximum cell load was also observed (6.99–7.06 Log CFU mL−1against about 8 Log CFU mL−1observed in the control samples).

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Blockage Remediation in Deep Water Pipelines

4th International Pipeline Conference, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/ipc2002-27143 ◽

2002 ◽

Author(s):

Ca´ssio Kuchpil ◽

Marcelo A. L. Gonc¸alves ◽

Antoˆnio C. P. Ferreira ◽

Roberto S. Albernaz ◽

Cla´udio S. Camerini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Low Temperatures ◽

Production Systems ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Deep Waters ◽

Water Pipelines ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

High Production ◽

Organic Deposit ◽

Production Losses ◽

Exothermal Chemical

Flow assurance is an important issue in the design and operation of production systems in deep waters. The implementation of prevention and remediation methods is necessary mainly due to the low temperatures, high production pressures, long tie-ins and oils prone to organic deposit formation. Despite the development and improvement of these prevention and remediation techniques, failures or exceptional operational conditions can lead to the complete blockage of the submarine flowlines, risers or equipment. Although the complete blockage is not frequent, the related production losses generally are high; furthermore, the technical difficulties and the costs involved in the removal of blockages can be high. The steps to the remediation of subsea blockages are the localization, identification and removal methods. Due to the variety of problems, the different subsea layouts and surface facilities, it is not possible to have a general recipe for all problems. This paper presents some blockage remediation cases, including the localization and blockage remediation methods. The blockage localization methods used for the blockage removal cases described in this paper are the following: a) the echo of pressure pulses reflected at the blockage and b) a tool that detects the pipeline diameter variation with the pipeline pressure variations. The field results for these methods and the pros and cons of the methods are discussed. The remediation methods described are the following: external heating, internal intervention and exothermal chemical reaction using gravity.

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Temperature, time, pressure, and CO2 concentration dependence of rheological properties for poly(methyl methacrylate)/expanded graphite composites

Journal of Rheology ◽

10.1122/8.0000106 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (6) ◽

pp. 1455-1464

Author(s):

Han-Xiong Huang ◽

Li-Min Yu

Keyword(s):

Methyl Methacrylate ◽

Rheological Properties ◽

Concentration Dependence ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Expanded Graphite ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Poly Methyl Methacrylate ◽

Graphite Composites ◽

Temperature Time

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Pressure Analysis for Fractured Wells

10.2118/4051-ms ◽

1972 ◽

Author(s):

Alain C. Gringarten ◽

Henry J. Ramey ◽

R. Raghavan

Keyword(s):

Skin Effect ◽

Time Pressure ◽

Physical Nature ◽

Well Testing ◽

Well Test ◽

Time Data ◽

Well Test Analysis ◽

Test Analysis ◽

Straight Line ◽

Short Time

INTRODUCTION During the last few years, there has been an explosion of information in the field of well test analysis. Because of increased physical understanding of transient fluid flow, the entire pressure history of a well test can be analyzed, not just long-time data as in conventional analysis.! It is now often possible to specify the time of beginning of the correct semilog straight line and determine whether the correct straight line has been properly identified. It is also possible to identify wellbore storage effects and the nature of wellbore stimulation as to permeability improvement, or fracturing, and perform quantitative analyses of these effects. These benefits were brought about in the main by attempts to understand the short-time pressure data from well testing, data which were often classified as too complex for analysis. One recent study of short-time pressure behavior2 showed that it was important to specify the physical nature of the stimulation in consideration of stimulated well behavior. That is, statement of the van Everdingen-Hurst infinitesimal skin effect as negative was not sufficient to define short-time well behavior. For instance, acidized {but not acid fraced) and hydraulically fractured wells did not necessarily have the same behavior at early times, even though they might possess the same value of negative skin effect.

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Gamasina mite communities (Acari: Mesostigmata) in grain production systems of the southwestern Brazilian Amazon

Systematic and Applied Acarology ◽

10.11158/saa.26.1.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Matheus C. De Castro ◽

Emiliano B. De Azevedo ◽

Erika P. J. Britto ◽

Marliton R. Barreto ◽

Rafael M. Pitta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Abundant Species ◽

Grain Production ◽

Ecological Stability ◽

Biological Pest Control ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Cultivation System ◽

Ecological Changes ◽

Mite Communities ◽

Short Time

Emphasis has been given in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso to the implementation of more sustainable production practices, including what has been termed agrosilvopastoral production system (ASPS), which involves the integration of different types of land use in a same area along time, seeking increased ecological stability. The Gamasina mite group (order Mesostigmata) is usually diverse and abundant in non-cultivated soils, where they can prey on arthropods and nematodes; some are commercialized for biological pest control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diversity and abundance of edaphic Gamasina in plots of grain production managed under conventional (alternating cultivation) system and under ASPS, both with the adoption of no-tillage cultivation, in the municipality of Sinop, Mato Grosso state. In samples of soil and litter taken biweekly from August 2015 to May 2016, 762 Gamasina representing 32 species of 21 genera and nine families were collected. Considering both systems together, the dominant Gamasina were quite different from those of other parts of Brazil. Calculated ecological indexes showed no major differences between the two systems, possibly because of the relatively short time since the implementation of ASPS. In both systems, Rhodacaridae was one of the dominant families (37.5% of the Gamasina), followed by Macrochelidae (20.9%) and Laelapidae (18.8%). The most abundant species were Multidentirhodacarus squamosus Karg (Rhodacaridae), a new species of Holostaspella (Macrochelidae) and Cosmolaelaps barbatus Moreira, Klompen and Moraes (Laelapidae). Future studies are warranted, allowing more time for the adoption of ASPS to produce possible ecological changes.

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Post-drying of energy sorrel in a grate stock

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/4921-rae ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 50 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 15-22

Author(s):

P. Hutla ◽

J. Mazancová

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Energy Crop ◽

Yield Potential ◽

High Yield ◽

Large Capacity ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Time Switching ◽

Operational Conditions ◽

Short Time

Energy sorrel is a crop with high-yield potential and belongs among the most promissing energy crop for the Czech Republic. The suitable processing technology is harvest by the harvesting cutter with subsequent short-time storage and post-drying of chopped material in the large-capacity hayloft. For chopped sorrel were found-out hydraulic air losses during its passing through the stored layer and they were compared with values for stored forage. Two methods of drying ventilators controlling in the large-capacity heyloft were compared with the regime of time switching within chopped sorrel drying. Electric energy comsumption for ventilators drive in different regimes depends on water content in the material. Method of ventilators or time switching controlling has no effect on drying process result, thus even on water content reduction in the dried material. Under operational conditions the possibility of the chopped energy sorrel in large-capacity heyloft was verified.

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