Architectural Roles of Affect and How to Evaluate Them in Artificial Agents

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Scheutz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Affective Processes

This paper examines the possibility of designing affective artificial agents by laying out a program for systematically defining and evaluating possible functional roles of affective states in architectures for virtual and robotic artificial agents. The author provides functional and architectural characterizations for simple and complex affective states, discusses possible interactions between affective and non-affective processes, and proposes an experimental evaluation framework that allows for the rigorous quantification of the utility of architectural components (for affective and non-affective agents alike). In doing so, it also provides a brief overview of past findings about the utility of affect mechanisms for artificial agents that were obtained following the proposed methodology.

SVEF: an open-source experimental evaluation framework for H.264 scalable video streaming

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Detti ◽  
Giuseppe Bianchi ◽  
Claudio Pisa ◽  
Francesco Saverio Proto ◽  
Pierpaolo Loreti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Video Streaming ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Scalable Video ◽  
Scalable Video Streaming

scholarly journals Mediated Storytelling Practices and Productions: Archival Bodies of Affective Evidences

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Jamie A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Digital Video ◽  
Oral Histories ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Queer Archives ◽  
Oral History Interview ◽  
Video Abstract

Video abstract Through hands-on work collecting digital video oral histories for the Arizona Queer Archives, bodies and bodies of knowledge in ongoing affective states of simultaneous becoming and unbecoming can be observed and encountered. Both interviewing and storytelling techniques in select oral histories are considered here to stress the salient and affective processes of mediation and (un)becoming that unfold in front of and behind the camera as part of the production of digital archival stories and subsequent access to streaming technologies. In order to explore the details of archival production, the oral history interview is understood here as a space of both intimate and public storytelling—an affective assemblage. This paper introduces archives as affective multimodalities that work to tenderly hold and structure bodies, technologies, and stories especially as these come together and apart in states of (un)becoming.

Nonconscious Algorithms in Cognitive and Affective Processes

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Wessler ◽  
Sheenah W. R. Hankin-Wessler
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Appraisal ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Interdependent System ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Cognitive Psychotherapy

Nonconscious algorithms are stored routines for handling social information without the person’s awareness. In the author’s Cognitive Appraisal Therapy, Personal Rules of Living are nonconscious algorithms implicated in affect and action as (1) mediators of emotional experiences, (2) components in an interdependent system of cognition, affect, and action, and(3)preferenda. Motivational aspects of emotion are discussed in relation to the seeking of negative experiences for security of familiar affective states (Security-Seeking Maneuver). Clinical examples illustrate the interplay of these concepts with self-image and the task of cognitive psychotherapy.

scholarly journals Affective patterns in triadic family interactions: Associations with adolescent depression

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Hollenstein ◽  
Nicholas B. Allen ◽  
Lisa Sheeber
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Adolescent Depression ◽  
Family Processes ◽  
Family Interactions ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Grid Analysis ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Depressed Adolescent ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAffective family processes are associated with the development of depression during adolescence. However, empirical description of these processes is generally based on examining affect at the individual or dyadic level. The purpose of this study was to examine triadic patterns of affect during parent–adolescent interactions in families with or without a depressed adolescent. We used state space grid analysis to characterize the state of all three actors simultaneously. Compared to healthy controls, triads with depressed adolescents displayed a wider range of affect, demonstrated less predictability of triadic affective sequences, spent more time in and returned more quickly to discrepant affective states, and spent less time in and returned more slowly to matched affective states, particularly while engaged in a problem-solving interaction. Furthermore, we identified seven unique triadic states in which triads with depressed adolescents spent significantly more time than triads with healthy controls. The present study enhances understanding of family affective processes related to depression by taking a more systemic approach and revealing triadic patterns that go beyond individual and dyadic analyses.

scholarly journals Efficient HEX-Program Evaluation Based on Unfounded Sets

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 269-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Eiter ◽  
M. Fink ◽  
T. Krennwallner ◽  
C. Redl ◽  
P. Schüller
Keyword(s):  
Program Evaluation ◽  
Experimental Evaluation ◽  
Polynomial Complexity ◽  
Evaluation Framework ◽  
Polynomial Hierarchy ◽  
Logic Programs ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Answer Set Semantics ◽  
Answer Set

HEX-programs extend logic programs under the answer set semantics with external computations through external atoms. As reasoning from ground Horn programs with nonmonotonic external atoms of polynomial complexity is already on the second level of the polynomial hierarchy, minimality checking of answer set candidates needs special attention. To this end, we present an approach based on unfounded sets as a generalization of related techniques for ASP programs. The unfounded set detection is expressed as a propositional SAT problem, for which we provide two different encodings and optimizations to them. We then integrate our approach into a previously developed evaluation framework for HEX-programs, which is enriched by additional learning techniques that aim at avoiding the reconstruction of the same or related unfounded sets. Furthermore, we provide a syntactic criterion that allows one to skip the minimality check in many cases. An experimental evaluation shows that the new approach significantly decreases runtime.

scholarly journals Toward a Theory of Emotions in Competitive Sports

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darko Jekauc ◽  
Julian Fritsch ◽  
Alexander T. Latinjak
Keyword(s):  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Competitive Sports ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physiological Reactions

In this article, we introduce a theory on the dynamic development of affective processes, affect regulation, and the relationship between emotions and sport performance. The theory focusses on how affective processes emerge and develop during competitive sport involvement. Based on Scherer’s component process model, we postulate six components of emotion that interact with each other in a circular fashion: (I) triggering processes, (II) physiological reactions, (III) action tendencies, (IV) expressive behaviors, (V) subjective experience, and (VI) higher cognitive processes. The theory stresses the dynamics of affective processes and describes the consequences for performance in competitive sports. It assumes that the peculiarities of different sports must be taken into account in order to understand the affective processes, and offers starting points on which strategies can be used to effectively regulate affective states. Consequences for research and practice are derived and discussed. To study the development of affective processes, future research should test the assumptions in ecologically valid contexts, such as real competitions or competition-like situations, using multi-component measures of emotions.

scholarly journals State-dependent judgement bias in Drosophila : evidence for evolutionarily primitive affective processes

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 20170779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Deakin ◽  
Michael Mendl ◽  
William J. Browne ◽  
Elizabeth S. Paul ◽  
James J. L. Hodge
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Negative State ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Judgement Bias ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Experimental Tool ◽  
Positive State

Affective states influence decision-making under ambiguity in humans and other animals. Individuals in a negative state tend to interpret ambiguous cues more negatively than individuals in a positive state. We demonstrate that the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster , also exhibits state-dependent changes in cue interpretation. Drosophila were trained on a Go/Go task to approach a positive (P) odour associated with a sugar reward and actively avoid a negative (N) odour associated with shock. Trained flies were then either shaken to induce a purported negative state or left undisturbed (control), and given a choice between: air or P; air or N; air or ambiguous odour (1 : 1 blend of P : N). Shaken flies were significantly less likely to approach the ambiguous odour than control flies. This ‘judgement bias’ may be mediated by changes in neural activity that reflect evolutionarily primitive affective states. We cannot say whether such states are consciously experienced, but use of this model organism's versatile experimental tool kit may facilitate elucidation of their neural and genetic basis.

Positive and Negative Affective Processes Associated With Firearm Acquisition and Ownership

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 861-875
Author(s):  
Craig J. Bryan ◽  
Annabelle O. Bryan ◽  
Michael A. Anestis
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Self Protection ◽  
Positive And Negative Affectivity

Introduction: To examine positive and negative affective processes associated with firearm acquisition and firearm ownership. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey assessing firearm ownership, reasons for firearm ownership, intentions to acquire a firearm in the next 12 months, and positive and negative affective states was administered to 6,200 U.S. adults (49.0% male, 51.0% female). Results: Mean negative and positive affect were significantly elevated among protective firearm owners (i.e., those who kept firearms for the primary purpose of self-protection) and participants intending to acquire a firearm. Protective firearm owners intending to acquire another firearm reported significantly higher negative affect than all other subgroups. Within this subgroup, negative affect and positive affect were positively correlated. Among all other subgroups, negative and positive affect were either negatively correlated or uncorrelated. Discussion: The intention to acquire firearms and protective firearm ownership are associated with both positive and negative affectivity. Typical cognitive-affective processes may be disrupted among protective firearm owners intending to acquire another firearm.

scholarly journals Mental Perturbance

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-58
Author(s):  
Luc Beaudoin ◽  
Monika Pudło ◽  
Sylwia Hyniewska
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Affective Processes ◽  
Processing Architectures ◽  
Autonomous Agency ◽  
Emotional Episodes ◽  
Design Stance

Understanding intrusive mentation, rumination, obsession, and worry, known also as "repetitive thought" (RT), is important for understanding cognitive and affective processes in general. RT is of transdiagnostic significance—for example obsessive-compulsive disorder, insomnia and addictions involve counterproductive RT. It is also a key but under-acknowledged feature of emotional episodes. We argue that RT cannot be understood in isolation but must rather be considered within models of whole minds and for this purpose we suggest an integrative design-oriented (IDO) approach. This approach involves the design stance of theoretical Artificial Intelligence (the central discipline of cognitive science), augmented by systematic conceptual analysis, aimed at explaining how autonomous agency is possible. This requires developing, exploring and implementing cognitive-affective-conative information-processing architectures. Empirical research on RT and emotions needs to be driven by such theories, and theorizing about RT needs to consider such data. Mental perturbance is an IDO concept that, we argue, can help characterize, explain, and theoretically ground the concept of RT. Briefly, perturbance is a mental state in which motivators tend to disrupt, or otherwise influence, executive processes even if reflective processes were to try to prevent or minimize the motivators’ influence. We draw attention to an IDO architecture of mind, H-CogAff, to illustrate the IDO approach to perturbance. We claim, further, that the intrusive mentation of some affective states— including grief and limerence (the attraction phase of romantic love) — should be conceptualized in terms of perturbance and the IDO architectures that support perturbance.  We call for new taxonomies of RT and emotion in terms of IDO architectures such as H-CogAff. We point to areas of research in psychology that would benefit from the concept of perturbance.

Group Experiences and Individual Differences in Stuttering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4335-4350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth E. Tichenor ◽  
J. Scott Yaruss
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Support Group ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group Experiences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults Who Stutter

Purpose This study explored group experiences and individual differences in the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings perceived by adults who stutter. Respondents' goals when speaking and prior participation in self-help/support groups were used to predict individual differences in reported behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Method In this study, 502 adults who stutter completed a survey examining their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in and around moments of stuttering. Data were analyzed to determine distributions of group and individual experiences. Results Speakers reported experiencing a wide range of both overt behaviors (e.g., repetitions) and covert behaviors (e.g., remaining silent, choosing not to speak). Having the goal of not stuttering when speaking was significantly associated with more covert behaviors and more negative cognitive and affective states, whereas a history of self-help/support group participation was significantly associated with a decreased probability of these behaviors and states. Conclusion Data from this survey suggest that participating in self-help/support groups and having a goal of communicating freely (as opposed to trying not to stutter) are associated with less negative life outcomes due to stuttering. Results further indicate that the behaviors, thoughts, and experiences most commonly reported by speakers may not be those that are most readily observed by listeners.

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