Geotechnical Properties and Chemical Composition of Black Roof Shale as an Industrial Raw Material

2013 ◽  
Vol 824 ◽  
pp. 79-85
Author(s):  
E.O. Eze ◽  
O.U. Orie
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Absorption ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Liquid Limit ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sulphate Content ◽  
Wide Range

Cretaceous pyritic roof shale from Onyeama mine in Enugu colliery was studied for the geotechnical and compositional characteristics relevant to its use in civil engineering construction and other industries. Properties investigated included moisture absorption, particle size distribution, plasticity, linear shrinkage, compaction, California bearing ratio (CBR), permeability, consolidation, the pH the sulphate content and chemical composition. The shale had a high fines content of 85%, a liquid limit of 55 %, a good standard Proctor compaction strength of 1690 kg/m3, preconsolidation pressure of 36 kN/m2, pH of 6.1 and sulphate content of 0.37%. The shale-water extract indicated a possibility of sulphate attack on concrete in contact with weathered pyritic shale. Permeability impairment of between 1x10-7cm/s to1x10-8cm/s was observed on the compacted shale exposed to water and atmosphere. This was attributed to the formation of jarosite and ferric oxide which are the oxidation products of shale weathering. The relatively high silica content of 56% and the low combined potash and sodium content of 1.74% pointed to the potential of the oxidized black shale as a foundation for road bed, as a raw material for brick and a wide range of structural ceramics, and as filler for paints and plastics. The objectionable pyrite in the clay shale can be removed prior to use by treatment with sulphur-and iron-oxidizing bacterium-Thiobacillus ferroxidans or by aging the shale stockpile.

scholarly journals Chromato-mass-spectroscopic research of chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-184
Author(s):  
O. I. Panasenko ◽  
V. I. Mozul ◽  
O. M. Denysenko ◽  
I. I. Aksonova ◽  
T. V. Oberemko
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Isomeric State ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Antidiabetic Activity ◽  
Elaeagnus Angustifolia ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Detector ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The aim of the work was chromato-mass-spectroscopic research of chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. fruits and leaves and identifying further prospects for the use of this plant in medicine. Materials and methods. Raw materials of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. were selected as objects of study. The tincture was obtained by maceration and the raw material was extracted with methyl alcohol at room temperature for 10 days according to the method of making tinctures. The study of the chemical composition of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. was carried out using gas chromatograph Agilent 7890B GC System (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with mass spectrometric detector Agilent 5977 BGC/MSD (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) and chromatographic column DB-5ms (30 m × 250 mkm × 0,25 mkm). Results. 23 compounds (1 in the isomeric state) in fruits and 20 compounds (2 in the isomeric state) in the leaf of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. were identified. The main components of fruits were sitosterol (phytosterols) – 12.53 %, propyl acetate (esters of carboxylic acids) – 12.60 %, chamazulene (terpenes) – 11.97 % and palmitic acid (fatty acids) – 8.28 %. The main component of leaves were sitosterol (phytosterols) – 17.57 %, 1-(2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-ethanone (ketone) – 8.35 %, phytol (terpenes) – 6.10 %. It is known from the literature that chamazulene has antioxidant, antinociceptive, cytotoxic activity. Sitosterol has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activity. Hexadecanoic (palmitic) acid has antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Phytol is characterized by a wide range of biological action – antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic. Conclusions. Based on the above, the olive can be considered as a source of antimicrobial, antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and cytotoxic drugs.

scholarly journals Perbedaan kadar caffeic acid phenethyl ester pada propolis ekstrak etanol dan propolis ekstrak air

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
RIANI DWI HASTUTI ◽  
DIDING PRASETYO ◽  
SRI HARTATI HADINOTO
Keyword(s):  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester ◽  
Rat Aorta ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Difference

Hastuti RD, Prasetyo D, Hadinoto SH. 2013. The difference of caffeic acid phenethyl ester level in ethanol extract propolis and water extract propolis. Biofarmasi 11: 43-47. Propolis is a natural product derived from plant resin collected by honeybeen and its composition has wide range of biological activity. CAPE is the ester of caffeic acid, a derivative of phenolic acid, a flavonoid-like compound, one of the major components of propolis. CAPE is reported can protect nephrotoxicity due to cisplatin induction, inhibiting the growth of various types of abnormal cells, having an anti-inflammation activity, antioxidant activity, cyclooxygenase activity, vasodilatation activity in rat aorta, potential inhibitor of nitric oxidant, inhibitor oxidative process, and effectively suppress the growth of cataract in rat. Propolis can not be used as raw material, and it must be purified by extraction with solvent. Different solvents may extract different compounds, influencing its activity. The purpose of this research was to determine the difference levels of CAPE in ethanol extract propolis and water extract propolis. This research was a pure experimental research using the post-test only design. The sample of this research was raw propolis taken from bees farming in Gejen RT. 03 RW. 02, Kerjo, Karanganyar. Sampling was performed by a purposive sampling. Sample was extracted with a maserasion method with the solvents of ethanol and water. In each extract propolis was made five samples. The determination of the level of CAPE on propolis was performed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with Prussian Blue method. The data of the level of CAPE was analyzed by the statistical test of independent t-test. The results showed that the average of CAPE level in ethanol extract propolis was 12.268±0.658 μg/mL and the average of CAPE level in water extract propolis was 5.564±0.332 μg/mL, with p=0.125 (p>0.05). There was no significant difference between extract ethanol propolis and water extract propolis.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of nanoparticles from α-pinene nucleation and the influence of isoprene and relative humidity at low temperature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucía Caudillo ◽  
Birte Rörup ◽  
Martin Heinritzi ◽  
Guillaume Marie ◽  
Mario Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Particle Formation ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Mixed System ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
New Particle Formation ◽  
Detection Scheme ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. New Particle Formation (NPF) from biogenic organic precursors is an important atmospheric process. One of the major species is α-pinene, which upon oxidation, can form a suite of products covering a wide range of volatilities. A fraction of the oxidation products is termed Highly Oxygenated Organic Molecules (HOM). These play a crucial role for nucleation and the formation of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA). However, measuring the composition of newly formed particles is challenging due to their very small mass. Here, we present results on the gas and particle phase chemical composition for a system where α-pinene was oxidized by ozone, and for a mixed system of α-pinene and isoprene, respectively. The measurements took place at the CERN Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at temperatures between −50 °C and −30 °C and at low and high relative humidity (20 % and 60 to 100 % RH). These conditions were chosen to simulate pure biogenic new particle formation in the upper free troposphere. The particle chemical composition was analyzed by the Thermal Desorption-Differential Mobility Analyzer (TD-DMA) coupled to a nitrate chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This instrument can be used for particle and gas phase measurements using the same ionization and detection scheme. Our measurements revealed the presence of C8-10 monomers and C18-20 dimers as the major compounds in the particles (diameter up to ~ 100 nm). Particularly, for the system with isoprene added, C5 (C5H10O5-7) and C15 compounds (C15H24O5-10) are detected. This observation is consistent with the previously observed formation of such compounds in the gas phase. However, although the C5 and C15 compounds do not easily nucleate, our measurements indicate that they can still contribute to the particle growth at free tropospheric conditions. For the experiments reported here, most likely isoprene might enhance growth at particle sizes larger than 15 nm. Besides the chemical information regarding the HOM formation for the α-pinene (plus isoprene) system, we report on the nucleation rates measured at 1.7 nm and found that the lower J1.7nm values compared with previous studies are very likely due to the higher α-pinene and ozone mixing ratios used in the present study

PROGNOSTIC VIEW ON THE PROSPECTS OF PROCESSING WHEY

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Г. ХРАМЦОВ
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cottage Cheese ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Wide Range

Рассмотрена молочная сыворотка – побочный продукт при производстве сыров, творога и казеина как универсальное сырье животного происхождения. Обобщены результаты исследований российских и зарубежных ученых химического состава молочной сыворотки, и показаны основные направления ее промышленной переработки. Представлены широкий спектр продуктов из молочной сыворотки и направления их использования в разных отраслях промышленности. Whey is a by-product in the production of cheese, cottage cheese and casein as a universal raw material of animal origin is considered. The results of studies of Russian and foreign scientists of the chemical composition of whey are summarized. The main directions of its industrial processing are shown. A wide range of products from whey and directions of their use in different industries are presented.

scholarly journals Chemical composition of nanoparticles from <i>α</i>-pinene nucleation and the influence of isoprene and relative humidity at low temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 17099-17114
Author(s):  
Lucía Caudillo ◽  
Birte Rörup ◽  
Martin Heinritzi ◽  
Guillaume Marie ◽  
Mario Simon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Particle Growth ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Detection Scheme ◽  
Phase Measurements ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Low Mass

Abstract. Biogenic organic precursors play an important role in atmospheric new particle formation (NPF). One of the major precursor species is α-pinene, which upon oxidation can form a suite of products covering a wide range of volatilities. Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) comprise a fraction of the oxidation products formed. While it is known that HOMs contribute to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation, including NPF, they have not been well studied in newly formed particles due to their very low mass concentrations. Here we present gas- and particle-phase chemical composition data from experimental studies of α-pinene oxidation, including in the presence of isoprene, at temperatures (−50 and −30 ∘C) and relative humidities (20 % and 60 %) relevant in the upper free troposphere. The measurements took place at the CERN Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber. The particle chemical composition was analyzed by a thermal desorption differential mobility analyzer (TD-DMA) coupled to a nitrate chemical ionization–atmospheric pressure interface–time-of-flight (CI-APi-TOF) mass spectrometer. CI-APi-TOF was used for particle- and gas-phase measurements, applying the same ionization and detection scheme. Our measurements revealed the presence of C8−10 monomers and C18−20 dimers as the major compounds in the particles (diameter up to ∼ 100 nm). Particularly, for the system with isoprene added, C5 (C5H10O5−7) and C15 compounds (C15H24O5−10) were detected. This observation is consistent with the previously observed formation of such compounds in the gas phase. However, although the C5 and C15 compounds do not easily nucleate, our measurements indicate that they can still contribute to the particle growth at free tropospheric conditions. For the experiments reported here, most likely isoprene oxidation products enhance the growth of particles larger than 15 nm. Additionally, we report on the nucleation rates measured at 1.7 nm (J1.7 nm) and compared with previous studies, we found lower J1.7 nm values, very likely due to the higher α-pinene and ozone mixing ratios used in the present study.

Automation of Process Control in Chemical Plant

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Agus Sugiarta ◽  
Houtman P. Siregar ◽  
Dedy Loebis
Keyword(s):  
Process Control ◽  
Pid Control ◽  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Chemical Plant ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Material Supply ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Inherent Problem

Automation of process control in chemical plant is an inspiring application field of mechatronicengineering. In order to understand the complexity of the automation and its application requireknowledges of chemical engineering, mechatronic and other numerous interconnected studies.The background of this paper is an inherent problem of overheating due to lack of level controlsystem. The objective of this research is to control the dynamic process of desired level more tightlywhich is able to stabilize raw material supply into the chemical plant system.The chemical plant is operated within a wide range of feed compositions and flow rates whichmake the process control become difficult. This research uses modelling for efficiency reason andanalyzes the model by PID control algorithm along with its simulations by using Matlab.

PEAS AND PRODUCTS OF ITS PROCESSING OF - NONCONVENTIONAL RAW MATERIAL RESOURCES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.Y. Bolgova ◽  
◽  
N.A. Tarasenko ◽  
Z.S. Mukhametova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Rich

Nutrition is an important factor that affects human health. The use of plant proteins as various additives in food production has now been actively developed. The rich chemical composition of pea grains determines the possibility of application in the food industry. Peas are characterized by good assimilability and degree of digestion.

Advances in Triazole Synthesis from Copper-catalyzed Azide-alkyne Cycloadditions (CuAAC) Based on Eco-friendly Procedures

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Vinicius Nora de Souza ◽  
Cristiane França da Costa ◽  
Victor Facchinetti ◽  
Claudia Regina Brandão Gomes ◽  
Paula Mázala Pacheco
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Water Extract ◽  
Fish Bone ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Bone Powder ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recoverable Catalysts ◽  
Egg Shell ◽  
Work Up

Background: 1,2,3-triazoles are an important class of organic compounds and because of their aromatic stability, they are not easily reduced, oxidized or hydrolyzed in acidic and basic environments. Moreover, 1,2,3-triazole derivatives are known by their important biological activities and have drawn considerable attention due to their variety of properties. The synthesis of this nucleus, based on the click chemistry concept, through the 1,3-dipolar addition reaction between azides and alkynes is a well-known procedure. This reaction has a wide range of applications, especially on the development of new drugs. Methods: The most prominent eco-friendly methods for the synthesis of triazoles under microwave irradiation published in articles from 2012-2018 were reviewed. Results: In this review, we cover some of the recent eco-friendly CuAAC procedures for the click synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles with remarks to new and easily recoverable catalysts, such as rhizobial cyclic β-1,2 glucan; WEB (water extract of banana); biosourced cyclosophoraose (CyS); egg shell powder (ESP); cyclodextrin (β- CD); fish bone powder; nanoparticle-based catalyst, among others. Conclusion: These eco-friendly procedures are a useful tool for the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles, providing many advantages on the synthesis of this class, such as shorter reaction times, easier work-up and higher yields when compared to classical procedures. Moreover, these methodologies can be applied to the industrial synthesis of drugs and to other areas.

scholarly journals Bio-Based Alternatives to Phenol and Formaldehyde for the Production of Resins

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2237 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Sarika ◽  
Paul Nancarrow ◽  
Abdulrahman Khansaheb ◽  
Taleb Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Wood Industry ◽  
Suitable Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Materials Used

Phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin continues to dominate the resin industry more than 100 years after its first synthesis. Its versatile properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, fire resistance, and dimensional stability make it a suitable material for a wide range of applications. PF resins have been used in the wood industry as adhesives, in paints and coatings, and in the aerospace, construction, and building industries as composites and foams. Currently, petroleum is the key source of raw materials used in manufacturing PF resin. However, increasing environmental pollution and fossil fuel depletion have driven industries to seek sustainable alternatives to petroleum based raw materials. Over the past decade, researchers have replaced phenol and formaldehyde with sustainable materials such as lignin, tannin, cardanol, hydroxymethylfurfural, and glyoxal to produce bio-based PF resin. Several synthesis modifications are currently under investigation towards improving the properties of bio-based phenolic resin. This review discusses recent developments in the synthesis of PF resins, particularly those created from sustainable raw material substitutes, and modifications applied to the synthetic route in order to improve the mechanical properties.

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