scholarly journals Malignant mesothelioma and asbestos exposure in Europe: Evidence of spatial clustering

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Wilk ◽  
Małgorzata Krówczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Malignant Mesothelioma ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Exposure to asbestos causes a wide range of diseases, such as asbestosis, malignant mesothelioma (MM) and other types of cancer. Many European countries have reduced production and use of asbestos and some have banned it altogether. Based on data derived from the World Health Organisation (WHO) Cancer Mortality Database, we investigated whether some regions in Europe could have a higher relative risk of MM incidence than others. The data were compared, including the number of MM deaths per million inhabitants and aged-standardized mortality rates. Applying Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi statistic on the agedstandardized mortality rates of MM cases assisted the spatial analysis of the occurrence of health events leading to an assessment of the heterogeneity of distribution and cluster detection of MM. We found a statistically significant positive autocorrelation for the male population and also the general population, while there was no statistically significant positive one for the female population. Hotspots of relative risk of developing MM were found in northwestern Europe. For the general population, Great Britain and the Netherlands stood out with high levels at the 99% and 95% confidence levels, respectively. For the male population, the results were similar, but with addition of risk also in Belgium and Switzerland. However, in many European countries with high asbestos use per capita, the MM incidence was found to still be low. The reasons for this are not yet clear, but part of the problem is certainly due to incomplete data in registers and databases. The latency time can be longer than 40 years and is related to the intensity and time of exposure (occupational, para-occupational and environmental). In Europe, even though peak production occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, a significant decrease in production did not occur until 25 years later, which means that the impact will continue for as late as The mid 2030s.

Schizophrenia and Crime

1990 ◽  
Vol 157 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Lindqvist ◽  
Peter Allebeck
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
General Population ◽  
Crime Rate ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
Expected Number ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
General Male Population ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients

To compare the crime rate of schizophrenics with that of the general population, data from the Central Swedish Police Register on 790 schizophrenic patients discharged from hospitals in Stockholm in 1971 was analysed for the period 1972–86. Relative risk of criminal offence was assessed by comparing the observed number of offences committed with the expected number (estimated from official statistics). The crime rate among male schizophrenics was almost the same as that in the general male population, whereas among females it was twice that of the general female population. The rate of violent offences was, however, four times higher among the schizophrenics. The violence recorded was almost exclusively of minor severity.

scholarly journals The Search for Natural and Synthetic Inhibitors That Would Complement Antivenoms as Therapeutics for Snakebite Envenoming

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
José María Gutiérrez ◽  
Laura-Oana Albulescu ◽  
Rachel H. Clare ◽  
Nicholas R. Casewell ◽  
Tarek Mohamed Abd Abd El-Aziz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Snake Venom ◽  
Serine Proteinase ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Variable Chemical ◽  
Snake Venom Metalloproteinase ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

A global strategy, under the coordination of the World Health Organization, is being unfolded to reduce the impact of snakebite envenoming. One of the pillars of this strategy is to ensure safe and effective treatments. The mainstay in the therapy of snakebite envenoming is the administration of animal-derived antivenoms. In addition, new therapeutic options are being explored, including recombinant antibodies and natural and synthetic toxin inhibitors. In this review, snake venom toxins are classified in terms of their abundance and toxicity, and priority actions are being proposed in the search for snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP), phospholipase A2 (PLA2), three-finger toxin (3FTx), and serine proteinase (SVSP) inhibitors. Natural inhibitors include compounds isolated from plants, animal sera, and mast cells, whereas synthetic inhibitors comprise a wide range of molecules of a variable chemical nature. Some of the most promising inhibitors, especially SVMP and PLA2 inhibitors, have been developed for other diseases and are being repurposed for snakebite envenoming. In addition, the search for drugs aimed at controlling endogenous processes generated in the course of envenoming is being pursued. The present review summarizes some of the most promising developments in this field and discusses issues that need to be considered for the effective translation of this knowledge to improve therapies for tackling snakebite envenoming.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Association between Air Pollution and Daily Mortality in the Capital of the Green Lungs of Poland–Population-Based Study with 2,953,000 Person-Years of Follow-Up

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2351
Author(s):  
Łukasz Kuźma ◽  
Krzysztof Struniawski ◽  
Szymon Pogorzelski ◽  
Hanna Bachórzewska-Gajewska ◽  
Sławomir Dobrzycki
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Air Pollutant ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Daily Mortality ◽  
Male Population ◽  
The Impact

(1) Introduction: air pollution is considered to be one of the main risk factors for public health. According to the European Environment Agency (EEA), air pollution contributes to the premature deaths of approximately 500,000 citizens of the European Union (EU), including almost 5000 inhabitants of Poland every year. (2) Purpose: to assess the gender differences in the impact of air pollution on the mortality in the population of the city of Bialystok—the capital of the Green Lungs of Poland. (3) Materials and Methods: based on the data from the Central Statistical Office, the number—and causes of death—of Białystok residents in the period 2008–2017 were analyzed. The study utilized the data recorded by the Provincial Inspectorate for Environmental Protection station and the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management during the analysis period. Time series regression with Poisson distribution was used in statistical analysis. (4) Results: A total of 34,005 deaths had been recorded, in which women accounted for 47.5%. The proportion of cardiovascular-related deaths was 48% (n = 16,370). An increase of SO2 concentration by 1-µg/m3 (relative risk (RR) 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02–1.12; p = 0.005) and a 10 °C decrease of temperature (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05; p = 0.005) were related to an increase in the number of daily deaths. No gender differences in the impact of air pollution on mortality were observed. In the analysis of the subgroup of cardiovascular deaths, the main pollutant that was found to have an effect on daily mortality was particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5); the RR for 10-µg/m3 increase of PM2.5 was 1.07 (95% CI 1.02–1.12; p = 0.01), and this effect was noted only in the male population. (5) Conclusions: air quality and atmospheric conditions had an impact on the mortality of Bialystok residents. The main air pollutant that influenced the mortality rate was SO2, and there were no gender differences in the impact of this pollutant. In the male population, an increased exposure to PM2.5 concentration was associated with significantly higher cardiovascular mortality. These findings suggest that improving air quality, in particular, even with lower SO2 levels than currently allowed by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines, may benefit public health. Further studies on this topic are needed, but our results bring questions whether the recommendations concerning acceptable concentrations of air pollutants should be stricter, or is there a safe concentration of SO2 in the air at all.

The impact of SARS-Cov-2 on the Nervous system and Mental Health

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Said Boulkrane ◽  
Victoria Ilina ◽  
Roman Melchakov ◽  
Mikhail Arisov ◽  
Julia Fedotova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Illness

: The World Health Organization declared the pandemic situation caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) in March 2020, but the detailed pathophysiological mechanisms of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are not yet completely understood. Therefore, to date, few therapeutic options are available for patients with mild-moderate or serious disease. In addition to systemic and respiratory symptoms, several reports have documented various neurological symptoms and impairments of mental health. The current review aims to provide the available evidence about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on mental health. The present data suggest that SARS-CoV-2 produces a wide range of impairments and disorders of the brain. However, a limited number of studies investigated the neuroinvasive potential of SARS-CoV-2. Although the main features and outcomes of COVID-19 are linked to severe acute respiratory illness. The possible damages on the brain should be considered, too.

scholarly journals Uptake Pattern of HIV Counseling and Testing Services: A 4-Year Review in Plateau State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-187
Author(s):  
F A Magaji ◽  
A N Ocheke ◽  
V C Pam ◽  
T Afolaramin ◽  
J Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Hiv Counseling And Testing ◽  
Hiv Counseling ◽  
Counseling And Testing ◽  
Plateau State ◽  
Age And Sex

Plateau state is one of the HIV high-burden states in Nigeria with few people knowing their HIV status as a result of challenges with access to HIV Counseling and Testing (HCT) services. This study was aimed at determining the HCT uptake among the general population as well as the pattern by age and sex in Plateau state. The study was a 4-year descriptive analysis of HCT services in the general population of Plateau state, Nigeria based on data generated between January 2012 and December 2015. The data on HCT services were managed through the electronic Nigerian National HIV/AIDS Response Information Management System (eNNRIMS) which was web-based software. The data was disaggregated by year, age and sex in the software and analysis was done using excel to obtained the proportions and trend of HCT uptake in the general population and by year, age and sex. Out of a total of 495,718 tested for HIV, 400,699 people received their test results giving an 80.8% HCT uptake in Plateau state. The highest (99.7%) HCT uptake was in 2014 and the least (67.7%) was in 2012. The age group 25 – 49 years accounted for nearly two-thirds of HCT uptake. The female population had higher percentages of between 7.2% and 17.6% HCT uptake across the years compared to their male counterparts. The HCT uptake was relatively high, and it was even higher among the female population compared to the HCT uptake among male population in Plateau state Nigeria.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF GLYCAEMIC CONTROL ON PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS OF TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECTS IN ENUGU, NIGERIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Maduka Ignatius C ◽  
Nnamdi Ngozika A
Keyword(s):  
Glycaemic Control ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Good Glycaemic Control ◽  
Diabetic Population ◽  
Control Evaluation ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Impact

Glycation is considered to be the main molecular basis of several diabetic complications. Association between chronic hyperglycaemia and the development of long-term diabetic-specific complications have been reported but are yet to be completely understood. In this study, the effect of glycaemic control on pituitary gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) was evaluated in male and female diabetics in Enugu, Nigeria. Two hundred and twenty four (240) diabetic patients (92 males and 148 females) within the age range of 31 – 73 years, who were receiving treatment, were randomly recruited for the study. One hundred and thirty four (134) age- and sex-matched apparently healthy volunteers (44 males and 90 females) were recruited as the control subjects. The study subjects were grouped into three categories: Male population (40-72 years), Group A Female population (<50 years) and Group B Female population (≥50 years). The impact of glycaemic control on various parameters was evaluated by classifying the diabetic patients into 3 subgroups on the basis of their HbA1c levels:  Good (HbA1c < 7%), Fair (HbA1c 7 to 8%) and (Poor HbA1c > 8 %) glycaemic status. Fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, FSH and LH were determined for all the subjects. The results obtained revealed that the male diabetics had significantly lower (p<0.05) FSH levels when compared with the control subjects. In the two groups of female diabetic subjects, the FSH levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) when compared with their respective control subjects. The glycaemic control evaluation and correlation of HbA1c with the gonadotrophins in the male diabetic population show no statistically significant results. However, in the female diabetic population, subjects with poor glycaemic status show significantly increased (p<0.001) LH levels compared to those with good glycaemic control. In addition, in group B female diabetic population, HbA1c gave significant positive correlation with both FSH (r=0.261, p=0.014) and LH (r = 0.338, p<0.001). This suggests that there is a direct relationship between HbA1c and the gonadotrophic hormones. As glycaemic control is compromised, these hormones tend to increase. This study generally reveals increasing trend in the levels of the gonadotrophins across the different glycaemic status. It can be concluded that good glycaemic control of diabetes can exert better influences on pituitary gonadotrophins.

scholarly journals Mortality Rate Due to Circulatory and Alcohol-Dependent Diseases in Different Climatic Zones of Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 1867-1872
Author(s):  
Tatiana P. Yakovleva ◽  
Natalia I. Nikitina ◽  
Zhanna R. Gardanova ◽  
Natalia S. Mikhailova ◽  
Albina V. Gaponenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Zone ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Circulatory System Diseases ◽  
Murmansk Region ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alcohol Dependent

AIM: Evaluation of the impact of climatic factors on the formation of mortality due to circulatory diseases and a group of diseases related to alcohol consumption identified as alcohol-dependent. METHODS: The study subject was the adult population residing in different climatic zones of Russia: in the second, third and fourth zones, with different conditions: average annual temperature (5.2°C; 1-2°C; -2.0°C), snow cover duration (≤ 150 days, ≤ 180 days, ≈ 220 days) sunshine duration and the presence of polar night and polar day in the territory of the fourth climatic zone. The assessment “impact-case of death” was carried out by calculating the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for circulatory system diseases (CSD) and alcohol-dependent diseases (ADD) in accordance with the international classification of diseases (ICD-X). RESULTS: The SIR of death from alcohol-dependent diseases for the female population in the 4th climatic zone (Murmansk Region) was the highest: the SIR of death from ADD 1.87; 95% CI (1.5-2.7), the SIR of death from CSD 1.3; 95% CI (1.2-2.3). For the female population in the 3rd climatic zone (Novosibirsk Region), the SIR of death has amounted to: SIRADD 1.52; 95% CI (1.2-1.87), SIRCSD 1.14; 95 CI (1.01-1.3). Living in the 3rd climatic zone was not so important for the health of the male population: the SIR of death from CSD 1.1; 95% CI (1.05-1.13); the SIR of death from ADD 0.8; 95% CI (0.65-0.98). However, living in the 4th climatic zone (Murmansk Region) poses a higher risk of death for the male population: SIRCSD 1.22 (22.0%); 95% CI (1.02-3.95); SIRADD 1.45 (45.0%); 95% CI (0.98-2.1). CONCLUSION: Living in high northern latitudes contributes to higher levels of mortality, both female and male, from circulatory and alcohol-dependent diseases.

Implications of violence experience in postpartum depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
D Fraga ◽  
F Marabotti ◽  
Costa Leite ◽  
R de Cássia ◽  
Duarte Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Maternity Hospital ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction The violence against women is an exacerbating factor in public health that affects a third of the world's female population, and the intimate partner is the main perpetrator. Researches show the impact of violence in the victims' health, such as: postpartum depression (PPD). In this context, considering the importance and magnitude of the experience of violence and its impact on health, as well as depression negatively impacted on the health of the mother and baby, justify it to carry out this study. Objective To identify the prevalence of symptoms of PPD among puerperal women and to examine the association with violence experience. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, performed with 330 puerperal women admitted to a municipal maternity hospital in Cariacica - State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Data collection was conducted by duly trained interviewers, using a form containing data on socioeconomic, behavioral and clinical characterization. In order to track violence acts, in life and in pregnancy, practiced by the intimate partner, we applied the World Health Organization instrument, which enables the identification of psychological, physical and sexual violence acts. The identification of the outcome under study, postpartum depression, was obtained by means of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The data collected were analyzed through the Stata 13.0 program, where the following tests were performed: Pearson chi-squared test and Poisson regression. Results a rate of 36.7% of participants (95% CI: 31.6-42.0) showed symptoms of postpartum depression. Women who experienced violence from their partners throughout their lives had 1.9 times more prevalence of symptoms of depression. Those who experienced aggression during pregnancy showed an increase of 38.0% of this illness (p = 0.037). Conclusions The data presented reveal the high prevalence of women with symptoms of PPD and that violence experience was associated with higher frequencies of this event. Key messages Women who experienced violence from their partners throughout their lives had 1.9 times more prevalence of symptoms of depression. The data presented reveal the high prevalence of women with symptoms of postpartum depression and that violence experience was associated with higher frequencies of this event.

Coupled CFD-DEM modelling to assess settlement velocity and drag coefficient of microplastics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Jérémy ◽  
Latessa Pablo Gaston ◽  
Manousos Valyrakis
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Turbulent Flows ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Drinking Water Source ◽  
Drag Coefficients ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;Several studies have documented high concentration of microplastics on fresh water sources, oceans and even on treated tap and bottled water. Understanding the physics behind these particles in the water environment has become one of the key research needs identified in the World Health Organization Report (2019). In order to develop novel and efficient methodologies for sampling, treating and removing microplastics from water bodies, a thorough understanding of the sources and transportation and storage mechanisms of these particles is required.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this article, the settlement velocity affecting the transport [1, 2] of low-density particles (1&lt;r&lt;1.4 g.cm&lt;sup&gt;-3&lt;/sup&gt;) and drag coefficients is assessed through numerical modelling. The effects of fluid and particle relative densities and media temperatures are analysed, as well as the impact of the particle size and shapes [3].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) techniques are applied to solve the fluid dynamics while the Discrete Element Method (DEM) approach is used to model the particle trajectories [4]. These two modules are coupled under the CFDEM module, which transmits the forces from the fluid into the particle and from the particle into the surrounding water through the Fictitious Boundary Method approach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Several tests are run under the same particle conditions in order to estimate the influence of turbulent flows on these experiments. The influence from different particle densities and diameters on settling velocities and drag coefficients is assessed. The numerical results are validated against a wide range of experimental data [2, 3] and compared against empirical predictions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;There is an urge for gaining a better understanding of the sources and transport of microplastics through fresh water bodies. In this sense, sampling and quantification of microplastics in a drinking water source is key to evaluate the environment status and to design the most appropriate techniques to reduce or remove the microplastics from the aquatic environments. The implementation of coupled CFD-DEM models provides a very powerful tool for the understanding and prediction of the transport processes and the accumulation of microplastics along the fluvial vectors.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;References&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] Valyrakis M., Diplas P. and Dancey C.L. 2013. Entrainment of coarse particles in turbulent flows: An energy approach. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., Vol. 118, No. 1., pp 42- 53, doi:340210.1029/2012JF002354.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[2] Valyrakis, M., Farhadi, H. 2017. Investigating coarse sediment particles transport using PTV and &amp;#8220;smart-pebbles&amp;#8221; instrumented with inertial sensors, EGU General Assembly 2017, Vienna, Austria, 23-28 April 2017, id. 9980.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[3] Valyrakis, M., J. Kh. Al-Hinai, D. Liu (2018), Transport of floating plastics along a channel with a vegetated riverbank, 12th International Symposium on Ecohydraulics, Tokyo, Japan, August 19-24, 2018, a11_2705647.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[4] Valyrakis M., P. Diplas, C.L. Dancey, and A.O. Celik. 2008. Investigation of evolution of gravel river bed microforms using a simplified Discrete Particle Model, International Conference on Fluvial Hydraulics River Flow 2008, Ismir, Turkey, 03-05 September 2008, 10p.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Scenario of Bangladesh in Various Sectors Due to Covid-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-84-79-84
Keyword(s):  
Health Sector ◽  
World Health ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Education Service ◽  
Human Need ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on the 11th March 2020. COVID-19 has a wide range of effects. Increased Covid-19 infection is a major risk factor due to human unconsciousness and disobedience. The effects are increasing gradually. Therefore, the Bangladesh government has imposed a lockdown, but the outcome is adverse to this lockdown. It has shown us the real situation in our economic, social, education, service, and health sectors. It reveals, in particular, that, as a result of Covid-19, our health sector, which is a basic human need, has entirely broken down, and that, as a result of the epidemic, our educational system has also been impacted. Generally speaking, the education sector will suffer significant damage. Our main purpose in this paper is to show the impact of Covid-19 on different sectors of our country.

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