scholarly journals Can the sensitivity of soil-dwelling organisms to landfarmed soils contribute to asess the sustainablity of landfarming of oil refinery waste?

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriaan J. Reinecke ◽  
Sophia A. Reinecke ◽  
Mia Van Wyk
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Eisenia Andrei ◽  
Soil Organisms ◽  
Cocoon Production ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Diesel Range Organics ◽  
Degree Of Recovery

Beneficial soil organisms inhabiting healthy soils participate in providing soil ecosystem sevices. Oil refineries generate large quantities of solid waste containing several classes of hydrocarbons as well as metals, which are ploughed into the soil during landfarming to utilise the biodegradation capabilities of the ecosystem of the soil. The contaminants may be toxic to these organisms. For the sustainable use of the services of the ecosystem of the soil, it is crucial to know whether remediation had been sufficient for the intended land use. Indicators are needed to assess the degree of recovery. This study aimed to analyse landfarmed soil at an oil refinery chemically and to assess the toxicity and recovery by using a variety of standardised bioassays with the vermicomposting species Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) and the springtail Folsomia candida (Collembola). The results showed that soil from the landfarming site, despite remediation, still contained several hazardous chemicals such as diesel range organics, but that the soil mixture was not acutely toxic to the exposed test organisms. It did cause a loss in earthworm (E. andrei) biomass, inhibited cocoon production and also decreased juvenile production of the springtail F. candida. The results suggested the site still needs remediation before landfarming should continue. Bioassays provide a more ecologically relevant assessment of the remediation status of the soil and its toxicity than chemical analysis alone. This finding supports the use of bioassays as an ecotoxicological tool for assessment of landfarmed soils.

scholarly journals Sugarcane Bagasse as a Co-Substrate with Oil-Refinery Biological Sludge for Biogas Production Using Batch Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-Digestion Technology: Effect of Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 590
Author(s):  
Aiban Abdulhakim Saeed Ghaleb ◽  
Shamsul Rahman Mohamed Kutty ◽  
Gasim Hayder Ahmed Salih ◽  
Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba ◽  
Azmatullah Noor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Methane Yield ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Biological Sludge

Man-made organic waste leads to the rapid proliferation of pollution around the globe. Effective bio-waste management can help to reduce the adverse effects of organic waste while contributing to the circular economy at the same time. The toxic oily-biological sludge generated from oil refineries’ wastewater treatment plants is a potential source for biogas energy recovery via anaerobic digestion. However, the oily-biological sludge’s carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio is lower than the ideal 20–30 ratio required by anaerobic digestion technology for biogas production. Sugarcane bagasse can be digested as a high C/N co-substrate while the oily-biological sludge acts as a substrate and inoculum to improve biogas production. In this study, the best C/N with co-substrate volatile solids (VS)/inoculum VS ratios for the co-digestion process of mixtures were determined empirically through batch experiments at temperatures of 35–37 °C, pH (6–8) and 60 rpm mixing. The raw materials were pre-treated mechanically and thermo-chemically to further enhance the digestibility. The best condition for the sugarcane bagasse delignification process was 1% (w/v) sodium hydroxide, 1:10 solid-liquid ratio, at 100 °C, and 150 rpm for 1 h. The results from a 33-day batch anaerobic digestion experiment indicate that the production of biogas and methane yield were concurrent with the increasing C/N and co-substrate VS/inoculum VS ratios. The total biogas yields from C/N 20.0 with co-substrate VS/inoculum VS 0.06 and C/N 30.0 with co-substrate VS/inoculum VS 0.18 ratios were 2777.0 and 9268.0 mL, respectively, including a methane yield of 980.0 and 3009.3 mL, respectively. The biogas and methane yield from C/N 30.0 were higher than the biogas and methane yields from C/N 20.0 by 70.04 and 67.44%, respectively. The highest biogas and methane yields corresponded with the highest C/N with co-substrate VS/inoculum VS ratios (30.0 and 0.18), being 200.6 mL/g VSremoved and 65.1 mL CH4/g VSremoved, respectively.

Involvement of products of thermal processing of polymer waste into the raw material pool of oil refinery plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
M.P. Usmanov ◽  
◽  
P.P. Gimaletdinov ◽  
S.F. Valeev ◽  
F.P. Zainullov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Organosulfur Compounds ◽  
Polymer Waste ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Diesel Fuels ◽  
Potential Component ◽  
Diesel Fractions

The directions of involving the products of thermal processing of polymer waste into the raw material pool of oil refineries are considered. A detailed analysis of fractions 85-180 oC, 180-360 oC and 360-KK oC, isolated from thermolysis products, has been carried out. Fractions 85-180 °C, 180-360 °C of thermolysis oil are characterized by a high content of organosulfur compounds, which necessitates their hydrotreating before use. After desulfurization, gasoline and diesel fractions can be used in the composition of gasoline and diesel fuels, respectively. The diesel fraction of 180-360 °C of thermolysis oil has a high cetane number and can be considered as a cetane-increasing component. Fraction 360-КК оС thermolysis oil is a potential component of catalytic cracking feedstock. The highest degree of conversion and the yield of valuable components (gasoline, propylene, butane-butene fraction) are achieved during cracking of feedstock containing 30 wt. % of the heavy part of thermolysis oil.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC EFFECTS OF TROTYL (TNT) ON SOIL MICROFLORA

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-38
Author(s):  
A. A. Maslennikov ◽  
S. A. Demidova
Keyword(s):  
Health Hazard ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Vital Activity ◽  
Experimental Assessment ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Hygienic Standard ◽  
Test Organisms

An experimental assessment of the hazard of trotyl content in the soil has been carried out according to one of the most significant sanitary indicators of harm - the microbiocenosis. E. coli, micromycetes, actinomycetes and saprofitny bacteria grown up in the specific to each microflora medium were used as test organisms. It was found that the content of the toxicant in the soil at the levels of 20.0 and 10.0 mg/kg during the experiment revealed a significant growth of E. coli (up to 458.87 % relative to the control) indicating the inhibition of the process of self-purification of the soil. In addition, TNT in these concentrations contributed to a significant growth of micromycete colonies (up to 200.00%) indicating its accumulation in the soil, where fungi act as indicators (toxin accumulators). At the same time the substance at the level of 20.0 mg/kg caused inhibition of vital activity of actinomycetes reaching 50.27 %. The number of colonies of saprophytic microflora also significantly decreased in the soil mixture with the content of the chemical at the levels of 20.0 and 10.0 mg/kg. According to this type of general health hazard indicator the concentration of TNT – 10.0 mg/kg has been accepted as a threshold, and the value of 2.0 mg/kg – as inactive. The data obtained are taken into account in the subsequent development of the hygienic standard for this explosive compound.

scholarly journals PERBAIKAN SISTEM KERJA BERDASARKAN ANALISIS PAJANAN XYLENE PEKERJA KILANG MINYAK XYZ

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-255
Author(s):  
Yusita Attaqwa ◽  
Manik Mahachandra ◽  
Heru Prastawa
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Safety Measures ◽  
Mining Company ◽  
Repair Work ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Exposure Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Difference Test

Perusahaan Pertambangan Minyak dan Gas Bumi Negara (Pertamina) mengoperasikan beberapa kilang minyak di dalam negeri. Operasi dan proses di kilang minyak terdapat bahan kimia dalam bensin, maka penting untuk mengukur konsentrasi xylena, melihat mana yang mempengaruhi dan memberikan perbaikan desain untuk tindakan kesehatan dan keselamatan kerja yang tepat. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada 16 pekerja yang memiliki risiko terpapar xylene lebih tinggi. Tata cara pengambilan dan analisis sampel mengacu pada Gastec 122DL. Pengujian yang digunakan untuk menganalisis fakta menggunakan uji beda dan uji pembeda. Pekerja pada pekerja kilang minyak yang terpengaruh signifikan terhadap konsentrasi paparan xylene adalah usia (U = 13,329), praktik K3 (U = 26,124), penggunaan APD (U = 9,042), kebiasaan merokok (U = 85), jumlah bensin yang tersedia (U = 0,891) dan instalasi (U = 18,032). Rancangan perbaikan yang dapat diwujudkan dalam jangka pendek adalah penggunaan APD dan berdiri berlawanan arah angin.Abstract[Improvement on Working System Based on Xylene Exposure Analysis on Employee of  Oil Refinery XYZ] The State Oil and Gas Mining Company (Pertamina) operates several oil refineries in the country. Operations and processes at oil refinery contain chemicals in gasoline. So, it is important to measure the concentration of xylene concentration, see which affects and provide design improvements for appropriate occupational health and safety measures. Sampling was carried out on 16 workers who had a higher risk of xylene exposure. The procedure for taking and analyzing samples refers to Gastec 122DL. The test used to analyze the facts uses the difference test and display test. Workers at oil refinery. Workers who have a significant effect on the concentration of xylene exposure are age (U = 13,329), K3 practice (U = 26,124), use of PPE (U = 9,042), smoking habits (U = 85), the amount of gasoline available (U = 0.891) and installation (U = 18.032). The design of improvements that can be realized in the short term is the use of PPE and standing in opposite directions the wind.Keywords: exposure analysis; repair work system; Xylene.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting Performance of Permit to Work System: A Case Study in an Oil Refinery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mahdi Mousavi ◽  
Ali Karimi ◽  
Seyed Abolfazl Zakerian ◽  
Mahsa Jahadi Naeini
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hazard Identification ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Process Industries ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Work System ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Work In Process

Background: Permit to Work system is a documented system to control activities that are inherently hazardous and may cause incidents. The aim of this study was to evaluate performance of Permit to Work (PTW) system in an oil refinery. Methods: The Study was a cross-sectional study that was done during 2019 in one of the oil refineries in southern Iran. A total number of 125 participants who were experts that were working in an oil refinery and were in charge of Permit to work (PTW) issuing, were selected based on census method and were entered into the study. The instrument of this study was a questionnaire about evaluating performance of Permit to work system, which was completed by the participants after explaining the aim of the study and training them how to complete it. In order to data analysis SEPPTW software was applied. Results: The results showed that the performance of Permit to work system in the studied refinery is generally in the moderate level (41.2 score). Also, in the field of hazard identification and risk assessment, the performance of Permit to work system was poor, but its performance in the field of coordination and informing was at a good level. Conclusion: Identifying the weak points and causes of defect in Permit to work system can result in increased levels of Permit to work system, and then reduced incidents from work related to permit to work in process industries.

scholarly journals OPTIMAL DESIGN OF HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK IN OIL REFINERIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 86-90
Author(s):  
Natig Abbasov Natig Abbasov ◽  
Ziyaddin Ziyaddinli Ziyaddin Ziyaddinli
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Fluid Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Heat Exchanger Network ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Pinch Technology

The performance of the heat exchanger network (HEN) in a plant is an important aspect of energy conservation. “Pinch” technology and mathematical programming techniques offer an effective and practical method for designing the HEN for new and retrofit projects. The fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a dominant process in oil refineries and there has been a sustained effort to improve the efficiency and yield of the unit over the years. HEN optimal design in FCC process is an essential element in reducing the cost and improving the process as a whole. The objective of this work is to introduce a systematic procedure for designing optimal and flexible FCC-HEN that incorporates variations in feed flow rates and specs and on same time considers different schedules imposed on the process. Keywords: heat exchangers, fluid catalytic cracking, design of network, oil refinery, heat recovery systems

scholarly journals Effluent from local palm oil mill refinery in Nigeria is excessively oily and potentially genotoxic

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 10962
Author(s):  
Ebenezer O. DADA ◽  
Mutiu O. SIFAU ◽  
Oreoluwa M. GBEGBE ◽  
Haolat O. IBRAHIM ◽  
Olushola O. ADEFILA
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Oil And Grease ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Palm Oil Mill ◽  
Palm Fruits

In spite of the fact that the informal, local mills in countries like Nigeria constitute a major portion of the palm oil refinery, adequate attention has not been paid to the quality of the palm oil mill effluent (POME) they generate. In this study, therefore, the physicochemical properties and genotoxic potential of POME generated by a local mill in Nigeria were investigated using the methods prescribed by the American Public Health Association and Allium cepa chromosomal assay, respectively. In addition to the presence of trace/toxic metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu) and high biochemical oxygen demand, POME contained a very high oil and grease concentration of 10,500 mg L-1 as against the maximum limit of 25 mg L-1 prescribed in the Environmental Management Guideline for the Palm Oil Industry. Mitotic activities in A. cepa roots exposed to POME showed that the number of dividing cells and percentage mitotic index generally decreased with increasing POME concentrations. The major chromosomal aberrations induced by POME were sticky, C-mitosis, bridged anaphase, vagrant, and attached chromosomes. However, no chromosomal aberrations were observed in onion roots exposed to water (control). These results indicate that the local refinery from where the POME was obtained is inefficient at recovering oil from palm fibre. The effluent generated by the mill is also a potential pollutant capable of inducing genotoxic and other adverse effects. These results may be typical of many more local palm oil refineries who use mainly manual methods to extract oil from oil palm fruits.

Proximity to oil refineries and risk of bladder cancer: A population-based analysis.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 4538-4538
Author(s):  
Tamer Dafashy ◽  
Daniel Phillips ◽  
Mohamed Danny Ray-Zack ◽  
Preston Kerr ◽  
Yong Shan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bladder Cancer ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Census Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Background Exposure ◽  
Cancer Incidence Rates

4538 Background: Exposure to aromatic amines is a risk factor for bladder cancer. Incidence rates according to proximity to oil refineries are largely unknown. We sought to determine proximity of oil refineries and bladder cancer incidence in the State of Texas which is home to the largest number of oil refineries in the United States. Methods: We used the Texas Cancer Registry database to identify patients diagnosed with bladder cancer from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2014. The U.S. census data from 2010 was used to ascertain overall population size, age and sex distributions. Heat maps of the 28 active oil refineries in Texas were developed. Incidence of bladder cancer were compared according to proximity ( < 10 vs. ≥ 10 miles) to an oil refinery. Risk ratios were adjusted using a Poisson regression model. Results: A total of 45,517 incident bladder cancer cases were identified of which 5,501 cases were within 10 miles of an oil refinery. In adjusted analyses, bladder cancer risk was significantly greater among males vs. females (Relative Risk (RR) 3.41, 95% Confidence Interval (CI), 3.33-3.50), and greater among people living within 10 miles from an oil refinery than those living outside a 10-mile radius from an oil refinery (RR 1.19, 95% CI, 1.08-1.31). Conclusions: People living within 10 miles from oil refineries were at greater risk for bladder cancer. Further research into exposure to oil refineries and bladder cancer incidence is warranted.

Comparison of TROPOMI/Sentinel-5 Precursor NO2 product with ground-based observations in Helsinki and first societal applications

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iolanda Ialongo ◽  
Henrik Virta ◽  
Henk Eskes ◽  
Jari Hovila ◽  
John Douros
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Urban Air Quality ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Weekly Cycle ◽  
Oil Refineries

&lt;p&gt;We evaluate the satellite-based TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) NO2 products against ground-based observations in Helsinki (Finland). TROPOMI NO2 total (summed) columns are compared with the measurements performed by the Pandora spectrometer during April&amp;#8211;September 2018. The mean relative and absolute bias between the TROPOMI and Pandora NO2 total columns is about 10 % and 0.12 &amp;#215; 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; molec. cm&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; respectively.&lt;span&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We find high correlation (r = 0.68) between satellite- and ground-based data, but also that TROPOMI total columns underestimate ground-based observations for relatively large Pandora NO2 total columns, corresponding to episodes of relatively elevated pollution. This is expected because of the relatively large size of the TROPOMI ground pixel (3.5 &amp;#215; 7 km) and the a priori used in the retrieval compared to the relatively small field-of-view of the Pandora instrument. On the other hand, TROPOMI slightly overestimates relatively small NO2 total columns. Replacing the coarse a priori NO2 profiles with high-resolution profiles from the CAMS chemical transport model improves the agreement between TROPOMI and Pandora total columns for episodes of NO2 enhancement.&lt;span&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In order to evaluate the capability of TROPOMI observation for monitoring urban air quality, we also analyse the consistency between satellite-based data and NO2 surface concentrations from the local air quality station. We find similar day-to-day variability between TROPOMI and in situ measurements, with NO2 enhancements observed during the same days. Both satellite- and ground-based data show a similar weekly cycle, with lower NO2 levels during the weekend compared to the weekdays as a result of reduced emissions from traffic and industrial activities (as expected in urban sites). The TROPOMI NO2 maps reveal also spatial features, such as the main traffic ways, the airport and other industrial areas, as well as the effect of the prevailing south-west wind patterns.&lt;span&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These first results confirm that TROPOMI NO2 products are valuable to complement the traditional ground-based in situ data for monitoring urban air quality and are already tested by local and national authorities as well as private companies to monitor pollution sources in the Helsinki region (e.g., emissions from traffic, energy production or oil refineries). For example, TROPOMI NO2 products are already used by the oil refinery company NESTE in their sustainability report and by the Finnish Ministry of Environment to map the air pollution levels in Finland.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ialongo, I., Virta, H., Eskes, H., Hovila, J., and Douros, J.: Comparison of TROPOMI/Sentinel 5 Precursor NO2 observations with ground-based measurements in Helsinki, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2019-329, accepted for publication, 2020.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Proximity to Oil Refineries and Risk of Cancer: A Population-Based Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B Williams ◽  
Yong Shan ◽  
Usama Jazzar ◽  
Preston S Kerr ◽  
Ikenna Okereke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Multiple Cancer ◽  
Cancer Rate ◽  
Oil Refineries ◽  
Incident Cancer ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

Abstract Background The association between proximity to oil refineries and cancer rate is largely unknown. We sought to compare the rate of cancer (bladder, breast, colon, lung, lymphoma, and prostate) according to proximity to an oil refinery in Texas. Methods A total of 6 302 265 persons aged 20 years or older resided within 30 miles of an oil refinery from 2010 to 2014. We used multilevel zero-inflated Poisson regression models to examine the association between proximity to an oil refinery and cancer rate. Results We observed that proximity to an oil refinery was associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of incident cancer diagnosis across all cancer types. For example, persons residing within 0-10 (risk ratio [RR] = 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07 to 1.19) and 11-20 (RR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.11) miles were statistically significantly more likely to be diagnosed with lymphoma than individuals who lived within 21-30 miles of an oil refinery. We also observed differences in stage of cancer at diagnosis according to proximity to an oil refinery. Moreover, persons residing within 0-10 miles were more likely to be diagnosed with distant metastasis and/or systemic disease than people residing 21-30 miles from an oil refinery. The greatest risk of distant disease was observed in patients diagnosed with bladder cancer living within 0-10 vs 21-30 miles (RR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.65), respectively. Conclusions Proximity to an oil refinery was associated with an increased risk of multiple cancer types. We also observed statistically significantly increased risk of regional and distant/metastatic disease according to proximity to an oil refinery.

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