scholarly journals Trends in Cancer Immunotherapy

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. CMO.S4795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph F. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Molecular Immunology ◽  
And Function

Modulation of the immune system for therapeutic ends has a long history, stretching back to Edward Jenner's use of cowpox to induce immunity to smallpox in 1796. Since then, immunotherapy, in the form of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines, has enabled doctors to treat and prevent a variety of infectious diseases, including cholera, poliomyelitis, diphtheria, measles and mumps. Immunotherapy is now increasingly being applied to oncology. Cancer immunotherapy attempts to harness the power and specificity of the immune system for the treatment of malignancy. Although cancer cells are less immunogenic than pathogens, the immune system is capable of recognizing and eliminating tumor cells. However, tumors frequently interfere with the development and function of immune responses. Thus, the challenge for cancer immunotherapy is to apply advances in cellular and molecular immunology and develop strategies that effectively and safely augment antitumor responses.

scholarly journals Immunomodulating nano-adaptors potentiate antibody-based cancer immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Tao Jiang ◽  
Kai-Ge Chen ◽  
An Liu ◽  
Hua Huang ◽  
Ya-Nan Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Noncovalent Interactions ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Antibody Immobilization ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Nanoparticle Surface

AbstractModulating effector immune cells via monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and facilitating the co-engagement of T cells and tumor cells via chimeric antigen receptor- T cells or bispecific T cell-engaging antibodies are two typical cancer immunotherapy approaches. We speculated that immobilizing two types of mAbs against effector cells and tumor cells on a single nanoparticle could integrate the functions of these two approaches, as the engineered formulation (immunomodulating nano-adaptor, imNA) could potentially associate with both cells and bridge them together like an ‘adaptor’ while maintaining the immunomodulatory properties of the parental mAbs. However, existing mAbs-immobilization strategies mainly rely on a chemical reaction, a process that is rough and difficult to control. Here, we build up a versatile antibody immobilization platform by conjugating anti-IgG (Fc specific) antibody (αFc) onto the nanoparticle surface (αFc-NP), and confirm that αFc-NP could conveniently and efficiently immobilize two types of mAbs through Fc-specific noncovalent interactions to form imNAs. Finally, we validate the superiority of imNAs over the mixture of parental mAbs in T cell-, natural killer cell- and macrophage-mediated antitumor immune responses in multiple murine tumor models.

scholarly journals The Next-Generation of Combination Cancer Immunotherapy: Epigenetic Immunomodulators Transmogrify Immune Training to Enhance Immunotherapy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3596
Author(s):  
Reza Bayat Mokhtari ◽  
Manpreet Sambi ◽  
Bessi Qorri ◽  
Narges Baluch ◽  
Neda Ashayeri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Response Rates ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Tumor Rejection ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Patient Response ◽  
Specific Antigens

Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the immune system by targeting tumor cells that express antigens recognized by immune system cells, thus leading to tumor rejection. These tumor-associated antigens include tumor-specific shared antigens, differentiation antigens, protein products of mutated genes and rearrangements unique to tumor cells, overexpressed tissue-specific antigens, and exogenous viral proteins. However, the development of effective therapeutic approaches has proven difficult, mainly because these tumor antigens are shielded, and cells primarily express self-derived antigens. Despite innovative and notable advances in immunotherapy, challenges associated with variable patient response rates and efficacy on select tumors minimize the overall effectiveness of immunotherapy. Variations observed in response rates to immunotherapy are due to multiple factors, including adaptative resistance, competency, and a diversity of individual immune systems, including cancer stem cells in the tumor microenvironment, composition of the gut microbiota, and broad limitations of current immunotherapeutic approaches. New approaches are positioned to improve the immune response and increase the efficacy of immunotherapies, highlighting the challenges that the current global COVID-19 pandemic places on the present state of immunotherapy.

scholarly journals Design and Encapsulation of Immunomodulators onto Gold Nanoparticles in Cancer Immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8037
Author(s):  
Akshita Chauhan ◽  
Tabassum Khan ◽  
Abdelwahab Omri
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Drug Clearance ◽  
Cell Permeability ◽  
Plasmonic Effect ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapeutic

The aim of cancer immunotherapy is to reactivate autoimmune responses to combat cancer cells. To stimulate the immune system, immunomodulators, such as adjuvants, cytokines, vaccines, and checkpoint inhibitors, are extensively designed and studied. Immunomodulators have several drawbacks, such as drug instability, limited half-life, rapid drug clearance, and uncontrolled immune responses when used directly in cancer immunotherapy. Several strategies have been used to overcome these limitations. A simple and effective approach is the loading of immunomodulators onto gold-based nanoparticles (GNPs). As gold is highly biocompatible, GNPs can be administered intravenously, which aids in increasing cancer cell permeability and retention time. Various gold nanoplatforms, including nanospheres, nanoshells, nanorods, nanocages, and nanostars have been effectively used in cancer immunotherapy. Gold nanostars (GNS) are one of the most promising GNP platforms because of their unusual star-shaped geometry, which significantly increases light absorption and provides high photon-to-heat conversion efficiency due to the plasmonic effect. As a result, GNPs are a useful vehicle for delivering antigens and adjuvants that support the immune system in killing tumor cells by facilitating or activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This review represents recent progress in encapsulating immunomodulators into GNPs for utility in a cancer immunotherapeutic regimen.

scholarly journals Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Fan Yeh ◽  
Ying-Hsien Chen ◽  
Sheng-Fu Liu ◽  
Hsien-Li Kao ◽  
Ming-Shiang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Permeability ◽  
And Function ◽  
Progression Of Atherosclerosis

Inflammation is the key for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence has revealed that an altered gut microbiome (dysbiosis) triggers both local and systemic inflammation to cause chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. There have been some microbiome-relevant pro-inflammatory mechanisms proposed to link the relationships between dysbiosis and atherosclerosis such as gut permeability disruption, trigger of innate immunity from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and generation of proatherogenic metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). Meanwhile, immune responses, such as inflammasome activation and cytokine production, could reshape both composition and function of the microbiota. In fact, the immune system delicately modulates the interplay between microbiota and atherogenesis. Recent clinical trials have suggested the potential of immunomodulation as a treatment strategy of atherosclerosis. Here in this review, we present current knowledge regarding to the roles of microbiota in contributing atherosclerotic pathogenesis and highlight translational perspectives by discussing the mutual interplay between microbiota and immune system on atherogenesis.

scholarly journals Cancer vaccines: a newer front of immunotherapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 5214
Author(s):  
Sonia Puri ◽  
Naveen Krishan Goel ◽  
Veenal Chadha ◽  
Praizy Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Biological Response ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccines ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Cervical Cancer Vaccine

Vaccines have been used as a promising instrument over the years to combat the dreadful communicable diseases. But now owing to epidemiological transition as the burden of non-communicable diseases has increased, efforts are now being made globally to use this weapon for non-communicable diseases like cancer. Cancer vaccines belong to a class of substances known as “biological response modifiers”. These work by stimulating or restoring the immune system’s ability to fight infections and disease. There are two broad types of cancer vaccines: Preventive (or prophylactic) vaccines and Treatment or therapeutic vaccines. Cancer treatment vaccines are made up of cancer cells, parts of cells or pure antigens. Sometimes a patient’s own immune cells are removed and exposed to these substances in the lab to create the vaccine.  Cancer treatment vaccines differ from the vaccines that work against viruses. These vaccines try to get the immune system to mount an attack against cancer cells in the body. Instead of preventing disease, they are meant to get the immune system to attack a disease that already exists. Preventive vaccines are intended to prevent cancer from developing in healthy people.  And in fact, many evidence-based studies have proven the decrease in morbidity and mortality in various cancers by usage of some of the vaccines like cervical cancer vaccine etc. The biggest challenges currently facing preventive anti-cancer vaccines are clinical, social, and economic in nature.  This article is an effort to   highlight the advances in various cancer vaccines, so done, to use them on preventive and therapeutic front.

scholarly journals Optimizing Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy: Tackling the Complexity of Different Arms of the Immune System

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Van Brussel ◽  
Zwi N. Berneman ◽  
Nathalie Cools
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Dendritic Cell ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
And Function

Earlier investigations have revealed a surprising complexity and variety in the range of interaction between cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. Our understanding of the specialized roles of dendritic cell (DC) subsets in innate and adaptive immune responses has been significantly advanced over the years. Because of their immunoregulatory capacities and because very small numbers of activated DC are highly efficient at generating immune responses against antigens, DCs have been vigorously used in clinical trials in order to elicit or amplify immune responses against cancer and chronic infectious diseases. A better insight in DC immunobiology and function has stimulated many new ideas regarding the potential ways forward to improve DC therapy in a more fundamental way. Here, we discuss the continuous search for optimal in vitro conditions in order to generate clinical-grade DC with a potent immunogenic potential. For this, we explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying adequate immune responses and focus on most favourable DC culture regimens and activation stimuli in humans. We envisage that by combining each of the features outlined in the current paper into a unified strategy, DC-based vaccines may advance to a higher level of effectiveness.

Application of Nanocomposites in Cancer Immunotherapy

Nano LIFE ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 07 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 1750008
Author(s):  
Wenhan Liu ◽  
Zejun Wang ◽  
Yao Luo ◽  
Nan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Clinical Advances ◽  
Review Current

Despite the clinical advances in oncology, cancer is still the major cause of death worldwide. Recent research demonstrates that the immune system plays a critical role in preventing tumor occurrence and development. The focus on cancer treatment has been shifted from directly targeting the tumor cells to motivating the immune system to achieve this goal. However, the activity of immune system is often suppressed in cancer patients. To boost the anti-tumor immunity against cancers, various nanocomposites have been developed to enhance the efficacy of immunostimulatory agents. Here, we review current advances in nanomaterial-mediated immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer, with an emphasis on applications of nanocomposites as immunoadjuvants in cancer therapy.

Emerging Mechanisms of Immunosuppression in Oral Cancers

2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1061-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jewett ◽  
C. Head ◽  
N.A. Cacalano
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Oral Cancers ◽  
Oral Cancer Patients ◽  
And Function

Mounting effective anti-tumor immune responses against tumors by both the innate and adaptive immune effectors is important for the clearance of tumors. However, accumulated evidence indicates that immune responses that should otherwise suppress or eliminate transformed cells are themselves suppressed by the function of tumor cells in a variety of cancer patients, including those with oral cancers. Signaling abnormalities, spontaneous apoptosis, and reduced proliferation and function of circulating natural killer cells (NK), T-cells, dendritic cells (DC), and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been documented previously in oral cancer patients. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the functional deficiencies of tumor-associated immune cells in oral cancer patients. Both soluble factors and contact-mediated immunosuppression by the tumor cells have been implicated in the inhibition of immune cell function and the progression of tumors. More recently, elevated levels and function of key transcription factors in tumor cells, particularly NFκB and STAT3, have been shown to mediate immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. This review will focus on these emerging mechanisms of immunosuppression in oral cancers.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach to Anticancer Therapy: Molecular Modules Based on the Barnase:Barstar Pair for Targeted Delivery of HSP70 to Tumor Cells

Acta Naturae ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Sapozhnikov ◽  
A. V. Klinkova ◽  
O. A. Shustova ◽  
M. V. Grechikhina ◽  
M. S. Kilyachus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Antitumor Immunotherapy ◽  
Surface Localization

One important distinction between many tumor cell types and normal cells consists in the translocation of a number of intracellular proteins, in particular the 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70), to the surface of the plasma membrane. It has been demonstrated that such surface localization of HSP70 on tumor cells is recognized by cytotoxic effectors of the immune system, which increases their cytolytic activity. The mechanisms behind this interaction are not fully clear; however, the phenomenon of surface localization of HSP70 on cancer cells can be used to develop new approaches to antitumor immunotherapy. At the same time, it is known that the presence of HSP70 on a cells surface is not a universal feature of cancer cells. Many types of tumor tissues do not express membrane-associated HSP70, which limits the clinical potential of these approaches. In this context, targeted delivery of exogenous HSP70 to the surface of cancer cells with the aim of attracting and activating the cytotoxic effectors of the immune system can be considered a promising means of antitumor immunotherapy. Molecular constructs containing recombinant mini-antibodies specific to tumor-associated antigens (in particular, antibodies specific to HER2/neu-antigen and other markers highly expressed on the surface of a wide range of cancer cells) can be used to target the delivery of HSP70 to tumor tissues. In order to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach, recombinant constructs containing a mini-antibody specific to the HER2/ neu-antigen in the first module and HSP70 molecule or a fragment of this protein in the second module were developed in this study. Strong selective interaction between the modules was ensured by a cohesive unit formed by the barnase:barstar pair, a heterodimer characterized by an unusually high constant of association. During testing of the developed constructs in in vitro models the constructs exhibited targeted binding to tumor cells expressing the HER2/neu antigen and the agents had a significant stimulating effect on the cytotoxic activity of NK cells against the respective cancer cells.

scholarly journals Regulation of Adaptive Tumor Immunity by Non-Coding RNAs

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 5651
Author(s):  
Eleftheria Papaioannou ◽  
María del Pilar González-Molina ◽  
Ana M. Prieto-Muñoz ◽  
Laura Gámez-Reche ◽  
Alicia González-Martín
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Immunity ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Protein Coding Genes ◽  
Therapeutic Value ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
And Function

Cancer immunology research has mainly focused on the role of protein-coding genes in regulating immune responses to tumors. However, despite more than 70% of the human genome is transcribed, less than 2% encodes proteins. Many non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been identified as critical regulators of immune cell development and function, suggesting that they might play important roles in orchestrating immune responses against tumors. In this review, we summarize the scientific advances on the role of ncRNAs in regulating adaptive tumor immunity, and discuss their potential therapeutic value in the context of cancer immunotherapy.

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