Accumulation and distribution of micronutrients in Willamette red raspberry plants

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plants were sampled monthly to determine the accumulation and distribution of copper (Cu), boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) over the growing seasons of four different years. The soil (Marble Hill series) was typical of that commonly used for commercial raspberry production in the area. No micronutrients were applied. The micronutrients generally accumulated as the season progressed in a manner similar to the accumulation of dry matter. Maximum accumulation of micronutrients in the aboveground portion of the plants did not necessarily occur at the end of the growing season because of different growth patterns of the floricanes and primocanes. The ripe berries, which would be removed by harvesting, contained a significant proportion of the total accumulation of micronutrients: Cu (18–26%), Zn (15–25%), B (3–16%), Fe (5–8%) and Mn (4–7%). However, concentrations of the micronutrients in the various parts of the plant varied considerably from month to month and year to year. There was no obvious relationship between weather conditions and the variations in micronutrient concentrations. Extreme variations within and between growing seasons suggest concentrations of micronutrients in leaves cannot readily be used to develop tissue-analysis-based fertility recommendations. Floricane stem micronutrient concentrations were more stable but the relationship between these concentrations and the overall nutrient status of the plants needs to be determined before they can be used for diagnostic purposes. Before accumulation and distribution patterns of micronutrients in raspberry can be used as a basis for development of fertilizer management strategies, additional measurements from other locations are needed. The results from this study should serve as guidelines for developing sampling procedures and their practical applications. Key words: Copper, boron, zinc, manganese, iron, Rubus idaeus L.

Growing season dry matter and macroelement accumulations in Willamette red raspberry and related soil-extractable macroelement measurements

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Aboveground Growth ◽  
Precise Time

Aboveground growth of Willamette red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was destructively sampled and partitioned monthly in four growing seasons in 1980–1984 in south coastal British Columbia. This, together with chemical analyses of the plant parts and soil samples, was used to examine general macroelement dynamics. In each of the 4 yr, the plants (floricanes plus new canes) accumulated dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na rapidly during May to June and more slowly in September and October. Floricanes grew early in the season, with dry matter and macroelement uptake nearly complete by mid-summer then senesced after mid-summer with dry matter and nutrient loss. Most of this loss was leaves. New canes began to grow and take up macroelements later in the spring than floricanes and continued growth and uptake later into the fall. Growth and macroelement uptake patterns were inconsistent between years. A calculation, using October measurements, showed moderate quantities of N, P, K, Ca and Mg uptake by the plant on a unit area basis (107, 11, 102, 48 and 20 kg ha−1, respectively). Since maximum cane growth and macroelement uptake occurred at two different times, a minimum of two samplings (mid-summer for floricanes and autumn for new canes) are required to more accurately measure total aboveground biomass production and macroelement uptake. The precise time of sampling should match the growth stage of the plant and not calendar date as growth patterns differed from year to year. Key words: Nutrient uptake, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sodium, Rubus idaeus

Risk Management Strategies Adopted by Small-Scale Vegetable Farmers in Thaba Chweu Local Municipality, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Mokhaukhau
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Forward Contracts ◽  
Vegetable Farmers ◽  
Risk Management Strategies ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Agriculture is one of the sectors considered to be an extremely risky business. This has led to many farmers adopting different risk management strategies in order to deal with the prevailing risks. The objectives of the study were to identify the types of risk and risk management strategies; and to determine the level of risk management strategies adopted by small-scale vegetable farmers in Thaba Chweu Local Municipality. Descriptive statistics and the adoption index were employed to address these objectives. Purposive and snowball sampling procedures were used to select 40 small-scale vegetable farmers in Thaba Chweu Local Municipality. The study identified pest attacks and unfavorable weather conditions as the major risks faced by small scale vegetable farmers in the study area. Furthermore, the study revealed that majority of these farmers use pesticides, forward contracts and crop rotation as the risk management strategies.

scholarly journals Resistance to Botrytis cinerea and Quality Characteristics during Storage of Raspberry Genotypes

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Harshman ◽  
Wayne M. Jurick ◽  
Kim S. Lewers ◽  
Shiow Y. Wang ◽  
Christopher S. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Decay Rates ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Postharvest Quality ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Weather Factors

Raspberries are a delicate, high-value crop with an extremely short shelf life exacerbated by postharvest decay caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. European red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is the most widely grown variety. Yellow (R. idaeus L.), black (R. occidentalis L.), and purple raspberries (R. ×neglectus Peck. or R. occidentalis ×idaeus hybrids) are available mainly at local markets and U-pick farms. To compare the postharvest quality of the raspberry color groups, pesticide-free fruit from cultivars and breeding selections of red, yellow, purple, and black raspberries were examined for oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), phenolics, anthocyanins, soluble solids, titratable acids, pH, color, firmness, decay and juice leakage rates, ethylene evolution, and respiration. There were significant correlations between decay rate and physiochemical properties. Both decay and leakage rates were correlated with weather conditions before harvest, but each color group responded differently to different weather factors. There were no correlations among changes in color, firmness, decay, or juice leakage rates. All the other color groups were less acidic than the familiar red raspberry. Yellow raspberries had the worst decay rates but the best leakage rates. Black and purple raspberries, with the highest phenolics and anthocyanins and the lowest ethylene evolution rates, resisted decay the longest but bled soonest.

scholarly journals Uptake and Partitioning of Nutrients in Blackberry and Raspberry and Evaluating Plant Nutrient Status for Accurate Assessment of Fertilizer Requirements

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 452-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadine C. Strik ◽  
David R. Bryla
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Plant Parts

Raspberry and blackberry (Rubus sp.) plantings have a relatively low nutrient requirement compared with many other perennial fruit crops. Knowledge of annual accumulation of nutrients and periods of rapid uptake allows for better management of fertilization programs. Annual total nitrogen (N) accumulation in the aboveground plant ranged from 62 to 110 and 33 to 39 lb/acre in field-grown red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus ssp. rubus), respectively. Research on the fate of applied 15N (a naturally occurring istope of N) has shown that primocanes rely primarily on fertilizer N for growth, whereas floricane growth is highly dependent on stored N in the over-wintering primocanes, crown, and roots; from 30% to 40% of stored N was allocated to new growth. Plants receiving higher rates of N fertilizer took up more N, often leading to higher N concentrations in the tissues, including the fruit. Reallocation of N from senescing floricanes and primocane leaves to canes, crown, and roots has been documented. Accumulation of other macro- and micronutrients in plant parts usually preceded growth. Primocanes generally contained the highest concentration of most nutrients during the growing season, except calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), which often were more concentrated in roots. Roots typically contained the highest concentration of all nutrients during winter dormancy. Nutrient partitioning varied considerably among elements due to different nutrient concentrations and requirements in each raspberry and blackberry plant part. This difference not only affected the proportion of each nutrient allocated to plant parts, but also the relative amount of each nutrient lost or removed during harvest, leaf senescence, and pruning. Macro- and micronutrient concentrations are similar for raspberry and blackberry fruit, resulting in a similar quantity of nutrient removed with each ton of fruit at harvest; however, yield may differ among cultivars and production systems. Nutrient removal in harvested red raspberry and blackberry fruit ranged from 11 to 18 lb/acre N, 10 to 19 lb/acre potassium (K), 2 to 4 lb/acre phosphorus (P), 1 to 2 lb/acre Ca, and 1 to 4 lb/acre magnesium (Mg). Pruning senescing floricanes in August led to greater plant nutrient losses than pruning in autumn. Primocane leaf nutrient status is often used in nutrient management programs. Leaf nutrient concentrations differ with primocane leaf sampling time and cultivar. In Oregon, the present recommended sampling time of late July to early August is acceptable for floricane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry types, and primocane-fruiting raspberry, but not for primocane-fruiting blackberry, where sampling leaves on primocane branches during the green fruit stage is recommended. Presently published leaf tissue standards appear to be too high for K in primocane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry, which is not surprising since the primocanes are producing fruit at the time of sampling and fruit contain a substantial amount of K.

scholarly journals Effect of Two Biological Formulations Based onBacillus subtilisandPseudomonas fluorescenson Control ofDidymella applanata, the Causal Agent of Red Raspberry Cane Spur Blight

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Shternshis ◽  
Tatyana Shpatova ◽  
Anatoly Belyaev
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
First Time

In vitroandin vivostudies were conducted to estimate the efficacy of the two microbial formulations based onBacillus subtilisCohn. andPseudomonas fluorescensMig. on the fungusDidymella applanata(Niessl.) Sacc., the causal agent of red raspberry (Rubus idaeusL.) spur blight.In vitro, both bacteria reduced the growth ofD. applanata. In inoculation experiments with raspberry canes in two cultivars with different susceptibility toD. applanata, these antagonistic bacteria suppressed fungal development by reducing the lesions area and the number ofD. applanatafruiting bodies. Field trials of two biological formulations under natural conditions showed a significant suppression of the disease.B. subtilisandP. fluorescensincluded in the formulations revealed antagonistic activity towardsD. applanatathat depended on the red raspberry cultivar and weather conditions. In all cases,B. subtilisshowed better results thanP. fluorescensin biocontrol of the raspberry spur blight. This study demonstrated for the first time the ability of the biocontrol agentsB. subtilisandP. fluorescensto suppress red raspberry cane spur blight, a serious worldwide disease.

Impact of an Open Trellis on Canopy Growth, Light Interception, Yield, and Leaf Physiology of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468b-468
Author(s):  
Stephen F. Klauer ◽  
J. Scott Cameron ◽  
Chuhe Chen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Light Interception ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Above Ground Biomass ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Leaf Physiology ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Upper Third

After promising results were obtained with an open-style split trellis (two top wires) in its initial year, two new trials were established in 1997 in northwest (Lynden) and southwest (Woodland) Washington. For the split trellis, actual yields were 33% (machine-picked 1/2 season) and 17% (hand-picked) greater, respectively, for the two locations compared to the conventional trellis (one top wire). In Woodland, canes from the split trellis had 33% more berries, 55% more laterals, 69% more leaves, and 25% greater leaf area compared with the conventional trellis. Greatest enhancement of these components was in the upper third of the canopy. Laterals were also shorter in this area of the split canopy, but there was no difference in average total length of lateral/cane between trellis types. Total dry weight/cane was 22% greater in the split trellis, but component partitioning/cane was consistent between the two systems with fruit + laterals (43%) having the greatest above-ground biomass, followed by the stem (30% to 33%) and the leaves (21% to 22%). Measurement of canopy width, circumference, and light interception showed that the split-trellis canopy filled in more quickly, and was larger from preanthesis through postharvest. Light interception near the top of the split canopy was 30% greater 1 month before harvest with 98% interception near the top and middle of that canopy. There was no difference between the trellis types in leaf CO2 assimilation, spectra, or fluorescence through the fruiting season, or in total nitrogen of postharvest primocane leaves.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) for Examining the Genomics Controlling Prickle Production in Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Archana Khadgi ◽  
Courtney A. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Association Study ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Genomic Region ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Genotype By Sequencing

Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is an expanding high-value berry crop worldwide. The presence of prickles, outgrowths of epidermal tissues lacking vasculature, on the canes, petioles, and undersides of leaves complicates both field management and harvest. The utilization of cultivars with fewer prickles or prickle-free canes simplifies production. A previously generated population segregating for prickles utilizing the s locus between the prickle-free cultivar Joan J (ss) and the prickled cultivar Caroline (Ss) was analyzed to identify the genomic region associated with prickle development in red raspberry. Genotype by sequencing (GBS) was combined with a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) to analyze 8474 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and identify significant markers associated with the prickle-free trait. A total of four SNPs were identified on chromosome 4 that were associated with the phenotype and were located near or in annotated genes. This study demonstrates how association genetics can be used to decipher the genetic control of important horticultural traits in Rubus, and provides valuable information about the genomic region and potential genes underlying the prickle-free trait.

scholarly journals Combining QTL Mapping and Gene Expression Analysis to Elucidate the Genetic Control of ‘Crumbly’ Fruit in Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 794
Author(s):  
Luca M. Scolari ◽  
Robert D. Hancock ◽  
Pete E. Hedley ◽  
Jenny Morris ◽  
Kay Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Control ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Microarray Experiment ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Genotype By Sequencing ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selection Of

‘Crumbly’ fruit is a developmental disorder in raspberry that results in malformed and unsaleable fruits. For the first time, we define two distinct crumbly phenotypes as part of this work. A consistent crumbly fruit phenotype affecting the majority of fruits every season, which we refer to as crumbly fruit disorder (CFD) and a second phenotype where symptoms vary across seasons as malformed fruit disorder (MFD). Here, segregation of crumbly fruit of the MFD phenotype was examined in a full-sib family and three QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci) were identified on a high density GbS (Genotype by Sequencing) linkage map. This included a new QTL and more accurate location of two previously identified QTLs. A microarray experiment using normal and crumbly fruit at three different developmental stages identified several genes that were differentially expressed between the crumbly and non-crumbly phenotypes within the three QTL. Analysis of gene function highlighted the importance of processes that compromise ovule fertilization as triggers of crumbly fruit. These candidate genes provided insights regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in the genetic control of crumbly fruit in red raspberry. This study will contribute to new breeding strategies and diagnostics through the selection of molecular markers associated with the crumbly trait.

scholarly journals A Technical Study on UAV Characteristics for Precision Agriculture Applications and Associated Practical Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1204
Author(s):  
Nadia Delavarpour ◽  
Cengiz Koparan ◽  
John Nowatzki ◽  
Sreekala Bajwa ◽  
Xin Sun
Keyword(s):  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Radiometric Correction ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
Technical Study ◽  
Agricultural Operations

The incorporation of advanced technologies into Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) platforms have enabled many practical applications in Precision Agriculture (PA) over the past decade. These PA tools offer capabilities that increase agricultural productivity and inputs’ efficiency and minimize operational costs simultaneously. However, these platforms also have some constraints that limit the application of UAVs in agricultural operations. The constraints include limitations in providing imagery of adequate spatial and temporal resolutions, dependency on weather conditions, and geometric and radiometric correction requirements. In this paper, a practical guide on technical characterizations of common types of UAVs used in PA is presented. This paper helps select the most suitable UAVs and on-board sensors for different agricultural operations by considering all the possible constraints. Over a hundred research studies were reviewed on UAVs applications in PA and practical challenges in monitoring and mapping field crops. We concluded by providing suggestions and future directions to overcome challenges in optimizing operational proficiency.

A comparison of soil sampling procedures used to monitor soil fertility in permanent pastures

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
DK Friesen ◽  
GJ Blair
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Grazed Pasture ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Bray 1

Soil testing programs are often brought in disrepute by unexplained variability in the data. The deposition of dung and urine onto grazed pasture brings about marked variation in the chemical status of soils which contributes to this variability. A study was undertaken to compare a range of sampling procedures to estimate Colwell-P, Bray-1 P, bicarbonate K and pH levels in adjacent low and high P status paddocks. The sampling strategies used consisted of 75 by 50 m grids; whole and stratified paddock zig-zag and cluster (monitor plot) samplings. Soil test means for the various parameters did not vary among sampling methods. The number of grid samples required to estimate within 10% of the mean varied from 121 for Bray-1 P down to 1 for soil pH. Sampling efficiencies were higher for cluster sampling than for whole paddock zig-zag path sampling. Stratification generally did not improve sampling efficiency in these paddocks. Soil test means declined as sampling depth increased, but the coefficient of variation remained constant for Colwell-P and pH. The results indicate that cluster sampling (monitor plots) is the most appropriate procedure for estimating the nutrient status of grazed pastures. This sampling method enables a more accurate measure to be taken of the nutrient status of a paddock and should allow more reasonable estimates to be made of the temporal variations in soil test.

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