This report represents a typical example of process costing. The following remarks are indicative of the complexity of this account ing system. For each element, the manufacturing cost per unit is determined and the variations compared to the preceding finan cial year. The components of each cost per unit are subtly ana lyzed. For example, the item concerning raw soda is analyzed in the company report as follows: Raw soda cost in 1827............. 9F50 for 100 d. it cost in 1828 ........... 9F00 for 100 d. that is an improvement of . . . . 0F50 due to 1) a difference in the price of sulfur 2) a difference in the price of salt 3) a difference in the price of coal 4) a decrease of the costs of maintenance and repair Those advantages are in fact slightly reduced by increases in other expenses, but we produced this year 448 000 d more than the preceding year, consequently the overhead costs for salaries and interests contribute to the cost per unit in a smaller proportion. The Accounting Process. From the account for manufacturing glass, it is apparent the way that the costs of production were determined for the period. Each branch was involved in the pro duction of only one product, so that costs were first calculated for each branch. The manufacturing cost included all the expenses for raw material, wages, expenses for maintenance and repair, and all the investments concerning the branch, including the construction of buildings. The manufacturing cost determined the “price" at which the branches sold their production to the Headquarters in Paris, which was the only division of the company that could sell to customers. In Paris, a new cost price was calculated including the operating cost, depreciation, and dividends. For example, the cost of abrasion and polishing was said to include three essential elements: Expenses.................. 58 454 W ear.........................21 802 Interests .................. 18 002 TOTAL .................... 98 260 “Wear” means depreciation of buildings and machinery, and "in terests" are the profit distributions paid to the partners. Since (l)the statutes of 1702 forbade long-term debts and (2) the part

In modern conditions for Kazakhstan, it becomes important to choose a development model that would be the most optimal and effective. When developing a model of economic policy, special attention should be paid to the choice of a system of indicators that could adequately describe macroeconomic processes as a whole and their interconnections. At the same time, economists argue that the implementation of the model approach can become the basis for strategic decisions only in a stable economic situation and when in the period under review the change in the cost structure of GDP is not distorted by high inflation. Therefore, in modern conditions of economic development, in our opinion, it is of interest to study the relationship between economic growth and the level of current and threshold inflation. This study substantiates the role of the threshold inflation level and proposes an equation of the functional dependence of this indicator on the main economic indicators. The necessary conditions for the implementation of the inflation targeting regime are disclosed. It is concluded that in conditions of commodity dependence, new effective monetary policy instruments are required.

Download Full-text

Effect of workforce diversity on the cost-effectiveness of milk production systems participating in the “full bucket” program

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n1p323 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 323

Author(s):

Marcos Aurelio Lopes ◽

Flavio De Moraes ◽

Francisval Melo Carvalho ◽

Fabio Raphael Pascotti Bruhn ◽

Andre Luis Ribeiro Lima ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Production Cost ◽

Production Systems ◽

Operating Cost ◽

Total Production ◽

Unit Costs ◽

The Family ◽

Net Margin ◽

The Cost

This study aimed to analyze the effect of each workforce type on the cost-effectiveness of 20 dairy farms participating in the “Full Bucket” program, from January to December 2011, in the State of Rio de Janeiro. A stepwise multiple linear regression was used to identify the production cost components that most affected net margin, profitability, and cost-effectiveness. Workforce type influenced both profitability and cost-effectiveness, as well as total production cost. Economic analysis showed that farms with a hired workforce had the lowest total unit costs and a positive result. This way, the activity is able to produce in the long term and farmers are capitalizing. The farms that adopted mixed and family workforce had a positive net margin and a negative result, obtaining conditions to produce in the medium term. The highest representativeness on the items of effective operating cost in the family workforce stratum, in a descending order, were food, miscellaneous expenses, and energy. The most representative items in the mixed and hired workforce strata were food, workforce, and miscellaneous expenses.

Download Full-text

The necessity of conducting repairs, or the Economic paradox

10.33920/pro-2-2104-01 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 12-22

Author(s):

V. A. Sidorov ◽

A. V. Sidorov ◽

N. V. Gichun

Keyword(s):

Working Condition ◽

Probabilistic Approach ◽

Spare Parts ◽

The Other ◽

High Rate ◽

Technical Diagnostics ◽

Mechanical Equipment ◽

Maintenance And Repair ◽

The Cost

The increase in the total number of machines in the middle of the 20th century led to a rise in the number of repair services and served as an impetus for the start of work to improve the reliability of mechanical equipment based on the statistical probabilistic approach, the provisions of terotechnology and methods of technical diagnostics. Maintaining machines and mechanisms in working condition has become quite expensive. On the other hand, reducing the cost of maintenance and repairs leads to a violation of the continuity of the technological cycle. Existing trends in mechanical engineering and in the general paradigm of the development of civilization indicate a tendency to reduce the durability of parts and units. The manufacture of products with a long service life becomes economically unviable, which is the essence of the paradox. The article considers the examples of implementation of various approaches to the operation of equipment during maintenance and repair. The prerequisites for the necessity of conducting repairs are analyzed. It is recommended to try to reach a compromise between the manufacturer and the consumer on the basis of long-term contracts for the supply of spare parts or the provision of equipment maintenance services. The urgency of the problem is further justified by the high rate of robotization, since robots also need to be repaired. In this regard, the authors express the hope that this article will be useful in solving the problem of the repair.

Download Full-text

Contents of biologically active substances in the leaves of Myrtus communis L. under the conditions of the south Crimea

Agrarian Bulletin of the ◽

10.32417/1997-4868-2020-192-1-60-68 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 192 (1) ◽

pp. 60-68

Author(s):

L. Logvinenko ◽

E. Dunaevskaya

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Component Composition ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Raw Material ◽

Myrtus Communis ◽

Myrtus Communis L

Abstract. The purpose of the study was to study the effect of various methods of cultivating the variety of common myrtle Yuzhnoberezhny on the change in the content of macro- and microelements in raw materials, to compare the component composition of the essential oil obtained in the long-term and overgrowth form of its cultivation. Myrtus communis L. is a representative of the Mediterranean plant community, which since ancient times has been used for medicinal purposes and as a spicy culture. In the Nikitsky Botanical Garden – the National Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a variety of common myrtle South Coast was created. The variety is recommended for industrial cultivation on the territory of the southern coast of Crimea. Methods. The mineral composition of the raw materials was determined by dry ashing of leaves cut in the phase of technological maturity. The content of seven essential elements was determined on the quantum 2MT atomic absorption spectrophotometer: potassium in the emission mode, calcium, magnesium, ferrum, manganese, cuprum and zinc in the absorption mode. The component composition was studied in samples of essential oil on an Agilent Technology 6890N chromatograph with a 5973N mass spectrograph detector. Results. The maximum yield of medicinal raw materials in these soil and climatic conditions was ensured sprout cultivation, in which the rate of shoot formation increased by 2.6 times, and the yield of leaf, which is the raw material for the essential oil and food industries, increased by 37 %. The method of cultivating myrtle influenced the content of essential elements in the raw materials: the growth of ferrum and zinc was facilitated by the overgrowth form of cultivation, and cuprum and manganese – by many years. The amount of ferrum in the phase of technological maturity of the leaf was 84.37 mg/kg: in leaf-growing leaves 2.67 times more than in raw materials with a long-term form of cultivation. For cuprum, the opposite tendency was obtained – during germination cultivation, its concentration decreased by 2 times. The culture and variety are characterized by a high amount of magnesium and calcium in the leaf mass, regardless of the method of cultivation, up to 3.3 times the daily requirement of a person. Scientific novelty. A distinctive feature of this culture and variety is its high manganese content (20.2 mg/kg) in comparison with other perennial crops growing in this area (Helichrysum, Lavandula, Elsholtzia).

Download Full-text

Thermoplastic Vulcanizates/Recycled Polypropylene Blend for Automotive OEM

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.29 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 757 ◽

pp. 29-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rungsima Yeetsorn ◽

Thitinun Ungtrakul ◽

Kotchaporn Jariyakun ◽

Walaiporn Prissanaroon-Ouajai ◽

Costas Tzoganakis

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Value Added ◽

Raw Material ◽

Manufacturing Cost ◽

Test Results ◽

Recycled Polypropylene ◽

Thermoplastic Vulcanizates ◽

Twin Screw ◽

High Manufacturing Cost ◽

The Cost

An original equipment market (OEM) in Thailand mainly imports thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) from abroad that leads to a high manufacturing cost. To reduce the cost and to create value-added products from a plastic scrap, therefore, this research aim is to observe a possibility of using TPV and recycled polypropylene (rPP) blends as a raw material for OEM. The blends with various rPP loadings were successfully prepared through a traditional twin-screw extruder. Proportions between TPV and rPP were adjusted to determine the optimal flow and mechanical properties for productions of different auto parts. The blends were tested for studying rheology and mechanical properties: tensile; hardness; flexural; and creep behavior. All tests resulted in discussions about the feasibility of using TPV/rPP blends with respect to auto part specifications in real applications. Test results suggested that the TPV/rPP blends meet the requirements of specific automotive applications. Thermal property and morphological analysis were also carried out to have more understanding about changes in mechanical properties.

Download Full-text

Strategic Responses During Crisis: An Empirical Investigation

Metamorphosis ◽

10.1177/09726225211008705 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 097262252110087

Author(s):

Neeraj Singhal

Keyword(s):

Market Share ◽

Service Industry ◽

Human Life ◽

Operating Cost ◽

Profit Margin ◽

Manufacturing Industries ◽

Raw Material ◽

Manufacturing Cost ◽

Strategic Responses ◽

Logistics Cost

The coronavirus spread across the globe has affected the human life and economies critically. On one side, this situation has brought the attention of policymakers to save the mankind, on the other side; this pandemic situation threatened the business across the sphere. The firms are worst hit by the virus outbreak and are struggling to survive in this tough phase. The objective of this study is to measure the challenges faced by manufacturing and service industry, and how it influenced the financial parameters such as market share, profit margin, and logistics cost, and operating cost of the organization. It is also to be observed that in such a crisis, an appropriate strategic plan is required to sustain the businesses. Sales, revenue, production, profit margin, raw material availability, in-house employees decreased in manufacturing industries during COVID-19 but no significant change is observed in the service industry. Raw material cost, manufacturing cost, logistics cost, and operating cost increased significantly in both manufacturing and services industries. Market share, advertising cost, and customer connect decreased in manufacturing industries and increased in services industries. The main strategies in crisis are investigated empirically; retrenchment, persevering, innovation, and exit (Wenzel M, Stanske S, Lieberman MB, 2020, Strategic Management Journal, 41, V7–V18), it shows how organizations have taken steps proactively to fight in the crisis of COVID-19.

Download Full-text

Development of Low-Cost Anode Material for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology ◽

10.1115/fuelcell2008-65099 ◽

2008 ◽

Author(s):

Sophie Menzer ◽

Grover Coors ◽

Dustin Beeaff ◽

Dan Storjohann

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Solid Oxide ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cubic Phase ◽

Manufacturing Cost ◽

High Porosity ◽

Oxide Fuel ◽

Mole Percent ◽

A Cell ◽

The Cost

Manufacturing cost remains one of the major issues facing the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) industry. In the anode supported SOFC design, the cermet anode constitutes around 90% of the total material required to build a cell, making the technology very sensitive to anode raw material price. A new patent-pending process called “nickel yttria reaction-sintered zirconia (NiYRSZ)” has been developed for manufacturing SOFC anodes at a fraction of the cost. Typically, the solid component of the anode consists of about 50/50 volume percent nickel and 8 mole percent yttria stabilized zirconia, the latter being a rather costly material. It was discovered that zirconia and yttria powders sintered in the presence of nickel oxide readily form the cubic phase at moderate temperature. Cells manufactured using this process show excellent microstructures for anode supports: a strong bond between the electrolyte and the anode, and a high porosity without addition of pore formers. The strength of the anode was 100 MPa making the material equivalent or slightly superior to an anode fabricated with the traditional NiO/8YSZ material of similar porosity. The resistivity of the material was measured at 850°C and found to be less than 2 mΩ·cm. Cell performance was also compared to cells manufactured with traditional material. Every indication is that SOFC anodes fabricated with this new method perform as well as anodes made with the conventional material set.

Download Full-text

PEMANFAATAN KARET ALAM UNTUK PRODUK BARANG JADI DI DESA SUBAN JERIJI KECAMATAN RAMBANG DANGKU KABUPATEN MUARA ENIM

Aptekmas : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ◽

10.36257/apts.v2i2.1401 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Robert Junaidi ◽

Abu Hasan ◽

KA Ridwan

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Local Economy ◽

Domestic Consumption ◽

The Public ◽

Rubber Market ◽

The People ◽

The World ◽

The Cost ◽

The Way

Besides the domestic consumption of natural rubber into rubber goods is still very small, Indonesia is also still dependent on the export of these commodities abroad. The new natural rubber producing countries which are quite troubling the world natural rubber market including Indonesia are also China, Vietnam and Cambodia. One of the main weaknesses of Indonesian farmers' natural rubber is dirty. This is a cause of low prices. The cost of cleaning the rubber is too high. Therefore it is indeed necessary to have a way to diversify rubber products or increase the consumption of natural rubber in the country is very important. In order for many people to produce rubber goods, this means that many people know that cleaning rubber is necessary and does not need to be polluted. In Palembang itself, there was PT. Sri Bina Havea and Intirub Tire Factory, but both are gone. Thus, the way to produce rubber goods of natural rubber needs to be socialized to the Indonesian people, especially in South Sumatetra. This certainly greatly influences the development of the local economy given that South Sumatetra is the largest producer of natural rubber in Indonesia and this result is mostly produced by farmers rather than large companies. For this reason, this service aims to provide information about the technology of processing natural rubber into rubber goods to the public. This service was carried out on the people of Suban Jeriji village, Rambang Dangku Sub-District, Muara Enim Regency, South Sumatra. The method used in this activity is a lecture and interactive discussion about the manufacture of natural rubber finished goods with the help of LCD and accompanied by providing samples of finished goods products from semi-finished natural rubber. The target to be achieved in this activity is the formation of insights into thinking that natural rubber goods are a way to overcome the ever-uncertain prices of natural rubber on the market. The long-term target of this activity is perhaps one day there are students or students who are interested in becoming entrepreneurs of natural rubber goods.

Download Full-text

Research in the field of evaluation of anfo explosive preparation installations, Tests and results

MATEC Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/matecconf/202134201003 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 342 ◽

pp. 01003

Author(s):

Stefan Ilici ◽

Edward Gheorghiosu ◽

Daniela Rus ◽

Ciprian Jitea

Keyword(s):

Economic Efficiency ◽

Raw Material ◽

Operating Parameters ◽

Explosive Mixture ◽

Long Term Storage ◽

Manufacturing Facilities ◽

The Cost ◽

External Stimuli ◽

Term Storage

The technical-economic efficiency of rock extraction works depends significantly on the drilling and blasting works as well as the adjacent costs. The cost of the explosive is an important component in these and the generalization of the widespread use of the use of bulk explosives (ANFO) has generated a significant reduction in the cost. Making the explosive close to the place of use in fixed or semi-stationary installations on the quarry stage eliminates the costs related to storage or long-term storage, transport, escort, security. However, installations for the manufacture of ANFO type explosives must consistently produce a simple quality explosive mixture. The quality lies in the participation of the precursors as well as in the degree of homogenization, stability and a good behavior to external stimuli that can lead to sensibility to initiation stimuli or inhibition of sensitivity where the harmful influence of moisture in the raw material or environment must be emphasized. The paper presents tests and results obtained in recent years for such installations used by several companies in Romania performed under the supervision of INSEMEX specialists. These assessments were completed with the certification of explosives manufacturing facilities for the specified operating parameters as well as for explosives.

Download Full-text