scholarly journals Effect of Additives to Premium on Fuel Consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Raybian Nur
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Effect Of Additives ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
The Impact

The use of internal combustion motors has various positive and negative impacts. A large number of motorized vehicles affect the high demand for fuel. Fuel oil is a vital economic object because it dramatically influences the financial entity, namely the increase in goods and services. What can do several things to reduce the high demand for this fuel, namely by looking for alternative fuels or finding fuel economy. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of adding additives to fuel on fuel consumption. The research method applies an experimental procedure in which the percentage of mixing premium fuel with additives between camphor and eco racing with a content of 1 - 4 grams of additive for each sample tested on a vehicle. The results obtained are adding additives the properties of premium fuels change in terms of fuel consumption where the addition of several types of additives can reduce the rate of fuel consumption. The results obtained are that with the addition of these additives, the fuel consumption becomes more efficient by a difference of approximately 6 ml/minute.

scholarly journals An Attempt to Reduce the Emission of Spark-Ignition Engine with Mixtures of Bioethanol and Gasoline as Substitute Fuels

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Wojciech Gis ◽  
Maciej Gis ◽  
Piotr Wiśniowski ◽  
Mateusz Bednarski
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Maximum Power ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Limiting emissions of harmful substances is a key task for vehicle manufacturers. Excessive emissions have a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on human life. A significant problem is the emission of nitrogen oxides as well as solid particles, in particular those up to a diameter of 2.5 microns. Carbon dioxide emissions are also a problem. Therefore, work is underway on the use of alternative fuels to power the vehicle engines. The importance of alternative fuels applies to spark ignition engines. The authors of the article have done simulation tests of the Renault K4M 1.6 16v traction engine for emissions for fuels with a volumetric concentration of bioethanol from 10 to 85 percent. The analysis was carried out for mixtures as substitute fuels – without doing any structural changes in the engine's crankshafts. Emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons, oxygen at full throttle for selected rotational speeds as well as selected engine performance parameters such as maximum power, torque, hourly and unit fuel consumption were determined. On the basis of the simulation tests performed, the reasonableness of using the tested alternative fuels was determined on the example of the drive unit without affecting its constructions, in terms of e.g. issue. Maximum power, torque, and fuel consumption have also been examined and compared. Thus, the impact of alternative fuels will be determined not only in terms of emissions, but also in terms of impact on the parameters of the power unit.

scholarly journals The impact of telematics on traffic safety

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor Jelić ◽  
◽  
Maja Balenović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
New Business ◽  
Business Approach ◽  
The Impact

The development of traffic that is conditioned by the high mobility of people, goods and services must be in line with the principles of sustainable development, but it is only possible if the consumption of renewable resources is less than natural renewal opportunities. The future is in implementation of innovative technologies such as telematics systems that offer not only technical solutions but also a new way of life, a new business approach and a new cultural aspect of living for all traffic participants. Advanced telematics solutions such as inflow management and speed limit management greatly help to solve traffic problems, like incidents, environmental pollution, traffic congestion, fuel consumption, etc. Impact of telematics can increase safety but can also introduce new risks for drivers that pose special challenges to traffic psychology and public health. In order to reduce traffic congestion, longer waiting times, environmental pollution, reduce fuel consumption in incident situation various advanced grammatical solutions have been implemented in order to reduce these problems. Telematics, using techniques such as informatics, optoelectronics, automatics and telecommunications, helps to reduce costs of transportation potential management, improves the security and reliability of the transportation service.

scholarly journals Cross-Countries Empirical Analysis Of GCC Financial Systems Instability

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Hassan Mounir El-Sady
Keyword(s):  
Financial Risk ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Foreign Debt ◽  
Financial System ◽  
International Liquidity ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Risk Rating ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Impact

<p>In literature, the drivers of each of the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) country financial system instability did not receive adequate attention to be investigated separately, since the GCC countries are perceived as one Oil &amp; Gas economy with the same financial risk drivers. This paper fills this gap by examining the relative importance of the financial risk drivers for each GCC country capitalizing on time series analysis and utilizing monthly rating of each GCC country’s financial risk driver for the period of Jan. 2000 to Dec. 2013.</p><p> </p><p>This paper argues that the drivers of each GCC’s country financial system instability are different and have unalike explanatory power from one GCC country to another. Meanly, it examines the impact of Foreign Debt Service as a percentage of Exports of Goods and Services (FDS/EGS), Foreign Debt as a percentage of GDP (FD/GDP), Net International Liquidity as months of Import Cover (NIL/IC), Current Account as a percentage of Exports of Goods and Services (CA/EGS), and Exchange Rate Stability (EXRS) on each GCC country financial system instability.</p><p> </p><p>In terms of financial risk rating, results show that NIL/IC has negative impacts on all GCC countries financial risk rating. For financial system instability, results indicate that it is driven by CA/EGS in Qatar, KSA, Oman and UAE, by FD/GDP in Kuwait and Bahrain. In terms of the explanatory power of the GCC financial risk, results revealed that FD/GDP has the highest explanatory power in the case f Kuwait, KSA and UAE, CA/EGS in the case of Qatar and Oman, while the FDS/EGS has the highest explanatory power in the case of Bahrain.</p>

DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR: TRENDS AND DEMAND SEASONALITY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalya Ovsyannikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Retail Sales ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Demand Fluctuations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Demand Seasonality

The article is devoted to forecasting demand based on the study of consumer behavior and the factors that determine this behavior. Identifying trends and assessing the impact of seasonality on demand generation is the first challenge in describing typical consumer choice behavior. The consumption effect describes how Habitual buying behaviour is Identifying trends and the seasonality of demand. The solution to the current task was to a retrospective analysis of retail sales. Such issues how the assessment of seasonality, the identification of a general trend, the interdependence of sales of alternative fuels have been researched under this article. The trends noted to decrease in the volume of fuel consumption, differences in the structure of retail turnover, and the total demand for motor fuel should be viewed as behavioral changes in the end-users. While gasoline and gas are mainly sold through the filling stations, the share of diesel fuel sales through filling stations is less than a fifth of the total sales. Structural changes in the retail fuel implication are that the fuel market is being replaced by cheaper substitutes - gas. In this article, we consider that the analysis of seasonality is the initial stage of forecasting the dynamics of demand. Seasonality was estimated for each fuel and for the group of motor fuels as a whole, for retail sales and total fuel consumption. The results of the analysis showed that gasoline and gas sales are moderate seasonality. Diesel fuel is characterized by the greatest amplitude of seasonal fluctuations. The seasonal activity the consuming-industries of diesel fuel explains the dynamics of demand, which is typical for secondary demand goods. Studying seasonality to determine its effect on demand includes: applying a multiplicative seasonality model for analyzing time series of demand and building a model for time series components; calculation of seasonality indices based on the average annual consumption level for prepare data and forecasting dynamics; comparison of peaks of seasonality and the amplitude of non-seasonal demand fluctuations to assess the impact of market factors. The study did not confirm that the seasonality of fuel consumption determines the seasonality of prices; no correlation was found between price fluctuations and the seasonality factor.

Diesel Engine NOx Reduction Using Charge Air Water Injection

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernst Radloff ◽  
Charles Gautier
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Nox Reduction ◽  
Water Injection ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Emissions Reduction ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Marine Diesel ◽  
Marine Vessels ◽  
The Impact

The Transportation Development Centre of Transport Canada, in collaboration with Environment Canada’s Emissions Research and Measurement Division, conducted a series of emissions tests onboard the Oceanex RoRo vessel MV Cabot operating between Montre´al, Quebec, and St. John’s, Newfoundland. The primary objectives were to verify emissions inventories and demonstrate the feasibility of installing affordable emissions reduction technology on marine vessels as well as compliance with future regulatory emissions limits. The tests also provided an opportunity for Canada to share information on emissions program and technology developments with U.S. regulatory authorities. This may lead to developing joint emissions reduction initiatives for existing marine vessels. This paper describes the field-testing of a water injection system (WIS) to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from ocean-going vessels. Tests were conducted on a semi-dedicated basis during voyage and under steady-state conditions. The emissions measurements were taken in accordance with ISO 8178-4-E3 protocol and using both marine diesel oil and intermediate fuel oil, which enabled the evaluation of the impact of different fuel type and quality on emissions. An initial series of tests was carried out on the MV Cabot in March 2004, followed by a second series of tests on the same vessel in March 2005. These tests demonstrated the effectiveness of a low-cost WIS for reducing NOx emissions in marine diesel engines. They also showed that water injection reduces NOx at the expense of an increase in both particulate matter and carbon monoxide when using intermediate fuel oil. NOx reductions varied between 10 and 35 percent, and were most effective at high water injection ratios above 50 percent engine load. The test results showed no negative impact of the WIS on fuel consumption or engine operation and performance. This paper compares the results obtained from the consecutive series of tests in terms of the effectiveness of NOx reduction, and analyses the results in the context of other full-scale test results obtained from emissions control system vendors and engine suppliers. It also investigates the theoretical process and technology of water injection through charge air fumigation, and both direct water and fuel/water emulsion injection. In addition, the effects of water injection on engine emissions, operation and maintenance, and the optimization of water injection from a knowledge-based perspective are discussed. Further testing and development of the WIS are required to realize optimal emissions reduction potential and to determine the impact of water injection on fuel consumption, and engine operational performance as well as the impact of fuel quality on emissions.

scholarly journals The Effect of Additional Ethanol Steam Temperature Variations on Pertalite Fuel Use on Performance and Efficiency of 4 Stroke Motorcycles

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akhmad Saifudin
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Fuel Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Mixture ◽  
Ethanol Vapor ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Intake Manifold ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ethanol Steam

The means of transportation that are widely used in Indonesia are vehicles in the form of motorbikes and cars, as well as the increasing dependence on the consumption of fuel oil (BBM).  The impact is that the need for fuel oil is also high.  As a result of dependence on fossil energy this one increases.  Based on the problems that have been raised, a concept has emerged to make alternative fuels that can be used as a fuel mixture or as an alternative to these fuels.  One of the renewable energy sources that can be utilized is ethanol which comes from corn, wheat, and others.  ethanol vapor as a fuel mixture, where the ethanol used is not mixed directly into the fuel.  And by utilizing ethanol vapor, it is also expected to increase the performance and efficiency of motorbikes.  In this study we used a reference concept which was then used as a concept, how to influence additional ethanol vapor temperature variations on the use of pertalite fuel on the performance and efficiency of 4-stroke motorbikes using temperature variations of 400C, 500C, and 600C and variations of valve openings  on the ethanol vapor hose to the intake manifold.  After conducting the test, the results show that the best power is obtained from the addition of ethanol steam at a temperature of 450 full openings when it is at 7973 RPM rotation which shows a power of 31.2 HP and when it is at 5757 RPM rotation which shows a torque of 32.24 N.m.  The best fuel efficiency is obtained from the addition of ethanol steam with a temperature of 450 full openings with a fuel consumption of 1 liter only reduced by 75 ml every 5 minutes of use at the same speed.

scholarly journals Pengaruh medan elektromagnetik pada prestasi mesin motor bakar empat langkah dengan bahan bakar gas

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Achmad Rifqi In'Amullah ◽  
Nasrul Ilminnafik
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Gas Fuel ◽  
Hc Emissions ◽  
High Level ◽  
Engine Power

The high level of fuel oil consumption in Indonesia caused by increases number of vehicles. Fuel oil consumption has switched into gas fuel as one of the secure alternative fuels and obtained more little gas emissions if compared with fuel oil. LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) is one of the alternative fuel was environmentally friendly. This research is purposed for compared performance of four-step engine with premium fuel and LPG fuel with a variety of additional electromagnetic field 600, 800, and 1000 total of copper wire windings. Using LPG fuel can increase torque generated by engine, but the result of engine power to be lower. Based on research data 800 copper wire windings can increase the number of torque and generated power compared to LPG fuel standard. LPG fuel can save fuel consumption compared to premium fuel. The most optimum decrease in fuel consumption is generated by using 1000 copper wire windings. Using LPG fuel can also reduce CO, CO2, and HC emissions levels. The best CO, CO2, and HC emissions levels are obtained from 1000 copper wire windings.Keywords: torque, power, fuel consumption, emissions, and LPG.

Modelling oil product prices with due regard to proliferation of alternative fuels and tightening of technical standards

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Ulanov ◽  
Oleg Skorobogatko
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Alternative Fuel ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Product Price ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to clarify the relationship between oil product prices and factors describing the most crucial emerging trends in fuel consumption. The work is aimed to test the hypothesis that the proliferation of alternative fuel cars is a significant factor in determining the level of motor fuel prices. The influence of technical standards of oil products on the model parameters is also analysed. Design/methodology/approach The hypothesis testing is carried out on the basis of an econometric analysis of information regarding the North-West European commodity market and the data on the registration of alternative fuel passenger vehicles. Time series are analysed for the presence of a structural shift in the parameters of the model as a result of changes in the requirements of technical regulations for fuel. Findings The results suggest a different nature of the influence of the proliferation of alternative fuel passenger vehicles – it has little effect on diesel prices, whilst the indicators under study have a negative effect on the prices of motor gasoline. The construction of oil product price models has confirmed the impact of tightening the technical requirements for the parameters of dependence equations. Practical implications The obtained results can be used in forecasting price indicators in oil refining for strategic and investment purposes. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to take into account the emerging global trends in fuel consumption to obtain reliable parameters for oil product price modelling.

scholarly journals Exchange Rate Analysis for Ultra High Bypass Ratio Geared Turbofan Engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7945
Author(s):  
Theoklis Nikolaidis ◽  
Soheil Jafari ◽  
David Bosak ◽  
Pericles Pilidis
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchanger ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Thermal Management ◽  
Heat Exchangers ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Bypass Ratio

This paper investigates the impact of thermal management methods on the design point and synthesis exchange rates of an ultra-high bypass ratio geared turbofan engine. In a typical thermal management system, where heat is managed by means of heat exchangers that transfer engine waste heat into oil, air, or fuel. However, the utilization of air–oil and fuel–oil heat exchangers has an adverse impact on engine performance. This paper investigates the impact on and engine’s specific fuel consumption and summarizes it into common exchange rates for different thermal management configurations. The results show that any pressure loss in the bypass duct results in a severe specific fuel consumption penalty (an increase of 1% pressure loss in the bypass duct causes a 2% specific fuel consumption increase at cruise conditions). In addition, quite severe is the impact of extracting air from the gas path, particularly when the bleed location is in the bypass duct or the high-pressure compressor. It is also found that the utilization of a fuel–oil heat exchanger improves the specific fuel consumption at a higher rate than an air–oil heat exchanger. For the performance characteristics of the examined engine, the specific fuel consumption benefit with the former is 1.33%, while for the latter it is 0.38%.

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