scholarly journals Intake and digestibility by lambs of a diet of tropical grass and Hyparrhenia rufa hays with a probiotic containing Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis

1969 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-168
Author(s):  
Abner A. Rodríguez ◽  
Enrique M. Martínez ◽  
Luis C. Solórzano ◽  
Paul F. Randel
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Hyparrhenia Rufa

An experiment consisting of two periods (P1 and P2) was conducted to determine the effect of adding a probiotic of bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis to a basal diet of low quality grass hays on voluntary consumption (VC) and digestibility. Ten Creole lambs were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: control (without additive) or probiotic (with additive In diet). The basal diet consisted of a dally forage offering equal to 4% of live weight (LW) on a dry matter (DM) basis. The forage offered was 50% native grass hay [71.7% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 4.9% crude protein (CP) in P1; and 71.2% NDF, 5.4% CP in P2], and 50% of Hyparrhenia rufa hay (78.8% NDF, 3.5% CP in P1; and 75.6% NDF, 5.5% CP in P2). The lambs were supplemented with 225 g of commercial concentrate (CC) daily. The additive was mixed with the CC to supply 1.33 X ICcfu/head daily during the 49 days of P1. From day 50 to 84 (P2), the probiotic addition was suspended to determine possible residual effects. The lambs were weighed weekly. The VC and digestibility of DM, NDF and CP were determined from day 42 to 49 in P1 and from day 77 to 84 in P2. The variables related to parasitism and anemia: fecal egg count (FEC), FAMACHA® index score and packed cell volume (PCV) were determined every 21 days. Data from each experimental period were analyzed according to a completely randomized design with five replicas per treatment. During P1, the daily LW gain of the lambs was 23 vs. 20 g for control and probiotic treatments, respectively. The dietary addition of probiotic increased (p < 0.05) total DM intake (445 vs. 484 g/d), DM intake as a percentage of LW (2.04 vs. 2.37) and forage DM as a percentage of total DM intake (54.77 vs. 59.42). The digestibility coefficients of DM (59.98 vs. 62.62%) and CP (59.35 vs. 61.76%) did not differ between treatments, but there was a tendency (p = 0.09) to improve NDF digestibility (58.71 vs. 62.48%) with probiotic addition. The FEC observed in the control and probiotic groups were 820 vs. 1,380 eggs/g initially and increased more in the control (p < 0.05) to 2,390 vs. 2,780 eggs/g at day 21, then decreased less in this group to 1,830 vs. 1,480 eggs/g at day 42. The PCV values changed between days 0 and 42 from 24.4 to 17.9% in the control and from 20.6 to 22.6% in the probiotic group, but without significant effects (p > 0.05). The anemia level according to FAMACHA® score differed little between treatments and did not exceed a maximum of 2.6. During P2, the LW gain of the lambs of both control and previously probiotic treated groups was 48 g/d. Total DM intake was 587 vs. 562 g/d and digestibilities were: DM (58.46 vs. 57.59%), NDF (57.50 vs. 56.85%) and CP (60.78 vs. 62.11%) without significant differences (p > 0.05). The FEC decreased progressively to respective final values at 84 days of 1,230 vs. 440 eggs/g, whereas the PCV increased to 23.4 vs. 25.1% at day 84 without significant differences. The maximum FAMACHA® score was 2.8 vs. 2.2 in the two respective treatments. In summary, the addition of the probiotic in the diet improved VC and tended to increase NDF digestibility, but did not affect growth, even though there were signs of animal health benefiting. After suspending the use of the additive, no residual effect on the variables evaluated was observed.

The effect of urea on the utilization of ground, pelleted roughage by penned sheep: I. Food intake, live-weight change and wool growth

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Coombe ◽  
G. K. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Mineral Supplement ◽  
Wool Growth ◽  
Crystalline Urea ◽  
Oat Straw

SUMMARYIndividually-penned adult Merino wethers were fed for 16 weeks on a basal diet of ground, pelleted oat straw or Phalaris straw. Urea was supplied either in a salt-urea block containing 30% urea, or as crystalline urea incorporated into the pellets. A commercial mineral supplement was given during the first 8 weeks, but this was replaced with a laboratory-prepared mineral mix during the second 8 weeks.Urea supplementation significantly reduced live-weight loss. Over the 16 weeks control sheep lost a mean of 14·5 kg, and supplemented sheep 8·7 kg body weight. Most of this response to urea occurred during the second half of the experimental period.Food intakes of all sheep increased over the first 2 weeks and then fell. In the unsupplemented groups, levels of intake then remained fairly low, whereas in the sheep fed urea food intakes rose over the final 6 weeks of the experiment. There was a significant linear regression of live-weight change on food intake only with the urea-fed sheep. Intakes of urea-N from the blocks were extremely variable between individual sheep and between periods within sheep; in most cases, however, they appeared to be adequate, as this type of supplementation gave results similar to those obtained by mixing urea throughout the roughage.There was no significant effect of urea on total wool growth during the experimental period, although wool growth in the supplemented shepp showed a rise towards the end of the experiment. Wool growth in any 4-weekly period was closely related to food intake and live-weight change during that period.

Experiments on the nutrition of the dairy heifer:IX. Food utilization in lactation

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Broster ◽  
Valerie J. Broster ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
J. W. Siviter
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Food Utilization ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Additional Food

SUMMARYFood utilization by lactating dairy cows was studied in a randomized experiment covering the first 24 weeks of lactation, with further observations on performance over the remainder of the lactation under farm conditions. Over a 3-year period 90 firstcalf cows each took part in the experiment for one lactation, making six groups of 14–16 animals.For the experimental period a fixed basal diet was given of hay, concentrates, and wet brewer's grains. One group received only the basal ration. Four groups received in addition a fixed concentrates supplement for 4, 8, 12, 16 weeks from calving onwards respectively. The sixth group also had supplementary concentrates for 16 weeks but for weeks 5–12 inclusive the amount was doubled so that this group's diet simulated broadly ad libitum feeding in early lactation.Milk yield was increased by extra concentrates. The greater part of the effect was apparent in the first 2 weeks of different levels of intake, with a further build-up over the next 6–8 weeks. The size of the response fell as time from calving to initiation of different intakes increased. Additional food increased and delayed peak yield level. Persistency of milk yield was not affected by fixed differences in intake. Rate of liveweight change was improved by extra concentrates, less so in the third compared with the first month on treatment.A higher level of feeding in early lactation led to a greater partition of nutrients in mid-lactation to milk at the expense of gains in body reserves. This advantage to milk production extended to the end of lactation. In it the greatest response per unit concentrates was obtained from supplementation in the first 4 weeks of lactation but the total effect was increased by giving a double allowance of concentrates, and by extending the period of extra feeding to 8 weeks after calving.Solids-not-fat content and yield, and fat yield but not fat content, showed a similar response pattern to milk yield.Animal-to-animal variation in output on constant diets was characterized by negative regressions of live-weight change on milk yield. The regression coefficients were greater in early than in mid-lactation but they were constant in size at any one time for the various groups. A change in ration induced a change in output of the individual in which that production pathway favoured naturally by the animal was the more affected.

scholarly journals RHIZODEGRADATION OF PHENANTHRENE, ANTHRACENE AND PYRENE BY AUGMENTING BACILLUS CEREUS AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS STRAINS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (02) ◽  
pp. 89-96
Author(s):  
M. Poornachander Rao ◽  
◽  
Anitha Yerra ◽  
K. Satyaprasad ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Pot Culture

Rhizodegradation is one of the best methods for the effective removal of dangerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollutants from soil. This is operative due to the high persistent, non-bioavailability nature of PAHs and combined, sequential reactions of bacteria present in rhizosphere of plants. We have conducted pot-culture method to study the degradation of three PAHs compounds namely phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene in artificially contaminated soils of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil treatments of blackgram(Vignamungo L.) that augmented by two potential PAHs degraders namely Bacillus cereus CPOU13 and Bacillus subtilis SPC14 isolated from naturally contaminated soils for 90days. HPLC studies revealed that degradation percentages of the three PAHs in treatments were more where selected strains augmented to the soil treatments over the non-augmented soils. The rhizosphere treatments that have augmented strains recorded more degradation percentages of phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene over the rhizosphere treatments that were non-augmented. Pyrene, a high molecular weight PAHs degraded maximum to 96.24% in rhizosphere soil treatment that is augmented with the strains while moderate degradation of pyrene recorded in non-autoclaved soil treatments that contain natural microbial communities. The study of counting of bacterial populations during the experimental period revealed that the populations of the selected and other natural bacteria were gradually increased from the first day, reached maximum by 60days and became almost consistent in 90days in all the treatments. It was also observed that the populations of bacteria were high in rhizosphere treatments compared to the non-rhizosphere soil treatments. With these results it has been predicted that degradation of PAHs in rhizosphere soil treatments is closely associated with the increasing PAHs degrading bacterial populations of selected bacterial strains that may consume more quantity of PAHs for their metabolic activities in rhizosphere soils. Key words: Rhizodegradation, PAHs, HPLC, pot culture.

scholarly journals Preliminary assessment of probiotic Bacillus subtilis C-3102 in feces: evaluation of their survival after oral supplementation in goats

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-159
Author(s):  
Watcharapong Choonkham ◽  
◽  
Axel van Ruitenbeek ◽  
Jan Thomas Schonewille ◽  
Witaya Suriyasathaporn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adaptation Period ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Oral Supplementation ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The objective of the study was to assess the presence of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 in feces after oral supplementation in goats. Six, rumen-fistulated, 3.5 year-old, non-lactating female Saanen goats (average initial body weight of 65 ± 8 kg) were assigned to two treatments 1) a basal diet (CON), and 2) a basal diet supplemented with B. subtilis C-3102 probiotic product (BS) in a cross-over design. Each experimental period lasted 21 days with was preceded by a 20 days adaptation period. On the last day of each experimental period, rumen fluid and fecal samples were collected. Body weights were recorded weekly throughout the experiment. Body weight and rumen pH were found to be similar between dietary treatments. The goats that received BS had higher numbers of B. subtilis C-3102 in fecal samples than CON. It was therefore concluded that supplemental B. subtilis C-3102 met an important precondition of probiotics in that they can survive the passage through the gastrointestinal tract without evident adverse effects. The current result provides a solid basis for future research involving any effects after supplementing probiotic B. subtilis in goats.

scholarly journals Dietetic supplementation of weaning piglets with caramel plant wastewater: growth and components of the insulin-like growth factor axis

1969 ◽  
Vol 89 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Melvin Pagán ◽  
María de los M. Soltero ◽  
María d el P. Díaz ◽  
Carmen Santana ◽  
Abner A. Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Igf Binding Proteins ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Circulating Levels

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs -II and -III) in response to a 10% inclusion of caramel plant wastewater (CPWW) in weaning pig diets; the objective was to assess associations between those growthrelated proteins to feed intake (Fl) and body weight gain (BWG). Sixteen purebred Landrace piglets were randomly distributed among eight pens (a gilt and boar per pen) and assigned to one of two treatments: 0% (control) and 10% inclusion of CPWW. During four consecutive weeks, live weight and Fl were recorded. Blood samples were drawn by jugular venipuncture during the first, second, and third weeks of the experiment and serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-II and IGFBP-III were determined. Feed intake, BWG and feed efficiency (FE) were not affected (P > 0.05) by the addition of 10% CPWW tothe diet, nor was animal health status visibly affected. Serum IGF-I levels were higher in control animals (P < 0.05) and increased from d 14 to d 28 of the experimental period (P < 0.05). Weekly increases were observed for IGFBP- III (P < 0.05) whereas IGFBP-II circulating levels decreased from d 14 to d 28 of the post-weaning test period. Simple correlation analysis revealed that there was a positive association between circulating levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-III (r = 0.88; P < 0.0001). However, the opposite was observed between these two and IGFBP-II (r = -0.84, P < 0.0001; r = -0.67, P < 0.0025, respectively). The changes observed in circulating levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-III and IGFBP-II were associated with weekly increases in Fl and BWG that occurred during the entire experimental period (P < 0.05). 

scholarly journals Pelleting of diet for weaning pigs of different initial weights

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Surek ◽  
◽  
Samuel Augusto dos Santos ◽  
Chayane da Rocha ◽  
Marcelo Ivan de França ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Effect ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Light Weight ◽  
Heavy Weight ◽  
Physical Form ◽  
Weaning Pigs ◽  
Pelleted Diet

ABSTRACT: Physical form effect of the pre-starter diet supplied during the post-weaning period from 21 to 41 days of age on diet digestibility and animal performance in terms of zootechnical performances of light-weight (5.82kg) and heavy-weight weaning piglets (6.32kg) was evaluated, as well as the residual effects of the treatments until slaughter. Forty-eight female pigs at 21 days of age were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial scheme (meal/pelleted diet vs. light-weight/heavy-weight piglets), with six replicates for the nursery phase and 12 replicates for the growing-finishing phases. Animals received the experimental diet from 21 to 41 days of age. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, setting the significance in 5%. Feeding with the pelleted diet resulted in a 39% greater daily weight gain and a 28% greater feed conversion rate for piglets from weaning to 40 days of age. Pelleting also resulted in a decrease in feed wastage during the first week after weaning (9.15% for meal diet vs. 1.68% for pelleted diet) and; consequently, the results showed an increase in feed consumption. Digestible energy of the pelleted diet (3,626kcal kg-1) was greater than that of the meal diet (3,424kcal kg-1). The physical form improved the performance of weaning pigs and the digestibility of the pre-starter diet, but there wasn't residual effect of the physical form and the weight of a piglet at weaning on live weight at slaughter.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomic and Functional Evaluations of Bacillus subtilis Newly Isolated from Korean Traditional Fermented Foods

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1805
Author(s):  
Hye Jin Choi ◽  
Donghyun Shin ◽  
Minhye Shin ◽  
Bohyun Yun ◽  
Minkyoung Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Fermented Foods ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Bacillus Spp ◽  
Traditional Fermented Foods

Many fermented foods are known to have beneficial effects on human and animal health, offering anti-aging and immunomodulatory benefits to host. Microorganisms contained in the fermented foods are known to provide metabolic products possibly improving host health. However, despite of a number of studies on the functional effects of the fermented foods, isolation and identification of the effective bacterial strains in the products are still in progress. The objective of this study was to isolate candidate functional strains in various Korean traditional fermented foods, including ganjang, gochujang, doenjang, and jeotgal, and evaluate their beneficial effects on the host, using Caenorhabditis elegans as a surrogate animal model. Among the 30 strains isolated, five Bacillus spp. were selected that increased the expression level of pmk-1, an innate immune gene of C. elegans. These strains extended the nematode lifespan and showed intestinal adhesion to the host. Based on the bioinformatic analyses of whole genome sequences and pangenomes, the five strains of Bacillus subtilis were genetically different from the strains found in East Asian countries and previously reported strains isolated from Korean fermented foods. Our findings suggest that the newly isolated B. subtilis strains can be a good candidate for probiotic with further in-depth investigation on health benefits and safety.

scholarly journals Digestibility of amino acids, but not fiber, fat, or energy, is greater in cold-fermented, low-oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) compared with conventional DDGS fed to growing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego A Rodriguez ◽  
Su A Lee ◽  
Hans H Stein
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Initial Body Weight ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the digestibility of gross energy (GE) and nutrients, and concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in two sources of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are not different despite different concentrations of fat in the two sources. Cold-fermented DDGS (6.82% fat) and a conventional DDGS (9.54% fat) were used. In experiment 1, 12 growing barrows (initial body weight = 55.2 ± 3.6 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to one of three diets and two periods. Two diets contained either cold-fermented or conventional DDGS as the sole source of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA). The third diet was an N-free diet that was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of AA from the pigs. Each experimental period lasted 7 d and ileal digesta were collected on days 6 and 7 of each period. Results demonstrated that values for the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of CP and most AA were greater (P &lt; 0.05) or tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) in cold-fermented than in conventional DDGS. In experiment 2, 24 barrows (initial body weight = 17.3 ± 1.3 kg) were randomly allotted to three diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet. A corn-based basal diet and two diets containing corn and either cold-fermented DDGS or conventional DDGS were formulated. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected separately for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE) was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in conventional DDGS than in cold-fermented DDGS, but there was no difference in ATTD of GE between the two sources of DDGS. However, conventional DDGS contained more (P &lt; 0.001) DE and ME than cold-fermented DDGS because of greater GE. In conclusion, the SID of AA was greater in cold-fermented DDGS than in the conventional DDGS that was evaluated in this experiment, but the ATTD of NDF, ADF, and AEE, and ME were greater in conventional DDGS than in cold-fermented DDGS.

Comparative study of chronic copper poisoning in lambs and young goats

1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 497-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Zervas ◽  
E. Nikolaou ◽  
A. Mantzios
Keyword(s):  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Cu Toxicity ◽  
Normal Ranges ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
G 12 ◽  
Serum Glutamate

ABSTRACTEighteen lambs (L) and 18 goats (G), 12 weeks of age, were allocated in equal numbers to three diets. The basal (B) diet had no added copper (Cu) while the other two had 30 or 60 mg added Cu per kg dry matter (DM) as CuSO4.5H2O. Lambs and goats were housed and fed individually. After 67 days, deaths from Cu toxicity occurred only in lambs from groups L-30 (basal diet + 30 mg Cu per kg DM) and L-60 (basal diet + 60 mg Cu per kg DM). The remaining lambs and all of the goats were slaughtered at 91 and 137 days respectively.A decreased food intake and loss of weight were observed in some lambs towards the end of the experiment which appeared to be associated with an approaching haemolytic crisis. The additional dietary Cu had a positive effect on food conversion efficiency only in the early stages of the experiment in both lambs and goats. None of the goats died or lost weight.Plasma Cu concentrations and serum glutamate oxalacetate transaminase and creatine kinase activities were elevated in lambs of groups L-30 and L-60 after 2 months, while in goats the concentrations were in normal ranges during the whole experimental period.Additional dietary Cu increased significantly the Cu concentrations of liver, kidney, muscle, spleen, heart, brain, hair and faeces in both lambs and goats. Additional Cu decreased the fresh and dry liver weights of lambs and the liver to live weight ratio whereas the corresponding values for kidneys were increased. The differences between groups of goats in fresh or dry liver and kidney weights were not significant, though the fresh and dry liver weights tended to be higher in groups G·30 and G·60 compared with those in the group G·B.The amount of Cu stored in the livers of the lambs was six to nine times higher than that of the goats. Differences in Cu storage between lambs and goats may be related to species differences in Cuutilization and hence resistance to Cu toxicity.

scholarly journals Performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs fed varying levels of beniseed (Sesamum indicum L.) hull in replacement for maize (Zea mays LINN)

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70
Author(s):  
R. Olajide ◽  
E. K. Asaniyan ◽  
S. M. Aro ◽  
O. B. Olusegun
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Sixty (60) grower-finisher pigs (Landrace x Large white) were used to investigate the nutritional value of beniseed hull (BSH) as substitute for maize on performance, carcass, and organs characteristics of the experimental animals. Five experimental diets were formulated by incorporating BSH into basal diet to replace maize at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%; designated as T1 (control), T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The experimental pigs were individually weighed and assigned to five dietary treatments of three replicates of four animals each in a completely randomized design. The animals were fed for 2 weeks pre-experimental period and thereafter for ten weeks during which data were collected. Feed cost per kg live weight gain (? 668.67) of the animals fed 0% BSH significantly (P<0.05) reduced to ? 620.06 (25% BSH), ? 527.24 (50% BSH), ? 509.74 (75% BSH) and ? 456.73 (100% BSH). The bled weight, scald weight, eviscerated weight, dressing percentage, bacon, fore hock, hind hock and tail were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary treatments. The biggest liver weight (2.27g/kg) obtained in the animals fed the control diet (0% BSH) reduced significantly (P<0.05) to 2.20 (25% BSH), 1.91 (50% BSH), 1.76 (75% BSH) and 2.00 (100% BSH). Variations obtained in the kidney weight (0.40 g/kg) of the experimental animals fed with 25% BSH-based diets were similar (P>0.05) to 0.38 g/kg in the control (0% BSH) with both significantly (P<0.05) reduced to 0.36 (50% BSH), 0.36 (75% BSH) and 0.32 (100% BSH), respectively. Beniseed hull (BSH) poses no health challenge to the pigs used in this study. There were reductions in the cost/kg and cost of feed per kilogram live-weight gain with increasing levels of BSH in the diets, the lowest being at 100% level of substitution; beniseed hull could economically and safely replace maize in pig's diets up to 100% level.

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