Why Cervical Vertebrae Do Not Fracture – A Biomechanical Approach Using Loading Tests on Human Vertebrae of A 79-Year-Old Body Donor.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Ageing Society ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Vertebral Bodies

Abstract Purpose: Bone structure alters with increasing age. Material and structural properties are both important for bone strength. Despite having an ageing society, there is a paucity of data from elderly subjects in terms of these parameters. The aim of the present study was to conduct comparative examinations of the structure and material properties of the cervical spine (CS), the thoracic spine (TS) and the lumbar spine (LS), in order to identify both structural and biomechanical differences between the segments of the spine. Methods: We examined central bone cylinders of vertebral bodies C1 to L5 from a 79-year-old body donor in regards to their bone volume fraction (BVF), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th.), separation (Tb.Sp.), trabecular orientation (SMI) and degree of anisotropy (DA). Samples were obtained from all vertebrae with a Jamshidi needle®, and were prepared with a damp cloth in an Eppendorf reaction vessel (1.5 ml). The investigations were performed with a micro-CT device (SKYSCAN 1172, RJL Micro & Analytic GmbH, Germany). Existing deformities and fractures were registered with quantitative computed tomography (QCT). The load tests of the vertebral bodies C1 to L5 were performed on a servo-hydraulic testing machine (MTS 858, MTS Systems Cooperation, Eden Prairie, USA). Results: Regarding BVF (p=0.003), Tb.Th. (p=0.041) and SMI (p=0.012) statistically significant differences were found in the different spinal column sections. The force per area was significantly higher in the CS than in the TS and LS (CS vs. TS, p=0.022; CS vs. LS, p<0.001; TS vs. LS, p=0.012). Conclusion: Due to their unique microarchitecture cervical vertebrae are less prone to fractures than thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Among the reasons are the higher BVF and Tb.Th. of the cervical vertebrae compared to other vertebrae. Furthermore, the SMI of the CS has more plates than rods. Thus, the CS is characterized by specific features, whose causes must be determined in further investigations.

Compromised Volumetric Bone Density and Microarchitecture in men with Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnès Ostertag ◽  
Georgios E Papadakis ◽  
Corinne Collet ◽  
Severine Trabado ◽  
Luigi Maione ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Markers ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Quantitative Computed Tomography ◽  
Hormonal Treatment ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Trabecular Microarchitecture ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

Abstract Context Men with Congenital Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (CHH) and Kallmann syndrome (KS) have both low circulating testosterone and estradiol levels. Whether bone structure is affected remains unknown. Objective To characterize bone geometry, volumetric density and microarchitecture in CHH/KS. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting One tertiary academic French center. Patients and Controls 51 genotyped CHH/KS patients and 40 healthy volunteers were included. Ninety-eight percent of CHH/KS men had received testosterone and/or combined gonadotropins. Intervention(s) High-resolution Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HR-pQCT), Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and measurement of serum bone markers. Main Outcome Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), cortical and trabecular microarchitecture. Results CHH and controls did not differ for age, BMI, vitamin D and PTH levels. Despite long-term hormonal treatment (10.8 ± 6.8 years), DXA showed lower areal BMD in CHH/KS at lumbar spine, total hip, femoral neck and distal radius. Consistent with persistently higher serum bone markers, HR-pQCT revealed lower cortical and trabecular vBMD as well as cortical thickness at the tibia and the radius. CHH/KS men had altered trabecular microarchitecture with a predominant decrease of trabecular thickness. Moreover, CHH/KS men exhibited lower cortical bone area, whereas total and trabecular areas were higher only at the tibia. Earlier treatment onset (before the age of 19 years) conferred a significant advantage for trabecular bone volume/tissue volume and trabecular vBMD at the tibia. Conclusion Both vBMD and bone microarchitecture remain impaired in CHH/KS men despite long-term hormonal treatment. Treatment initiation during adolescence is associated with enhanced trabecular outcomes, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis.

Bone and muscle development in three inbred female mouse strains

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Föger-Samwald ◽  
Maria Papageorgiou ◽  
Katharina Wahl-Figlash ◽  
Katharina Kerschan-Schindl ◽  
Peter Pietschmann
Keyword(s):  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Bone Development ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Structural Reorganization ◽  
Bone Volume Fraction ◽  
Trabecular Thickness

AbstractMuscle force is thought to be one of the main determinants of bone development. Hence, peak muscle growth is expected to precede peak bone growth. In this study, we investigated muscle and bone development in female C57BL/6 J, DBA/2JRj, and C3H/HeOuJ mice. Femoral cortical and trabecular bone structure and the weights of selected muscles were assessed at the ages of 8, 16, and 24 weeks. Muscle mass increased from 8 to 24 weeks in all 3 strains, suggesting peak muscle development at 24 weeks or later. Bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and connectivity density of the femur decreased or remained unchanged, whereas trabecular density and trabecular thickness largely increased. These results suggest a peak in trabecular bone accrual at 8 weeks or earlier followed by further increases in density and structural reorganization of trabeculae. Cortical density, cortical thickness, and cortical cross sectional area increased over time, suggesting a peak in cortical bone accrual at 24 weeks or later. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that growth of muscle lags behind trabecular bone accrual.

The Axial Skeletons of Sunghir 1, 2, and 3

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Trinkaus ◽  
Alexandra P. Buzhilova ◽  
Maria B. Mednikova ◽  
Maria V. Dobrovolskaya
Keyword(s):  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Costal Cartilage ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Axial Skeleton ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Vertebral Bodies ◽  
Length Scaling

Given their burial positions, on their backs with the trunks and limbs extended, the Sunghir 1 to 3 individuals should have retained major portions of their axial skeletons. This is the case for Sunghir 2 and 3, both of whom retain all of the cervical vertebrae, most of their thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and major portions of their sacra. Sunghir 2 preserves portions of 23 of the 24 ribs, and Sunghir 3 retains at least a small piece of each of her 24 ribs. Moreover her left fifth and sixth ribs lack only their costal cartilage surfaces. Only Sunghir 3 preserves any elements of the sternum, two partial and separated sternebral segments. In contrast, despite the apparent presence of major portions of the axial skeleton in situ, little remains of the Sunghir 1 vertebrae, ribs, or sternum. The cervical vertebrae are absent, unless pieces of them are mixed with the collection of what appear to be thoracic and lumbar fragments. Only two vertebrae remain reasonably intact, the T1 and T2. There are eight pieces of vertebral bodies, one of which has a pathological growth (chapter 17). The ribs consist of small pieces, except for a largely intact left first rib. Although evident in the in situ photographs, nothing remains of the manubrium. There is also a piece of distal middle rib, which is of use for the age-at-death assessment. Some of the vertebral and rib pieces have been sacrificed over the years for direct radiocarbon dating (e.g., Kuzmin et al. 2004). Others pieces, heavily fissured and hence probably descending into fragments during excavation, were only partially retained. There are nonetheless a few aspects of the Sunghir axial skeletons, beyond age assessments (chapter 6), the pathological lesions on the Sunghir 1 vertebrae (chapter 17), use of the sacra in the pelves (chapter 14), and body length scaling for Sunghir 2 and 3 (chapter 11), that are of interest.

scholarly journals Sex- and bone-specific responses in bone structure to exogenous leptin and leptin receptor antagonism in the ovine fetus

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (6) ◽  
pp. R781-R790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miles J. De Blasio ◽  
Stuart A. Lanham ◽  
Dominique Blache ◽  
Richard O. C. Oreffo ◽  
Abigail L. Fowden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Leptin Receptor ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Receptor Antagonism ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ovine Fetus

Widespread expression of leptin and its receptor in developing cartilage and bone suggests that leptin may regulate bone growth and development in the fetus. Using microcomputed tomography, this study investigated the effects of exogenous leptin and leptin receptor antagonism on aspects of bone structure in the sheep fetus during late gestation. From 125 to 130 days of gestation (term ~145 days), chronically catheterized singleton sheep fetuses were infused intravenously for 5 days with either saline (0.9% saline, n = 13), recombinant ovine leptin at two doses (0.6 mg·kg−1·day−1 LEP1, n = 10 or 1.4 mg·kg−1·day−1 LEP2, n = 7), or recombinant superactive ovine leptin receptor antagonist (4.6 mg·kg−1·day−1 SOLA, n = 6). No significant differences in plasma insulin-like growth factor-I, osteocalcin, calcium, inorganic phosphate, or alkaline phosphatase were observed between treatment groups. Total femur midshaft diameter and metatarsal lumen diameter were narrower in male fetuses treated with exogenous leptin. In a fixed length of femur midshaft, total and bone volumes were reduced by the higher dose of leptin; nonbone space volume was lower in both groups of leptin-treated fetuses. Leptin infusion caused increments in femur porosity and connectivity density, and vertebral trabecular thickness. Leptin receptor antagonism decreased trabecular spacing and increased trabecular number, degree of anisotrophy, and connectivity density in the lumbar vertebrae. The increase in vertebral porosity observed following leptin receptor antagonism was greater in the malecompared with female, fetuses. Therefore, leptin may have a role in the growth and development of the fetal skeleton, dependent on the concentration of leptin, sex of the fetus, and bone type examined.

scholarly journals Pancreas deficiency modifies bone development in the ovine fetus near term

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart A Lanham ◽  
Dominique Blache ◽  
Richard Oc Oreffo ◽  
Abigail L Fowden ◽  
Alison J Forhead
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Strength ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Bone Volume Fraction ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Near Term

Hormones have an important role in the regulation of fetal growth and development, especially in response to nutrient availability in utero. Using micro-computed tomography and an electromagnetic 3-point bend test, this study examined the effect of pancreas removal at 0.8 fraction of gestation on the developing bone structure and mechanical strength in fetal sheep. When fetuses were studied at 10 and 25 days after surgery, pancreatectomy caused hypoinsulinaemia, hyperglycaemia and growth retardation which was associated with low plasma concentrations of leptin and a marker of osteoclast activity and collagen degradation. In pancreatectomised fetuses compared to control fetuses, limb lengths were shorter and trabecular bone in the metatarsi showed greater bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, degree of anisotropy and porosity, and lower fractional bone surface area and trabecular spacing. Mechanical strength testing showed that pancreas deficiency was associated with increased stiffness and a greater maximal weight load at fracture in a subset of fetuses studied near term. Overall, pancreas deficiency in utero slowed growth of the fetal skeleton and adapted the developing bone to generate a more compact and connected structure. Maintenance of bone strength in growth-retarded limbs is especially important in a precocial species in preparation for skeletal loading and locomotion at birth.

scholarly journals The influence of water jet diameter and bone structural properties on the efficiency of pure water jet drilling in porcine bone

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. den Dunnen ◽  
G. J. M. Tuijthof
Keyword(s):  
Structural Properties ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Operating Time ◽  
Water Jet ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Bone Volume Fraction ◽  
Trabecular Thickness ◽  
Added Water

Abstract. Using water jets in orthopedic surgery to drill holes in bones can be beneficial due to the absence of thermal damage and the always sharp cut. To minimize operating time and the volume of water that is used, the efficiency (volume of removed bone per added volume of water) of the water jet should be maximized. The goal was to study the effect of the open trabecular bone structure on the efficiency for different water jet diameters. 86 holes were drilled in porcine tali and femora submerged in water with nozzles of 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 mm at 70 MPa during 5 s and a standoff distance of 8 mm. MicroCT scans were made to measure the removed bone volume and the bone structural properties Trabecular Spacing (Tb.Sp.), Trabecular Thickness (Tb.Sp.) and Bone Volume Fraction (BV/TV). Pearson's correlation tests (p < 0.05, 95% confidence interval) were performed for each water jet diameter using the bone structural property as an independent factor and the efficiency as a dependent factor. No significant differences were found between the nozzle diameters in the material removal rates per added volume of water. The efficiency decreased for an increase in Tb.Th. and BV/TV for nozzles of 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 mm. The 0.6 mm nozzle showed less influence of the Tb.Th. and BV/TV. The Tb.Sp. has no influence on the efficiency of a water jet. The total volume of added water combined with the Tb.Th. or BV/TV is a leading measure for the volume of bone material that is removed, which provides freedom in the development of water jet instruments as the nozzle diameter, pressure and jet time can be chosen in accordance to the maximum operating time requirements or dimensional limitations of a design.

scholarly journals Analisis Struktur Skeleton Embrio Kadal (Mabouya multifasciata) dengan Pewarnaan Alizarin Red

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Nur Khasanah ◽  
Hari Santoso ◽  
Ratna Djuniwati Lisminingsih
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Extremity ◽  
Bone Growth ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Posterior Extremity ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Lumbar Vertebrae ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Purposive Sampling

The bone growth on any organisms have different patterns and equity. In the embryo of ossification lizards happened it during the eggs in the body of the parent before was born. The research aim is to find a bone structure of the embryo that was 48 days old. The method used qualitative with the technique of purposive sampling and alizarin red staining.  Using the six embryos of  lizards (mabouya multifasciata) and it was taken directly from the mother. The analysis used is counting the long of vertebrae and extremitie. The obtained results  were the red colur on limb and vertebrae. Sections of the anterior extremity which undergoes ossification is the humerus, radius, the ulna, phalanges and claws. The posterior extremity which ossification is the femur, the fibula, the tibia, phalanges and claws. The vertebrae bone that it hapened ossification was cervical vertebrae , vertebrae thoracic, lumbar vertebrae , sacralis vertebrae and caudalis vertebrae. Whereas a bone in the part of the limb posterior ones which are not hapened ossification is the carpal and metacarpal. Keywords : lizard, alizarin red, bone structure ABSTRAK Struktur pertumbuhan tulang pada setiap masing-masing organisme mempunyai pola berbeda dan persamaan. Pada embrio kadal osifikasi terjadi semasa fase telur dalam tubuh induk sebelum dilahirkan. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui struktur tulang embrio berumur 48 hari. Metode penelitian menggunakan kualitatif dengan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling dan pewarnaan alizarin red.  Menggunakan embrio kadal (Mabouya multifasciata) sebanyak enam ekor diambil langsung dari perut induknya.  Analisis adalah menghitung panjang tulang vertebrae dan ekstremitas. Hasil yang telah didapat adalah tulang ekstremitas dan vertebrae yang telah berwarna merah. Bagian tulang ekstremitas anterior yang telah terosifikasi adalah  humerus, radius, ulna,  falang dan cakar. Pada tulang ekstremitas posterior yang sudah mengalami osifikasi adalah  femur,  fibula, tibia, falang dan  cakar. Tulang vertebrae yang sudah mengalami osifikasi adalah  vertebrae servikalis, vertebrae torakalis, vertebrae lumbalis, vertebrae sacralis dan vertebrae caudalis. Sedangkan tulang di bagian ekstremitas posterior yang belum mengalami osifikasi yaitu  carpal dan  metacarpal.   Kata Kunci : kadal, alizarin red, struktur tulang

scholarly journals Etoricoxib decreases mouse subchondral bone mass and biomechanical properties in early osteoarthritis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Liu ◽  
Chenchen Ji ◽  
Yijie Shao ◽  
Ting Liang ◽  
Jiaheng He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Subchondral Bone ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Trabecular Thickness

Abstract Background Etoricoxib, a selective Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, is commonly used in osteoarthritis (OA) for pain relief. The purpose of our study was to investigate the effects of Etoricoxib on mouse subchondral bone in early OA. Methods OA was induced via destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) in C57BL/6J mice. After surgery, the mice were randomly and equally divided into five groups: a sham-operated control group (Sham group), an osteoarthritis (OA) group (DMM group), an OA treated with Etoricoxib 5mg/kg (DMM+E5) group, an OA treated with Etoricoxib 10mg/kg (DMM+E10) group, and an OA treated with Etoricoxib 20mg/kg (DMM+E20) group. Mice in the Sham group and DMM group were injected with a similar dose of vehicle (40% ethyl alcohol–saline solution). Four weeks after treatment, mice were euthanized. Micro computed tomography (Mirco-CT) analysis, Safranin O-Fast Green staining, hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining were performed to evaluate morphological and structural changes. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis was performed to evaluate changes in the elastic modulus. Furthermore, changes in microstructure were detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results Etoricoxib inhibited osteophyte formation in the subchondral bone. However, it also reduced the bone volume fraction (BV/TV), lowered trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and more microfractures and pores were observed in the subchondral bone. Moreover, Etoricoxib reduced the elastic modulus of subchondral bone. Furthermore, exposure to Etoricoxib further increased the empty/total osteocyte ratio of the subchondral bone. In cartilage and synovium, Etoricoxib did not significantly change the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score, the modified Mankin score, and the synovialitis-score versus the DMM group. Conclusion Although Etoricoxib can relieve the pain induced by OA, it can also change microstructures and biomechanical properties of the subchondral bone at the early stage of OA, cause osteoporotic changes in subchondral bone structure, increase the risk of fragile fracture of subchondral bone.

scholarly journals Effect of Age on Bone Structure Parameters in Laying Hens

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
Masayoshi Yamada ◽  
Chongxiao Chen ◽  
Toshie Sugiyama ◽  
Woo Kyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Quality ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Bone Volume ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Medullary Bone ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Tibial Diaphysis

Changes in medullary and cortical bone structure with age remain unclear. Twenty Hy-Line W36 hens, 25 or 52 weeks of age, were euthanized, and both tibiae were collected when an egg was present in the magnum. Serial cross sections of the tibiae were stained with Alcian blue. The bones were scanned using micro-computed tomography. Trabecular width (Tb.Wi) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in 25-week-old hens, whereas medullary bone tissue volume (TV) was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in 52-week-old hens. 25-week-old hens had significantly higher (p < 0.01) bone volume fraction (BVF = calcified tissue / TV). Moreover, the cortical bone parameters were significantly higher (TV and bone mineral content (BMC) at p < 0.05, and bone volume (BV) and BVF at p < 0.01) in younger hens. Open porosity and total porosity, which indicate less density, were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in older hens. Older hens showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) tibial diaphysis TV than younger hens. Younger hens had significantly higher (p < 0.01) BV, BVF and bone mineral density (BMD) of the tibial diaphysis. These findings reveal that reductions in medullary bone quality might be associated with age-related low estrogen levels and stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption by parathyroid hormone. Cortical bone quality decreased with enlargement of the Haversian canals and loss of volume, with a longer egg-laying period leading to osteoporosis.

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