Different Doses of UV-B Treatments Increase Total Soluble Phenols and Anthocyanin Content of Eregli Black Carrot (Daucus carotaL. spp. sativusvar. atrorubensAlef.) During Storage

The anthocyanin pigment of black carrot juice was used as a core material for microencapsulation by spray dryer at 150°C using the mixed carrier material viz. whey protein isolate (WPI), jackfruit seed starch (JSS) and NBRE-15. The ratio of WPI: JSS ranged from 1:1 to 1:3 and NBRE-15 from 0.1-0.3% were taken to optimize the carrier material for encapsulation taking anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity and encapsulation efficiency as responses using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The anthocyanin (core material) was encapsulated at the optimized condition of the carrier material having five times the jackfruit seed starch as the whey protein isolate (5:1) and 0.3% NBRE-15 as an emulsifier. The optimized powder was found to have 2766.61 mg/100g (dry matter) of anthocyanin content, 290.56 µmolTrolox/g (dry matter) antioxidant activity with an encapsulation efficiency of 77.12% at 93.59% of desirability. Optimized powder retained the color value of 30.61, 29.39 and 0.03 for L*, a* and b*. Mean particle size distribution for the optimized encapsulated anthocyanin powder was 52.36 µm. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images revealed the smooth surface characteristic of the optimized powder with slightly oval to globular in shape.

Download Full-text

Storage stability of encapsulated anthocyanin-rich extract from black carrot (Daucus carota ssp. Sativus) using different coating materials

Current Agriculture Research Journal ◽

10.12944/carj.7.1.07 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 53-61 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Brij Bhushan Mishra ◽

Avinash Singh Patel ◽

Abhijit Kar

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Soy Protein ◽

Daucus Carota ◽

Storage Stability ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Spray Drier ◽

Coating Materials ◽

Black Carrot ◽

Jack Fruit Seed

The enzymatic assisted cum hydraulic pressed extract of black carrot which has high anthocyanin content were encapsulated through spray drier using a mixture of Jack fruit seed starch, Soy protein and NBRE-15 (SET -1) and in the second set of experiment using Jack fruit seed starch, Whey protein and NBRE-15 (SET-2) as coating materials. The quality attributes of the powders which were produced at an optimum mixture of SET -1 and SET-2 were characterized by anthocyanin content, antioxidant capacity and L*, a*, b*, C and Hº value. It was reported that SET-1 was found better-encapsulating material as compared to SET-2. SET-1 had higher retention of anthocyanin content, colour, antioxidant activity during storage at 25 ºC.

Download Full-text

Storage Stability of Encapsulated Black Carrot Powder Prepared Using Spray and Freeze-Drying Techniques

Current Agriculture Research Journal ◽

10.12944/carj.7.2.14 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 261-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Subramani Murali ◽

Avinash Singh Patel ◽

Abhijit Kar

Keyword(s):

Half Life ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Storage Stability ◽

Color Change ◽

Degradation Kinetics ◽

Storage Period ◽

Gum Arabic ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Black Carrot ◽

Freeze Dried

The present study was aimed to investigate the storage stability encapsulated black carrot powder obtained under the optimized conditions of spray drying of 150°C of inlet air temperature and freeze-drying with maltodextrin, gum arabic and tapioca starch as the combined carrier materials.Effect of two types of vial as a storing material viz., transparent and amber colored was used in this study and study was observed for the period of 90 days. Anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity, total color change and half-life period were monitored at 15 days interval throughout the storage period. The anthocyanins degradation rate followed first order kinetics. The storage half-life of spray and freeze-dried encapsulated material stored under airtight amber color vials was predicted up to 130 and 155 days with total degradation kinetics of 33% and 38%. However, the storage self-life spray and freeze-dried encapsulated material stored under airtight transparent vial was predicted up to 109 and 134 days with total antocyanin degradation of 37% and 43%, respectively.

Download Full-text

Changes in Phenolic Compounds Profile and Anthocyanin Content of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon (V. vinifera L.) Induced by Different Doses of Foliar Oak Applications with Urea

Erwerbs-Obstbau ◽

10.1007/s10341-018-0405-7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 60 (S1) ◽

pp. 71-77

Author(s):

Demir Kok

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Cabernet Sauvignon ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Different Doses

Download Full-text

UV-B Exposure of Black Carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus var. atrorubens) Plants Promotes Growth, Accumulation of Anthocyanin, and Phenolic Compounds

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy9060323 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 323 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Renate Müller ◽

Henrik Lütken ◽

Gregorio Barba-Espin ◽

José A. Hernández ◽

José R. Acosta-Motos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Daucus Carota ◽

Phenolic Content ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Black Carrot ◽

Daucus Carota L ◽

Common Response ◽

Practical Implications ◽

Hormone Analysis

Black carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus var. atroburens) is a root vegetable with anthocyanins as major phenolic compounds. The accumulation of phenolic compounds is a common response to UV-B exposure, acting as protective compounds and as antioxidants. In the present study, black carrot plants grown under a 12-h photoperiod were supplemented with UV-B radiation (21.6 kj m−2 day−1) during the last two weeks of growth. Carrot taproots and tops were harvested separately, and the effect of the UV-B irradiance was evaluated in terms of size (biomass and length), total monomeric anthocyanin content (TMC), total phenolic content (TPC), and phytohormones levels. The results showed that UV-B irradiance promoted plant growth, as shown by the elevated root (30%) and top (24%) biomass, the increased TMC and TPC in the root (over 10%), and the increased TPC of the top (9%). A hormone analysis revealed that, in response to UV-B irradiance, the levels of abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) decreased in tops while the level of the cytokinins cis-zeatin (cZ) and trans-zeatinriboside (tZR) increased in roots, which correlated with an amplified growth and the accumulation of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds. Beyond the practical implications that this work may have, it contributes to the understanding of UV-B responses in black carrot.

Download Full-text

A Roadmap to Modulated Anthocyanin Compositions in Carrots

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030472 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 472 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Inger Bæksted Holme ◽

Giuseppe Dionisio ◽

Henrik Brinch-Pedersen

Keyword(s):

Genetic Modification ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Main Type ◽

Total Content ◽

Color Variation ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Black Carrot ◽

Genetic Modifications ◽

Natural Colorants ◽

Acylated Anthocyanins

Anthocyanins extracted from black carrots have received increased interest as natural colorants in recent years. The reason is mainly their high content of acylated anthocyanins that stabilizes the color and thereby increases the shelf-life of products colored with black carrot anthocyanins. Still, the main type of anthocyanins synthesized in all black carrot cultivars is cyanidin limiting their use as colorants due to the narrow color variation. Additionally, in order to be competitive against synthetic colors, a higher percentage of acylated anthocyanins and an increased anthocyanin content in black carrots are needed. However, along with the increased interest in black carrots there has also been an interest in identifying the structural and regulatory genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis in black carrots. Thus, huge progress in the identification of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis has recently been achieved. Given this information it is now possible to attempt to modulate anthocyanin compositions in black carrots through genetic modifications. In this review we look into genetic modification opportunities for generating taproots of black carrots with extended color palettes, with a higher percentage of acylated anthocyanins or a higher total content of anthocyanins.

Download Full-text

Ethephon-induced changes in antioxidants and phenolic compounds in anthocyanin-producing black carrot hairy root cultures

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa376 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 71 (22) ◽

pp. 7030-7045

Author(s):

Gregorio Barba-Espín ◽

Shih-Ti Chen ◽

Sara Agnolet ◽

Josefine Nymark Hegelund ◽

Jan Stanstrup ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hairy Root ◽

Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

In Vitro Production ◽

Glutathione S Transferase ◽

Root Explants ◽

Black Carrot ◽

Induced Changes ◽

Vitro Production

Abstract Hairy root (HR) cultures are quickly evolving as a fundamental research tool and as a bio-based production system for secondary metabolites. In this study, an efficient protocol for establishment and elicitation of anthocyanin-producing HR cultures from black carrot was established. Taproot and hypocotyl explants of four carrot cultivars were transformed using wild-type Rhizobium rhizogenes. HR growth performance on plates was monitored to identify three fast-growing HR lines, two originating from root explants (lines NB-R and 43-R) and one from a hypocotyl explant (line 43-H). The HR biomass accumulated 25- to 30-fold in liquid media over a 4 week period. Nine anthocyanins and 24 hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were identified and monitored using UPLC-PDA-TOF during HR growth. Adding ethephon, an ethylene-releasing compound, to the HR culture substantially increased the anthocyanin content by up to 82% in line 43-R and hydroxycinnamic acid concentrations by >20% in line NB-R. Moreover, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase increased in the HRs in response to ethephon, which could be related to the functionality and compartmentalization of anthocyanins. These findings present black carrot HR cultures as a platform for the in vitro production of anthocyanins and antioxidants, and provide new insight into the regulation of secondary metabolism in black carrot.

Download Full-text

Preparation of Non-Acylated and Acylated Anthocyanins from Black Carrot (Daucus carota L.) for Use as Food Ingredient

10.20944/preprints201806.0288.v1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Guillermo Espinoza-Acosta ◽

Ana L. Ramos-Jacques ◽

Jose Maya-Cornejo ◽

Gustavo A. Molina ◽

Rodrigo Esparza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Packed Column ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Food Ingredient ◽

Black Carrot ◽

Daucus Carota L ◽

Ethanol Acetic Acid ◽

Dpph Scavenging ◽

Cie Lab

Anthocyanins are used for food coloring due to their low toxicity and health benefits. They are extracted from different sources, but black carrot has higher anthocyanin content compared with common fruits and vegetables. Here, we study anthocyanin extracts from black carrot to enhance their performance as food ingredient. Extracts were obtained by ethanol/citric acid and ethanol/acetic acid. Samples were purified through to a packed column and microencapsulated using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). Degradation studies were performed by UV radiation, and pH and temperature media changes. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with radical DPPH scavenging and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). Color evaluations were performed with CIE Lab at the beginning and after 25 days of storage. Samples extracted with ethanol/citric acid had higher anthocyanin content. After purification, there was evidence that 3-glucoside cyanidins were trapped into resin. Results indicate that the purest acetylated 3-glucoside derivatives are more stable than the citric acid non-purified extraction. The antiradical activity of black carrots extracts was higher than other reported values, when anthocyanin content is higher, antioxidant effect increases. In conclusion, acylation of anthocyanins provides them more stability against pH media changes, purification with resin and TEOS microencapsulation not necessary benefit stability of the black carrot extracts.

Download Full-text

Stability Analysis of Anthocyanins Using Alcoholic Extracts from Black Carrot (Daucus Carota ssp. Sativus Var. Atrorubens Alef.)

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23112744 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (11) ◽

pp. 2744 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Guillermo Espinosa-Acosta ◽

Ana Ramos-Jacques ◽

Gustavo Molina ◽

Jose Maya-Cornejo ◽

Rodrigo Esparza ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Acetic Acid Solution ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Black Carrot ◽

Extraction Solvent ◽

Ethanol Acetic Acid ◽

Feasible Option ◽

Dpph Scavenging ◽

Cie Lab

Anthocyanins are used for food coloring due their low toxicity and health benefits. They are extracted from different sources, but black carrot has higher anthocyanin content compared with common fruits and vegetables. Here, we study alcoholic anthocyanin extracts from black carrot to enhance their stability. The objective of our research is to determine if microencapsulation with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) is a feasible option for preventing black carrot anthocyanin degradation. Extraction solvents were solutions of (1) ethanol/acetic acid and (2) ethanol/citric acid. Samples were purified through a resin column and microencapsulated using TEOS. Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of samples were obtained, and degradation studies were performed under different conditions of UV radiation, pH and temperature. Antioxidant activity was evaluated with radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and electrochemical cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC). Color evaluation on food models were performed with CIE Lab at the beginning of experiments and after 25 days of storage. Results indicate that the more stable extracts against pH media changes are samples obtained with ethanol/acetic acid solution as extraction solvent. Extract purification through resin and TEOS microencapsulation had no significant effect on extract stability. In conclusion, although TEOS microencapsulation has proven to be effective for some dried materials from natural extracts in our previous research, we do not recommend its use for black carrot extracts considering our results in this particular case.

Download Full-text

Comparative Characterization of Eastern Carrot Accessions for Some Main Agricultural Traits

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11122460 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2460

Author(s):

José R. Acosta-Motos ◽

Pedro Díaz-Vivancos ◽

Verónica Becerra-Gutiérrez ◽

José A. Hernández Cortés ◽

Gregorio Barba-Espín

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

High Yield ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Black Carrot ◽

Comparative Characterization ◽

Coloration Patterns ◽

Promising Source ◽

First Time

Background: Unevaluated open-pollinated germplasm represents a promising source of variability to face the problems of worldwide food production under a changing environment. In carrots, this is particularly true for black carrot accessions, which are the most relevant among Eastern carrot germplasm due to their high anthocyanin content and, concomitantly, antioxidant capacity. Methods: In the present work, a comparative characterization was conducted for the first time on 11 Eastern carrot landraces and Night Bird ‘F1’ as the reference cultivar, grown under glasshouse conditions at temperatures up to 33 °C. Results: Some landraces showed their potential for ulterior evaluation in terms of plant and taproot size, plant compactness, specific leaf area and leaf area ratio, among other traits. The highest anthocyanin and flavonoid contents were found in the reference cultivar, whereas remarkable differences in these variables were observed for the rest of accessions, which in turn may correlate with very distinct coloration patterns. Premature bolting and taproot shape abnormalities were also recorded. Mineral composition analysis showed the nutritional potential of Eastern carrot leaves, which displayed higher concentration than taproot tissue for several macro- and micronutrients. Moreover, several accessions had higher nutrient concentrations than the reference cultivar, which also highlights their profitability. Conclusions: This work contributes to the knowledge on Eastern black carrot germplasm by characterizing some of its main agricultural traits, and opens up the prospect for complementary evaluation on high-yield accessions.

Download Full-text