scholarly journals Comparing Traditional and Novel Methods in Determining Reach in Bicycle Fitting

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Williams ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Extremity ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Client Feedback ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Significant Regression

In bicycle fitting, the literature has focus historically on the saddle height and knee flexion angle. There has been little focus in the literature on postural reach; this is the distance between the saddle and handlebars. Currently, this distance is determined by a specialist, a bicycle fitter, and is generally based on a trunk, shoulder, and elbow angle; however, it is primarily based on what "looks right" to the fitter and "feels right" to the client, rather than using anthropometric measurement. This study examined whether there was a relationship between anthropometric measures and postural reach, or if ideal fit should continue to be determined by a trial-and-error process, informed by expert opinion and client feedback. This study found that there was a moderate correlation r(9) = 0.663, p < .05 between the upper extremity measure and postural reach and a fair correlation r(9)= 0.296, p < .05 between the trunk measure and postural reach. A significant regression was found between the upper extremity length and the postural reach F(1, 9) = 7.06. The finding of this study does suggest that there is a relationship between the anthropometric measures and the postural reach. However, due to the low number of data points,the external validity may be somewhat limited, and it is suggested that the study be only used as a guide for future exploration.

Design of a Two-Piece Brassiere Cup From its Data Points Toward its Automation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kotaro Yoshida ◽  
Hidefumi Wakamatsu ◽  
Eiji Morinaga ◽  
Takahiro Kubo
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Developable Surface ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Design Efficiency ◽  
Developable Surfaces ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
The Given ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

Abstract A method to design the two-dimensional shapes of patterns of two piece brassiere cup is proposed when its target three-dimensional shape is given as a cloud of its data points. A brassiere cup consists of several patterns and their shapes are designed by repeatedly making a paper cup model and checking its three-dimensional shape. For improvement of design efficiency of brassieres, such trial and error must be reduced. As a cup model for check is made of paper not cloth, it is assumed that the surface of the model is composed of several developable surfaces. When two lines that consist in the developable surface are given, the surface can be determined. Then, the two-piece brassiere cup can be designed by minimizing the error between the surface and given data points. It was mathematically verified that the developable surface calculated by our propose method can reproduce the given data points which is developable surface.

scholarly journals Anthropometric measurement error and the assessment of nutritional status

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley J. Ulijaszek ◽  
Deborah A. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Acceptable Error

Anthropometry involves the external measurement of morphological traits of human beings. It has a widespread and important place in nutritional assessment, and while the literature on anthropometric measurement and its interpretation is enormous, the extent to which measurement error can influence both measurement and interpretation of nutritional status is little considered. In this article, different types of anthropometric measurement error are reviewed, ways of estimating measurement error are critically evaluated, guidelines for acceptable error presented, and ways in which measures of error can be used to improve the interpretation of anthropometric nutritional status discussed. Possible errors are of two sorts; those that are associated with: (1) repeated measures giving the same value (unreliability, imprecision, undependability); and (2) measurements departing from true values (inaccuracy, bias). Imprecision is due largely to observer error, and is the most commonly used measure of anthropometric measurement error. This can be estimated by carrying out repeated anthropometric measures on the same subjects and calculating one or more of the following: technical error of measurement (TEM); percentage TEM, coefficient of reliability (R), and intraclass correlation coefficient. The first three of these measures are mathematically interrelated. Targets for training in anthropometry are at present far from perfect, and further work is needed in developing appropriate protocols for nutritional anthropometry training. Acceptable levels of measurement error are difficult to ascertain because TEM is age dependent, and the value is also related to the anthropometric characteristics of the group or population under investigation. R > 0·95 should be sought where possible, and reference values of maximum acceptable TEM at set levels of R using published data from the combined National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I and II (Frisancho, 1990) are given. There is a clear hierarchy in the precision of different nutritional anthropometric measures, with weight and height being most precise. Waist and hip circumference show strong between-observer differences, and should, where possible, be carried out by one observer. Skinfolds can be associated with such large measurement error that interpretation is problematic. Ways are described in which measurement error can be used to assess the probability that differences in anthropometric measures across time within individuals are due to factors other than imprecision. Anthropometry is an important tool for nutritional assessment, and the techniques reported here should allow increased precision of measurement, and improved interpretation of anthropometric data.

scholarly journals Assessment of Nutritional Status of School Children in Public and Private Sector Schools by Anthropometry

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
Qamar Mehboob ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
School Children ◽  
Private School ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Government School

Background: Nutrition is the real determinant of human health. The development of children into healthy adults is dependent on their growth, in a healthy environment and having balanced nutrition. Objective: (1) To determine the association of nutritional status of children with their age, sex and socioeconomic status. (2) To compare the nutritional status of government school children and private school children. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional. Settings: Study was conducted in two schools of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Government Girls high school, Punjab Medical College (PMC), Colony Faisalabad and The Smart School, Faisalabad. Duration: Eight months from Jan 01, 2020 – Aug 30, 2020. Methodology: The study was conducted on 200 children, including males & females, to compare weights and heights among government (government) and private (private) schools. Age groups ranging from 9 above to 14 years were being studied. The data was collected by taking anthropometric measures, height and weight, of the students. To assess the nutritional status, the anthropometric measurement of WHO 2007 reference was used as Weight for Age Z-score (WAZ), Height for Age Z-score (HAZ) and Body Mass Index (BMI) for Age Z-score (BAZ). Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation test were used for statistical analysis. Data was analyzed statistically by using SPSS version 20. Results: The weight of private school children (39.3400 ± 2.39199) was normal as they have adequate diet as compared to government school children (38.7500 ± 1.43812) while 2% children were over weighted. Height of private school children (147.7600 ± 5.04949) was more as compared to government school children (146.8100 ± 4.34310). Statistically Pearson Correlation between weight of private and government school’s children was highly significant, p=0.000, df= 1, CI= 95%. Demographic information with height and weight of the children were taken. Z-score was calculated and graphs were plotted. A value within ± 2 SD in these graphs was considered as normal. Conclusion: Socio-economic status affects the availability and quality of food. For under-weight Children, unhygienic and low-quality food/stuffs are the major contributing factors.

scholarly journals CONSIDERATIONS OF ANTHROPOMETRICS IN THE DESIGN OF LECTURE HALL FURNITURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 374-386
Author(s):  
J.O Igbokwe ◽  
G. O Osueke ◽  
U.V Opara ◽  
M. O Ileagu ◽  
K.U Ezeakaibeya
Keyword(s):  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Lecture Hall ◽  
Anthropometric Data ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Seat Height ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Knee Height ◽  
Proper Design ◽  
The Mean

An anthropometric survey of Federal University of Technology Owerri students was carried out in order to determine the anthropometric data needed for proper design of seats used in the classroom. A total of four hundred students, of different gender and level were involved in the survey and their anthropometric measurement were taken and recorded with the help of anthropometric tools. The anthropometric measurements taken were, Stature, sitting height, sitting shoulder height, Popliteal height, Hip breadth, Elbow rest height, Buttock popliteal length, Buttock knee length, Thigh clearance, Sitting eye height, Shoulder breadth and Knee height. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS, Excel and Minitab statistical packages to get the mean, standard deviation and percentiles. Comparing the dimensions of the existing furniture with the anthropometric measures obtained revealed that the existing furniture are not ergonomically suitable for the students. Using the results of the analysed anthropometric data, a model classroom seat was suggested which takes into consideration the seat height, seat depth, seat width, backrest height, armrest height and backrest angle.

GENDER COMPARISON STUDY OF ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETER IN YOUNG VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Anisa Nurja
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Anthropometric Parameter ◽  
Volleyball Players ◽  
The Mean

An important role in whole performance of volleyballers plays the anthropometric parameters. Anthropometric differences mostly define the position and the role of the players in the court. The aim of this study was to determine the difference in some anthropometric parameters of young female volleyball players and young male volleyball players. This study assess 22 young boys volleyballer (17.1± 1.8 SD) and 25 young girls volleyballer (16.9 ± 1.9 SD) located in Tirana. Anthropometric measures assessed were: body-height, body-weight, body-waist circumference. Equipment used for measuring were digital scale with height rod (Health O meter professional scales) and flexible metric tape. Independent samples test and t-test were used to analyze quantitative data. Boys had the mean and SD of body-height (177.95 ± 8.351) while girls showed the mean and SD (165.52 ± 6.593). In terms of body-weight, boys were presented with mean and SD (71.9 ± 8.608) while the girls had the mean and SD (62.39 ± 10.597). Boys displayed a mean value in waist-circumference (81.18 ± 5.413) while girls showed the mean and SD of (73.79 ± 7.475). This research provided an original comparison of anthropometric measurement between boys and girls on young volleyball players where boys had larger mean of body-weight, body-height and body – waist circumference.

scholarly journals The relationship between micronutrients and anthropometric measurements in malnourished children / Relaţia între micronutrienţi şi măsurătorile antropometrice la copiii malnutriţi

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lidia Man ◽  
Adrian Man ◽  
Cristina Oana Mărginean ◽  
Ana Maria Pitea ◽  
Maria Despina Baghiu
Keyword(s):  
Serum Levels ◽  
Skinfold Thickness ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Growth Disorders ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Triceps Skinfold Thickness

AbstractPurpose: to evaluate the serum levels of micronutrients in children with nutritional disorders, and to find if there is a direct correlation between them and the anthropometric measurements. Materials and methods: the study was conducted on 125 children (0-18 years); the working group consisted in children with Z-score < -2 standard deviations for at least one anthropometric measurement, while the children without growth disorders were considered as controls. Thus, for each anthropometric measurement, we had different working/control groups that were used for the assessment of correlation with laboratory findings. We followed eight anthropometric parameters and their relation with five of the micronutrients (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu). Results: no statistical differences were found in micronutrients serum levels between genders or provenance. Most mean serum levels of micronutrients were lower in the children with Z-scores < -2 standard deviations (except Cu). Mg and Ca were positively correlated with most of the anthropometric measurements. For Fe, Zn and Cu, we found no correlation with any of the anthropometric measures. Differences in mean serum levels were found for Mg, with lower values in children with low weight-forage and triceps-skinfold-thickness, and for Cu, with higher levels in children with low triceps-skinfold-thickness. The red blood cell indices were positively associated with Fe and Zn levels. Conclusions: correlations between the serum level of micronutrients and anthropometric evaluation scores were found for Mg and Ca, but not for Fe and Zn, which were instead directly correlated with red blood cells indices. Mg, Fe and Zn tend to present small serum values in children with growth deficits. Considering the costs, the routine evaluation of Zn and Cu serum levels in growth disorder suspicion is not justified in our geographic area.

scholarly journals Association between muscle strength, upper extremity fatigue resistance, work ability and upper extremity dysfunction in a sample of workers at a tertiary hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaís Marques Fifolato ◽  
Heloísa Correa Bueno Nardim ◽  
Ester Rodrigues do Carmo Lopes ◽  
Karen A. Kawano Suzuki ◽  
Natalia Claro da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Fatigue Resistance ◽  
Work Ability ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Work Ability Index ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Shoulder Strength ◽  
Ability Index

Abstract Background Upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders negatively affect ability to perform activities of daily living, self-care and work. Therefore, outcome measurements that address muscle strength, fatigue resistance, functionality and work physical capacity must be defined to assess and plan specific actions to minimize them. Objective To investigate the association of upper extremity muscle strength with upper extremity fatigue resistance, work ability and upper extremity dysfunction in a sample of workers from a tertiary hospital. Methods Shoulder and elbow isokinetic strength were assessed by Biodex System 4™, isometric hand grip by JAMAR™, upper extremity fatigue resistance by Functional Impairment Test Hand and Neck/Shoulder/Arm (FIT-HaNSA), ability to work by the Work Ability Index and upper extremity dysfunction by the Quick-Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand QuickDASH-Br questionnaire. The Nordic questionnaire and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) were used for pain description. The associations were analysed by Spearman’s correlation coefficient (rho) (p < 0.05). Results Twenty-seven participants: 59.2% women; mean age 46 years old; 70.3% obese/overweight; 62.9% active with predominantly dynamic muscle contraction work. Besides predominance of good to moderate work ability (81.4%) and comorbidities (37%), all participants had symptoms of the upper extremities for at least 12 months, with a predominance of low-intensity in the shoulder (55.5%). In addition, 88.8% reported pain in other segments. Muscle strength of abduction (rho = 0.49), adduction (rho = 0.40), internal rotation (rho = 0.44) and hand grip (rho = 0.68) presented moderate correlation with FIT-HaNSA. Hand grip (rho = − 0.52) showed moderate correlation with upper extremity dysfunction. Conclusions The results of this preliminary study suggested the association of shoulder strength with fatigue resistance. Also, hand grip strength was associated with upper extremity dysfunction and fatigue resistance. No association was found with the Work Ability Index in this sample. So, it is suggested that hand grip and shoulder strength could be outcome measurements used for future interventions focused on upper extremity preventive exercises to improve strength and fatigue resistance of workers at risk for the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Other individual, psychosocial and organizational risk factors must also be considered as influences on upper extremity function.

scholarly journals Computability-theoretic learning complexity

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1971) ◽  
pp. 3570-3596 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Case ◽  
Timo Kötzing
Keyword(s):  
Learning Theory ◽  
Main Topic ◽  
Learning Criterion ◽  
Trial And Error ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Robust Learning ◽  
Intrinsic Complexity ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Computable Operators ◽  
Self Learning

Initially discussed are some of Alan Turing's wonderfully profound and influential ideas about mind and mechanism—including regarding their connection to the main topic of the present study, which is within the field of computability-theoretic learning theory. Herein is investigated the part of this field concerned with the algorithmic, trial-and-error inference of eventually correct programs for functions from their data points. As to the main content of this study: in prior papers, beginning with the seminal work by Freivalds et al. in 1995, the notion of intrinsic complexity is used to analyse the learning complexity of sets of functions in a Gold-style learning setting. Herein are pointed out some weaknesses of this notion. Offered is an alternative based on epitomizing sets of functions—sets that are learnable under a given learning criterion, but not under other criteria that are not at least as powerful. To capture the idea of epitomizing sets, new reducibility notions are given based on robust learning (closure of learning under certain sets of computable operators). Various degrees of epitomizing sets are characterized as the sets complete with respect to corresponding reducibility notions! These characterizations also provide an easy method for showing sets to be epitomizers, and they are then employed to prove several sets to be epitomizing. Furthermore, a scheme is provided to generate easily very strong epitomizers for a multitude of learning criteria. These strong epitomizers are the so-called self-learning sets, previously applied by Case & Kötzing in 2010. These strong epitomizers can be easily generated and employed in a myriad of settings to witness with certainty the strict separation in learning power between the criteria so epitomized and other not as powerful criteria!

Abstract 377: Unravelling the Association between Blood Pressure and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1

Hypertension ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aletta E Schutte ◽  
Catharina M Mels ◽  
Wayne Smith ◽  
Rudolph Schutte ◽  
Leone Malan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Total N ◽  
Caucasian Men ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Significant Regression ◽  
The Relationship

Conflicting reports exist on the relationship between systolic BP (SBP) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Where positive associations are observed in patients with acromegaly, others find a negative association or no relationship. The versatile functions of IGF-1 as a growth factor (vasoprotective versus arterial and cardiac remodelling), the interplay with other hormones as well as IGF-1 resistance phenomena as those shown in chronic renal failure, are mostly regarded as confounding this relationship and thereby resulting in conflicting results. We aimed to review and compare regression coefficients for the association between SBP and total IGF-1 as reported in the literature and two studies from the general population. We searched the literature for studies reporting the mentioned regression coefficients. We also included data from the SAfrEIC and SABPA studies in South Africa (total N=912) including African and Caucasian men and women, aged 20-70 yrs. When plotting the regression coefficients from 13 studies with 20 data points against IGF-1 concentrations, we found a significant association between the regression coefficients and IGF-1 concentration (r=0.80; p<0.001). The slope intercepted the y-axis at IGF-1 concentration of 223.5 ± 14.4 ng/mL. Studies with mean IGF-1 at this range reported weak non-significant regression coefficients (typically young healthy men). Studies including acromegalic patients or adolescents reported significant positive associations, with negative associations for those with compromised cardiovascular function. Our findings suggest that the regression coefficient for the SBP and IGF-1 relationship is dependent on the IGF-1 concentration. Positive associations are observed in situations with overtly high IGF-1 concentrations as those found in acromegaly or conditions of IGF-1 resistance, and beneficial negative relationships seen in those with low-normal IGF-1 and with compromised vascular function such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Our results suggest that the complex interplay between IGF-1 and other vasoactive hormones (e.g. growth hormone, insulin, cortisol and adipokines) or the development of a vascular resistance to IGF-1, may hamper the vasoprotective functions of IGF-1.

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