scholarly journals Understanding the Gender Gap in Sports through a socio-environmental lens.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lano Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Gender Schema ◽  
Biological Approach ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Low Levels

The issue of low levels of women’s participation in the sports has always been a key global issue. The discipline of sport psychology allows for a psychological interpretation of reasons to why this is the unfortunate case. The main focus in sport psychology lies upon the concepts of gender stereotyping. This research paper will explore the socio-environmental approach: through gender schema and parental involvement; and the biological approach: through the understanding of various concepts regarding hormones and evolution. Both these approaches help explain why this difference of participation levels exist between the two biological genders.

scholarly journals Motivation Differences between Youth Single-Sport, Multi-Sport, and Single-Sport Specialized Athletes in the Western United States

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
Kyle L. Crouch ◽  
Abigail Larson ◽  
Mark DeBeliso
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Youth Sport ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
8Th Grade

The motivation for youth sport involvement may differ for single-sport (non-specialists), multi-sport, and single-sport specialized athletes. To investigate differences between adolescent single-sport athletes (NSSA), multi-sport athletes (MSA), and single-sport specialized athletes (SSSA) on measures of sport enjoyment and motivation. A secondary aim was to compare these variables between age groups. Adolescent sport participants in 6th, 7th, and 8th grade from the Western United States (n=306, age=13.0±1.0 yrs) completing the Sources of Enjoyment in Youth Sport Questionnaire (SEYSQ) that assesses sport enjoyment in the subscales of self-referenced competency (SRC), other-referenced competency and recognition (ORCR), effort expenditure (EE), competitive excitement (CE), affiliation with peers (AP), and positive parental involvement (PPI). The participants also reported their age, gender, grade, years of sport participation and sport status (NSSA, MSA, SSSA). SSSA reported significantly more enjoyment in all subscales except PPI when compared to NSSA (p<0.05; ES 0.4 – 0.99). MSA and SSSA showed significant differences in the subscales of SRC and EE; however, effect size was small (0.37 and 0.33, respectively). Overall scores for intrinsic and extrinsic motivation were significantly lower among NSSA compared to MSA and SSSA (p<0.01) with no differences between MSA and SSSA (p>0.05). Results revealed no significant differences in the SEYSQ’s subscales for age (p>0.05). Within the parameters of this study, adolescents that specialize in a single sport or those who compete in multiple sport both rely on intrinsic and extrinsic sources of enjoyment for motivation in very similar ways; whereas adolescent NSSA are less motivated and experience less enjoyment from sport participation compared to MSA and SSSA. Keywords: adolescent, enjoyment, SEYSQ, motivation, sport psychology

Socioeconomic and gender inequalities in neonatal, postneonatal and child mortality in India: a repeated cross-sectional study, 2005–2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 660-667
Author(s):  
Omar Karlsson ◽  
Rockli Kim ◽  
William Joe ◽  
S V Subramanian
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Child Mortality ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
North India ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Difference

BackgroundIn India, excess female under-5 mortality is well documented. Under-5 mortality is also known to be patterned by socioeconomic factors. This study examines sex differentials and sex-specific wealth gradients in neonatal, postneonatal and child mortality in India.MethodsRepeated cross-sectional study of nationally representative samples of 298 955 children 0–60 months old from the National Family Health Surveys conducted in 2005–2006 and 2015–2016. The study used logistic regression models as well as Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsOverall, boys had greater neonatal mortality than girls and the difference increased between 2005–2006 and 2015–2016. Girls had greater postneonatal and child mortality, but the difference decreased between the surveys and was not statistically significant for child mortality in 2015–2016. A negative wealth gradient was found for all mortality outcomes. Neonatal mortality was persistently greater for boys. Girls had higher child mortality than boys at low levels of wealth and greater postneonatal mortality over much of the wealth distribution. The wealth gradient in neonatal mortality increased between surveys. Females had a stronger wealth gradient than boys for child mortality.ConclusionNot distinguishing between neonatal, postneonatal and child mortality masks important gender-specific and wealth-specific disparities in under-5 mortality in India. Substantial gains towards the Sustainable Development Goals can be made by combating neonatal mortality, especially at low levels of wealth. Although impressive improvements have been made in reducing the female disadvantage in postneonatal and child mortality, concerted engagements are necessary to eliminate the gender gap—especially in poor households and in north India.

Overcoming the Gender Gap: The Possibilities of Alignment between the Responsibility to Protect and the Women, Peace and Security Agenda

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
Responsibility To Protect ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Peace Processes ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the relationship between the Women, Peace and Security (wps) agenda and the Responsibility to Protect (R2P). R2P remains ‘gender-blind’, inadequately addressing gender issues encompassed within the wps agenda. Currently, women are limited by gendered structural inequalities and marginalisation in conflict, where the wps agenda has failed to be incorporated in R2P and broader conflict mechanisms. I argue that the wps agenda and R2P are mutually beneficial and complementary in their protection mandates to enable lasting peace. I identify three common intersecting commitments of these two normative frameworks to provide a more holistic, gender-sensitive approach to conflict. These are prevention and early warning systems, protection and gender-sensitive peacekeeping, and women’s participation in peace processes. I conclude that identifying common areas of engagement could potentially effect positive changes for women and men on the ground in conflict prevention and protection, and post-conflict reconstruction.

scholarly journals Venus, Mars, and Math

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 237802311769717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Charles
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Eighth Graders ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Mathematical Achievement ◽  
Time Data ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Cross National

The author explores how the gender gap in aspirations for scientific, technical, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) work changes with societal affluence. Over-time data on cohorts of eighth graders in 32 countries reveal that aspirations for mathematically related work become more gender differentiated as societal affluence grows. This relationship holds controlling for students’ social class backgrounds, mathematical achievement, and affinity for school, and it is not explained by cross-national differences in the economic integration of women, gender stereotyping of science, or Internet access. Observed patterns of gender segregation reflect more than just women’s greater freedom to indulge tastes for non-STEM work in affluent societies; tastes are themselves more gendered in these contexts.

Women's participation in high value agricultural commodity chains in Kenya: Strategies for closing the gender gap

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 228-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Beatrice Auma Oduol ◽  
Dagmar Mithöfer ◽  
Frank Place ◽  
Eddah Nang'ole ◽  
John Olwande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Commodity Chains ◽  
Agricultural Commodity ◽  
Women's Participation

Do Men and Women Have Different Policy Preferences in Africa? Determinants and Implications of Gender Gaps in Policy Prioritization

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Gottlieb ◽  
Guy Grossman ◽  
Amanda Lea Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
Infrastructure Investment ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
Formal Representation ◽  
Gender Gaps ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Social Empowerment

Policies designed to increase women’s representation in Africa are often motivated by the assumption that men and women have different policy preferences. This article finds that gender differences in policy priorities are actually quite small on average, but vary significantly across policy domains and countries. The study leverages this variation to show that the economic and social empowerment of women influences the size of gender gaps in the prioritization of two important domains. In particular, women’s participation in the labor force – an indicator of economic empowerment – narrows the gender gap in the prioritization of infrastructure investment and access to clean water, while social vulnerability widens the gap on prioritizing infrastructure investment. Finally, the article shows that the places where women and men have the most divergent policy preferences – and thus where formal representation is most important – are precisely the places where women are currently the most poorly represented and least active in formal politics.

scholarly journals KUOTA PEREMPUAN DI DPRD JAWA TENGAH PADA PEMILU 2014 DAN PEMILU 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
Hamidah Abdurrachman ◽  
Ratna Riyanti ◽  
Rahmad Agung Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Female Representation ◽  
Election Result ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Female Politicians ◽  
Election System ◽  
Practical Level

<p><em>Gender equality in Indonesian legislature has not yet reached its expected state. Despite numerous agreements, conventions, and affirmative actions that were taken so far to promote the agenda, the fact of the matter is that female politicians are still quite rare in Indonesian legislatures, compared to their male counterparts. Among some of the deciding factors that hinder women’s participation in politics, gender gap and transactional relationship in the election system are deemed to be the main ones. </em><em> </em><em>This article wants to address this problem by analysing the regulation of Indonesian general election and the way it affects female representation in regional Indonesian legislatures. Using a normative approach, this article will discuss secondary data through qualitative analysis. We have examined the number of female politicians in five regional House of Representatives in Central Java based on the election result of 2014 and 2019. Our findings showed that women's participation in those legislatures has not yet reached the 30% quota expected by the regulation. Based on this finding, we propose two necessary steps to attain the 30% quota goal. </em><em>T</em><em>he need of a political warrant in practical level for female politicians beyond political party legitimacy and number-ordering of their candidacies. </em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals Factors Influencing Women’s Decision to Study Computer Science: Is It Context Dependent?

10.28945/4296 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 127-141
Author(s):  
Sarah Genut ◽  
Bnaya Ori ◽  
Yifat Ben-David Kolikant
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Computer Science ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
The West ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Research Goal ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Future Work

Aim/Purpose: Our research goal was to examine the factors that motivate women to enroll in Computer Science (CS) courses in order to better understand the small number of women in the field of CS. Background: This work is in line with the growing interest in better understanding the problem of the underrepresentation of women in the field of CS. Methodology: We focused on a college that differs in its high numbers of female CS students. The student population there consists mostly of religious Jews; some of them are Haredi, who, because of their unique lifestyle, are expected to be the breadwinners in their family. Following group interviews with 18 students, a questionnaire was administered to all the female students and 449 of them responded. We analyzed it statistically. We compared the responses of the Haredi and non-Haredi students. Contribution: The main contribution of this work lies in the idea that studying the factors underlying women’s presence in a CS program in unique communities and cultures, where women are equally represented in the field, might shed light on the nature of this phenomenon, especially whether it is universal or confined to the surrounding culture. Findings: There were significant differences between the Haredi and non-Haredi women regarding the importance they attributed to different factors. Haredi women resemble, regarding some social and economic variables, women in developing countries, but differ in others. The non-Haredi women are more akin to Western women, yet they did not completely overlap. Both groups value their family and career as the most important factors in their lives. These factors unify women in the West and in developing countries, though with different outcomes. In the West, it deters women from studying CS, whereas in Israel and in Malaysia, other factors can overcome this barrier. Both groups attributed low importance to the masculine image of CS, found important in the West. Hence, our findings support the hypothesis that women’s participation in the field of CS is culturally dependent. Recommendations for Practitioners: It is important to learn about the culture within which women operate in order to attract more women to CS. Recommendations for Researchers: Future work is required to examine other loci where women are underrepre-sented in CS, as well as how the insights obtained in this study can be utilized to decrease women’s underrepresentation in other loci. Impact on Society: Women's underrepresentation in CS is an important topic for both economic and social justice reasons. It raises questions regarding fairness and equality. In the CS field the gender pay gaps are smaller than in other professional areas. Thus, resolving the underrepresentation of women in CS will serve as a means to decrease the social gender gap in other areas.

scholarly journals Barreras, facilitadores y estrategias que influyen en la participación femenina en juntas directivas de federaciones deportivas chilenas (Barriers, facilitators and strategies that influence women's participation on boards of directors of Chilean sports

Retos ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Gerard Foppiano-Vilo ◽  
Carlos Matus-Castillo ◽  
Miguel Cornejo-Améstica
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Boards Of Directors ◽  
Sports Management ◽  
Sports Organizations ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Las Mujeres

  La brecha de género sobre la participación femenina en puestos de toma de decisiones está evidenciada en las organizaciones deportivas. Las juntas directivas de las Federaciones Deportivas chilenas no están ajenas a esta situación. Por ello, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar barreras, facilitadores y estrategias que influyen en la participación y desarrollo de las mujeres en cargos directivos en las Federaciones Deportivas de Chile. El método fue de tipo cualitativo con enfoque descriptivo y, la técnica fue la entrevista personal mediante aplicación de un guion semi-estructurado de preguntas. Durante octubre y noviembre de 2020 se desarrollaron entrevistas virtuales a mujeres que formaban parte de juntas directivas de federaciones deportivas. El análisis se realizó mediante categorías de análisis y codificaciones empleando el software Atlas. Ti. Las barreras identificadas se asocian a situaciones familiares tales como el cuidado de miembros de la familia. También se reconoce la existencia de prejuicios asociados a estereotipos de género en las funciones que se desempeñan; subestimación de las opiniones femeninas y desarrollo de los cargos en ambientes masculinizados que invisibilizan a las mujeres. Como agentes facilitadores se identifica el soporte familiar; el tener una profesión, experiencia laboral y capacitación en gestión deportiva, junto con algunos aspectos de la personalidad de las dirigentes. Como estrategias se releva la necesidad de un cambio cultural al interior de las federaciones en torno a la participación femenina, implementar cuotas de participación por género y desarrollar programas de capacitación en liderazgo para las mujeres.  Abstract. The gender gap in female participation in decision-making positions is evident in sports organizations. The boards of directors of Chilean sports federations are no strangers to this situation. Therefore, the objective of this research was to determine barriers, facilitators and strategies that influence the participation and development of women in managerial positions in Chilean Sports Federations. The method was qualitative with a descriptive approach and the technique was the personal interview through the application of a semi-structured script of questions. During October and November 2020, virtual interviews were conducted with women who were members of the boards of directors of sports federations. The analysis was carried out through categories of analysis and coding using Atlas. Ti. The barriers identified are associated with family situations such as caring for family members. The existence of prejudices associated with gender stereotypes in the functions performed, underestimation of women's opinions and the development of positions in masculinized environments that make women invisible are also recognized. Family support is identified as facilitating agents, having a profession, work experience and training in sports management, together with some aspects of the leaders' personalities. As strategies, the need for a cultural change within the federations regarding women's participation, the implementation of participation quotas by gender and the development of leadership training programs for women were identified.

scholarly journals A Study on the Gender Digital Divide: Overcoming the Under-Representation of South African Women in the IT Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Seetha Nesaratnam ◽  
Tengudzeni Nkosingiphile Mamba ◽  
Jugindar Singh Kartar Singh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
South African ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
African Women ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
The Rich ◽  
South African Women ◽  
Depth Interviews

In South Africa, women are grossly underrepresented in the Information Technology (IT) sector result of gender stereotyping and discrimination. According to the Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA) Report (2017), only 21% of executives in the IT sector are women. This has caused high unemployment of women IT graduates. The purpose of this study therefore is to explore and investigate the antecedents that influence and impact the phenomenon of the gender digital divide in South Africa. The study explores new antecedents of the digital gender divide that influences motivation of women to participate in the IT sector. This study used a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews of South African women in the IT sector. The rich volume of data collected was analysed via a thematic analysis. The analysis confirmed existing antecedents gleaned from literature and also uncovered three new dimensions, namely, networking, impartial mentorship and HR as motivators for women in the IT sector. The findings of the study also provides for a better understanding on the barriers that perpetuate the unequal gender gap problem especially in managerial and leadership roles. 

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